Quan niem cua can bo va nguoi dan vung dan toe thieu s6 ve quySn ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh:
Thuc trang va cac yeu t6 anh huong
Nguyln Hull Minh'
Tom tat: Quyen quyet dinh trong gia dinh la mot trong nhirng chi bao quan trpng danh gia v8 miic dp binh dang giai. Dua tren so lieu ciia De tai cap Quoc gia "Mpt so van de co ban ve binh dang giai a vung dan tpc thieu so nucfc ta", vcfi 2894 dai dien hg gia dmh va 344 can bp huyen va xa tai 8 tinh, bai vi6t phan tich quan niem ciia nguai dan va can bp dan tpc thieu so ve quyen ra quyet dinh doi vai cong viec trong gia dinh. Bai viet chi ra rang, khuon mau truyen thong trong viec ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh da c6 sir bien doi d ngudi dan cac dan tpc thiSu so, tuy rang miic dp bao liru CO khac nhau tiiy theo lo^i hinh cong viec. Dai bp phan nguai dan iing hp phuang an hai giai cimg ra quyet dinh d6i vai cac cong viec gia dinh. Ty le can bp co quan niem binh d§ng hon ve quyen quyet dinh cao han so vai nguoi dan nhung vin con mot bp phan can bp bao liru quan niem truyen thong. Tiiy thupc vao hmg loai hinh cong viec ma cac yeu to nhu hoc van, giai tinh, tuoi, dan tpc co anh huong a miic dp khac nhau den quan niem ciia can bp va nguai dan ve quyen ra quyet dinh'.
Tir khoa: Phu nir; Gia dinh; Binh ding gioi; Dan tpc thiSu s6; Quyen quyk dinh trong gia dinh; Y8u t6 tac dpng.
Ngay nhan bai: 10/2/2020; ngay chlnh sira: 20/2/2020; ngay duyet dang: 6/3/2020.
1, Mff a a u
Quy^n quySt dinh trong gia dinh la mot trong nhung chi bao quan trpng danh gia vh mice do binh dang giai. Cho d i n nay, k i t luan kha nh4t quan tir cac nghien cmi la nguoi chong thudng quyit dinh nhung viec dugc coi la Ion, la quan trong trong gia dinh con ngudi vo quyet dinh nhiing viec thuoc ve ddi song hang ngay (Bo Van hoa,
• GS. TS., Vien Nghien cihi Gia dinh va Giai, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam.
' Bai viet la san phim cua B% tai c§p Qu6c gia "Mpt s6 vdn dk co ban v^ binh dkn^ giai a viinp dan tpc thilu s6 nucic ta" thupc Chuang trinh KH&CN cip qu6c gia giai doan 2016-2020 vS "Nhiing vSn dS cip bach ve dan tgc thieu so va chinh sach dan tpc a Viet Nam dSn nam 2030", ma so CTDT 21.17/16-20.
4 Nghien c<>u Gia dinh va Gi6>i. Q u y l n 30, so 1, tr. 3-15
The thao va Du lich va ca quan khac 2008; Tr^n Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Hiru Minh, 2008; Nguyen Hihi Minh, Tran Thi Hong 2019; v.v). Tuy nhien, ciing theo mot sd ket qua nghien cuu neu tren, niy thuoc vao loai hinh ra quyet dinh va cac dac diem ca nhan hay gia dmh, cgng dong ma quan niem ve quyen ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh c6 khac nhau. Chang han, doi vcri cac cong viec nhu san xuat, kinh doanh ho gia dinh;
mua ban xay sua nha cira, dat dai, quan he trong ho hang va cgng dong, v.v. thi nam gidi thudng dugc coi la ngudi ra quyet dinh. Trong khi d6, vdi nhiing cong viec nhu chi tieu hang ngay, viec cham soc con cai hay ngudi 6m, dau lai thuoc ve quyen quy^t dinh cua phu nu. Tuong tu, quyen ra quyet dinh thugc ve nam gidi hay phu nii con tiiy thugc vao ngudi do la dan tgc nao, theo che do phu he hay mau he bdi le dac diSra ndi bat trong quan he gidi d cac dan tgc theo che dp phu he la danh gia nam giai cao hon phu nu (Do Thi Binh, 1999; NguySn Quoc PhSm, Nguyln Thi Ha, 2014), cdn vdi cac dan tpc theo che dp mau he, vi tri ciia phu nii cao hon (Nguyen Minh Tuin, 2012).
Quan niem ve viec ai la ngudi nen ra quyet dinh c6 y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi viec thuc thi quyen quyet dinh trong thuc tien. Tuy nhien, cho den nay chua co phan tich mpt each he thong ve quyen ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh noi chung va quan niem ve viec ai nen la ngudi ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh ndi lieng ddi vdi ddng bao dan tpc thieu so. 0 cac dia phuang, can bg la ngudi truyen tai va tri^n khai cac chii truong, chinh sach ve bmh dang gidi den ngudi dan nhung cung chua cd nhimg phan tich xem thuc sir hg quan niem nhu the nao ve van de ai la ngudi ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh. Vi vay, viec nhan dien quan niem ciia can bp va ngudi dan vimg dan tgc thieu sd vg van di ai nen la ngudi ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh ciing nhu cac yiu td anh hudng den quan niem do la can thiet.
2. Ngudn so lieu, each tiep can va phuffng phap phan tich Nguon so lieu
Bai viet dua tren sd lieu khao sat nam 2018-2019 cua Be tai c4p Qudc gia 'Mdt sd vdn di CO bdn ve binh ddng gi&i & vimg ddn tdc thieu sd nu&c ta " thugc Chuong trinh Khoa hgc va cdng nghe cSp qudc gia giai doan 2016- 2020 ve "Nhiing vdn di cdp bach vi dan tgc thieu s6 va chinh sach dan tpc d Viet Nam den nam 2030", thong qua viec phdng vin b ^ g bang hdi ddi vdi 2.894 dai dien hg gia dinh d dja ban ndng thon 344 can bd huyen va xa, tai 8 tinh bao gdm Lang Son, Ha Giang, Dien Bien, Thanh Hoa Thua Thien- Hui, D5k Lik, Sdc Trang, dai dien cho 14 nhdm dan tgc thiiu sd thupc cac vimg miin nui phia B5c, Trung bd, Tay Nguyen va Tay Nam bd. So lugng nam giai duac phdng vin la 1414 ngudi (chiim 48,9%) va phu nir la 1480 (51,1%). Ty ig ^^^
tra ldi d cac nhdm tuoi khac nhau la: 24,5% cho nhom 29 hidi trd xudng; 33,0% cho nhdm 30-39; 23,8% cho nhom 40-49; 18,7% cho nhdm 50 trd len.
Nguyen HUTI Minh 5
Cdch tiip can
cau hdi dat ra la can bp va ngudi dan cac dan tpc thieu s6 hien nay quan niem nhu thi nao vi viec ai n6n la ngudi ra quyit dinh trong gia dinh, khudn mlu quan niem do hi tac dpng bdi nhiing yiu to nao, lieu ngudi chdng hay ngudi vo co quyen quyet dinh khac nhau la dua tren ca sd gidi tinh hay vi mgt ly do nao khac?
Cach tiip can hien dai hda (Goode, 1963, 1982, 1987) gpi ra rSng, dudi tac ddng cua qua trinh cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda, khudn mau gia dinh vdi cap vg chdng la tnmg tam (conjugal family) se la xu hudng chu dao. Trong cac gia dinh nay, viec phan cdng lao dgng va ra quyet diiih ve cac cdng viec gia dinh se tien tdi binh dang hon. Cac yeu to gan lien vdi qua trinh hien dai hda chinh la hgc van tang len, co hpi hoat dpng nghe nghiep ngoai pham vi gia dinh va cd trinh dp chuyen mdn cao va dd thi hda. Goi y tu each tiep can hien dai hda de tra ldi cau hdi neu tren la nhimg ngudi cd hpc van cao se binh dang hon trong cac quyet dinh gia dinh. Nhiing ngudi tre tudi dugc xem la nhiing ngudi di tien phong trong viec tiep nhan cai mdi, hg mang nhung dac tnmg hien dai han va do dd ciing dupe gia dinh la se ung hg mpt quan he binh dang hon trong viec dua ra cac quyet dinh gia dinh.
Thuc te cho thay vdi cac quyet dinh lien quan den hpc tap, nghe nghiep va hdn nhan cua con cai thi tieng ndi cua phu nii trong viec ra quyet dinh dugc the hien ro hon d nhom hgc van cao (Le Nggc Lan, Nguyen Phuang Thao, 2006). Ve tac dpng cua dp tudi tdi quyit quyit dinh cua ngudi vp va ngudi chdng trong ITnh vuc san xuat d khu vuc ndng thdn, Pham Thi Hue (2008) va Le Nggc Van cung cgng su (2002) phat hien rSng, ngudi phu nii d do tudi cang Idn thi ty le giii vai trd quyit dinh cang cao. Tuy nhien, theo Le Ngpc Lan (2000), nhiing phu nir tit tudi trung nien (35-49) va Idp tre thudng nang ddng han va cd vi thi cao hon lap phu nii Idn tuoi trong gia dinh.
Nghien cuu cua Nguyln Hiiu Minh va Trin Thi Hdng (2019) ciing chi ra rang, nhung gia dinh ma ngudi vg cd dp tudi tre thi lam tang kha nang ca hai vg chdng cimg cd quyin quyit dinh nhung khdng cd anh hudng dang ki din kha nang ngudi chong cd quyen quyet dinh.
Tuy nhien, anh hudng cua hpc vdn hay nghi nghiep cung rat khac nhau tuy thudc vao bdi canh kinh ti - xa hpi va nin van hda. Nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Hiiu Minh va Trdn Thi Hdng (2019) gpi ra rdng khi miic dp hien dai hda dugc nang cao thi tac ddng cua cac yeu td dac trung cho miic dp hien dai hda cd the se giam kha nang tac ddng.
Cach tiip can van hda ddi hdi phai quan tam din cac yiu td van hda khi phan tich mdt vdn di cu thi, trong trudng hgp nay la khudn vahi quyin quyit dinh trong gia dinh d vung dan tdc thiiu sd. Theo UNESCO (2001), "Van hda cdn dugc coi la mot tap hgp cac dac tnmg ve tinh thdn, vat chdt, tri tue va tinh cam cua mgt xa hgi hoac mgt nhdm ngudi, va rang ben canh nghe thuat va van chuong, nd cdn bao ham ca ldi sdng, each sdng trong cdng ddng, he thdng gia tri, tmyin thdng va tin ngudng". Nussbaum (1999) chi ra rang, cac gia tri va quy tac van hda, xa hdi la tdng mdng cua he thdng cac quyen
6 Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gim. Q u y l n 30, so 1, tr. 3-15
va ludn cd tac ddng true tiep viec thuc hien cac quyin cua phu nii. Ddi vdi phu nir, cac gia tri va quy tac van hda, xa hpi cd y nghia Idn hem nam gidi, do hanh vi cua gidi nii thudng bi kiem soat chat che hon bdi du luan xa hdi va gia dinh. Leung v^ Bond (2004) nhdn manh rdng, niem tin, quy tdc, va ky vpng ddi vdi cac ca nhan trong mpt xa hdi chiu anh hudng bdi van hoa va cd the anh hudng den su tien bd cua phu nii.
Ddi vdi yiu td van hoa, diem ndi bat nhat la dinh kien gidi truyin thong cho rdng dan ong nhu cot cai trong nha, hg phai la ngudi quyet dinh mgi viec hay chi it la quyit dinh nhiing viec Idn. Thuc te ciing chi ra rang, d mdt sd xa hpi chua phat triin, quan he quyin luc truyen thdng cd y nghia quyet dinh chi phdi mdi quan he giiia cac thanh vien trong gia dinh (Chen, 2005; Poortman, Lippe, 2009). Ci Viet Nam, phat hien cua cac tac gia Mai Huy Bich va Le Thi Kim Lan (1999) cho thdy, trong khi ngudi vg la ngudi dam nhan hau het cac cdng viec, tham chi hp mang lai thu nhap chinh cho gia dinh, nhung trong nhieu gia dinh, phdn Idn quyin quyit dinh thudc vi ngudi chdng, ngudi vg chi la ngudi thuc thi cac quyet dinh dd. O day, yeu td van hoa vdi quan niem "trgng nam khinh nii" cd y nghia quan trpng tac dgng den vai trd ciia vp va chdng trong viec ra quyet dinh. Quan niem truyen thdng ve vai trd, trach nhiem cua ngudi vg, ngudi chdng, coi nam gidi la chu gia dinh khien cac thanh vien va ca ngudi vg cho dii c6 hpc van hay thu nhap tdt hon ciing ludn "nhudng"
quyin quyet dinh cho nam gidi/ ngudi chdng. Ndi each khac, dac diim xa hdi, van hda, phong tuc, tap quan ciia cac dan tgc thieu sd se khiin cho khudn mlu quyin ra quyit dinh trong gia dinh va vai trd cua cac yiu td hien dai hda biiu hien theo mpt each khac so vdi nhiing gi ma cac nghien ciru da phat hien.
Phuang phdp phdn tich
Tir ggi y cua cac each tiep fean tren, bai viet sir dung cac biin s6 phu thudc va dpc lap sau day di phan tich quan niem ve quyin ra quyit dinh trong gia dinh va cac yiu td tac ddng din quan niem dd ddi vdi ngudi dan va can bd dan tdc thiiu sd.
Bien s6 phu thugc:
1) Quan niem ciia can bg vi ngudi quyit dinh (nam gidi, phu nu, ca hai) cac cdng viec cu the trong gia dinh.
2) Quan niem ciia ngudi dan vi ngudi quyit dmh (nam gidi, phu nu, ca hai) cac cdng viec cu the trong gia dmh.
Trong bang hdi cd neu len bay nhdm quyit dinh cdng viec, bao gdm cdng viec san xudt/kinh doanh; viec mua ban/xay sira nha cira, ddt dai; viec mua ban tai san cd gi^ tri ciia gia dinh; viec phan chia tai san; cac quan he trong gia dinh va hp hang; viec hoc ciia cac thanh vien trong gia dinh; viec chi tieu hang ngay cua gia dinh. Vdi mdi loai hinh ngudi tra Idi se dugc hdi vi loai hinh cdng viec dd nen do nam gidi hay phu nii q^yg^
dinh. Trong khudn khd bai viit nay khdng trinh bay hit cac ket qua phan tich theo 7 nhdm cdng viec ma chi tap trung vao hai loai hinh quyit dinh cd khudn mdu truyg^
Nguyen Hun Minh 7 thdng danh cho nam gidi va phu nii, dd la: 1) Quyet dinh mua ban/xay sua nha cua, ddt dai; va 2) Quyit dinh viec chi tieu hang ngay.
Bi^n so ddc l^p:
Cac biin sd lien quan din vai trd cua yeu td hien dai hda: Hpc vdn cua ngudi tra ldi (nhdm ngudi dan); Do tudi ciia ngudi tra Idi (nhdm ngudi dan va nhdm can bg);
Loai hinh cong viec ciia can bd (cap xa, cap huyen).
Cac bien sd lien quan den yeu td van hda: Dan tpc cua ngudi tra Idi (ddi vdi ngudi dan va can bd) la phii he/mau he; gidi tinh ciia ngudi tra Idi (ddi vdi ngudi dan va can bd).
Phan loai cua cac bien neu tren se dupe trinh bay d bang kit qua phan tich.
3. Quan niem cua ngu'Cii dSn ve quy^n quyet dinh cong viec trong gia dinh va cac yeu td anh hv&ng
Nhu da neu d tren, vdi mdi loai hinh cdng viec trong gia dinh, ngudi tra ldi se dugc hdi xem ai nen la ngudi ra quyet dinh, nam gidi, phu nu hay ca hai. Ket qua eho thay (Bang 1) khudn man quyen ra quyet dinh cua hai loai cong viec nay the hien tuong ddi ro miic dd bao luu tap quan truyen thdng. Ddi vdi viec mua ban/xay sira nha cira, dat dai ty le nam gidi nen la ngudi ra quyet dinh (khoang 1/3 sd y kien) cao hon han so vdi phu nii, trong khi do, vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay thi ty le phu nii nen la ngudi quyet dinh (khoang 1/3 sd y kien) cao hon han so vdi nam gidi. Diem chung dang luu y ddi vdi hai loai hinh cdng viec nay la ty le y kien cho rang nen de ca hai gidi cimg quyet dinh la cao nhdt (65,8% va 58,4%). Nhu vay, vd dai the cd the nhan xet la khudn mau ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh truyen thdng da cd su bien ddi tuy rang cdn miic do bao luu khac nhau tuy theo loai hinh cdng viec.
So sanh theo gidi tinh, nhdm tudi, hgc vdn, trinh do chuyen mdn va nhdm dan tdc d Bang 1 cd the nit ra mgt sd dac diem sau:
* Cd mpt xu hudng kha nhat quan ve ty le cao hon phu nii cho rang phu nu nen la ngudi quyet dinh cac cdng viec. Tuy nhien, diiu dang quan tam la ty le nam gidi cho rang nam gidi hoac ca hai gidi nen quyit dinh viec chi tieu hang ngay cua gia dinh cao han so vdi phu nu.
* Nhdm tudi tre (dudi 30) cd xu hudng bao luu khudn mlu truyen thdng hon so vdi hai nhdm tudi d giiia (30-39 va 40-49) ddi vdi viec quyet dinh cac cdng viec mua ban/xay sua nha ciia, dat dai, theo nghTa ty le ung hp phuang an ca hai gidi ciing quyet dinh thap hem. Doi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay, su khac biet giua cac nhdm tudi khdng dang ke.
* Cd xu hudng ro rang rdng hpc vdn cang cao thi ty le ung hd ca hai gidi cung ra quyet dinh ddi vdi cdng viec mua ban/xay sira nha cira, ddt dai cang cao, tuy nhien xu hudng nay khdng the hien ddi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay.
8 Nghien cii-u Gia dinh va Giai. Quyen 30, so 1, tr. 3-15
* Cd su khac biet giiia y kien cua ngudi tra ldi d cac nhdm dan tdc phu he va mdu he ve viec ai nen la ngudi quyet dinh cac cdng viec, tuy nhien xu hudng khdng that ro rang. Ddi vdi cdng viec mua ban/xay siia nha ciia, ddt dai, ty le ngudi thudc dan tdc mdu he img hd phuong an nam gidi nen la ngudi quyit dinh thdp han va phu nii la ngudi quyet dinh cao hem so vdi ngudi d dan tdc phu he. Ddi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay, ty le rat cao ngudi tra ldi d nhdm mau he ung hd phuang an phu nii nen la ngudi quyet dinh, cao khoang gap ddi so vdi ngudi tra ldi d nhdm phu he va ty le iing hp phuang an ca hai gidi cung quyet dinh thap hem han.
Bang 1. Ty le nguM tra liA ung ho cac phuffug an quy6t dinh ve viec mua ban, xay sua nha, dat va chi tieu hang ngay chia theo cac nhom xa hoi Dac diem ngiroi
tralM Chung Gi<yi tinh Nam NO
Mua Nam 32,3
***
33,9 30,9
ban/xay sii-a nha dat dai Nit
1,8 1,1 2,6
Cahai 65,8 65,0 66,6
cua, N 2866
1398 1468
Nam 8,1 10,1
6,2 Chi tieu
Nu 33,5 30,0 36,8
hang ngay Cahai
58,4 59,9 57,1
N 2887 1410 1477 Nh6m tuoi
29 tra xuong 30-39 40-49 50 trd len HQC van Mil chir Tieu hgc Trung hpc ca sa Trung hpc pho thong tra len Nhom dan tpc Phu he Mau he
«.
35,2 31,5 29,9 33,3
...
42,2 33,9 32,7 24,0
..
33,6 30,3
2,2 0,8 1,8 3,4 2,8 2,4 1,9 0,5
1,2 2,9
62,7 67,6 68,4 63,4 55,0 63,7 65,4 75,5
65,2 66,8
697 951 683 535 469 782 881 734
1802 1064
9,4 7,6 7,6 8,0
...
15,3 9,4 7,9 2,3 10,6
...
3,8 29,7 34,0 33,6 37,2 25,5 35,3 33,1 37,1
24,2 49,2
60,9 58,3 58,9 54,8 59,2 55,3 59,0 60,6
65,2 47,0
704 955 688 540 478 785 890
1815 1072 IVIuc y nghia thong ke: *p<0,05; ** p< 0,01; *** p< 0,001 Nguon: S6 lieu khao sat cua 06 tai CTDT 2L17, 2018-2019 De danh gia rd hon cac yeu td anh hudng den quan niem vi quyin quyit d"
trong hai loai hinh cdng viec trong gia dmh, bai viit tap trung phan tich md hinh ca h "
vp chdng cimg quyet dinh, dac trung cho xu hudng bien ddi tich cue vi binh ddne ' - • trong quyen quyet dinh cdng viec gia dmh. Cac bien sd dpc lap da n8u d tren se dir dua vao md hinh da bien.
Nguyen Hihi Minh 9 Kit qua phan tich da biin sit dung md hinh logistic (Bang 2) cho thdy, ddi vdi phuong an ca hai ciing quyit dinh viec mua ban/xay siia nha cira, ddt dai, phu nii cd kha nang iing hg eao han nam gidi. So sanh theo cac nhdm tudi, dieu hit sire quan tam la nhdm tudi tre nhdt lai it iing hg phuong an ca hai cimg quyet dinh hem so vdi nhdm 50 tudi trd len, trong khi nhdm 40-49 tudi miic dp ung hd phuong an nay cao hon. Hgc vdn td ra la mgt yiu to cd vai trd quan trpng nhat trong viec lam thay ddi nhan thirc vi binh dang gidi. Hpc van ciia ngudi tra ldi cang cao thi miic dp iing hp phuong an ca hai gidi cung quyet dinh cang cao. Dac diem nhdm dan tgc khdng thuc su cd y nghia trong viec tao khac biet ve quan niem ca hai gidi cung tham gia quyit dinh cdng viec quan trgng cua gia dinh nay.
Bang 2. M5 hinh hoi quy logistic cac y@u to anh hud'ng din quan ni^m ca hai cung quyet dinh vifc mua ban/xSy sira nha cua, ddt dai va viec chi tieu hang ngay
Bi^n so doc l$p
Gidi tinh ngiroi tra Ioi Nam
NQ
Tuoi nguM tra IM 29 tra xuong 30-39 40-49 50 tra len
H9C van ciia nguoi tra loi Muchu
Tieu hpc tra xu6ng Trung hgc ca so Trung hpc pho thong tra len Dan toe ciia nguoi trS IM Phu he
Mauh$
So nguM trong mau
Mua bdn/xSy sira nha cii'a, dat dai Ty so ch6nh lech
0,8**
1
0,7*
1,1 1,3*
1
0,3*»*
0,5***
0,6***
1
1,1 1
So lupng
1398 1468
697 951 683 535
469 782 881 734
1802 1064 2866
Chi tieu hiln Ty so chenh lech
1,1 1
1,2 1,1 1,2 1
0,8 0,8 0,9 1 2 ] . . .
1
gngiy S6 lupng
1410 1477
704 955 688 540
478 785 890 734
1815 1072 2887 Miic y ngMa th6ng ke: • p<0,05; ** p< 0,01; ***p< 0,001 Nguon: S6 lieu khao sat cua De tai CTDT 21.17, 2018-2019
10 Nghien ci>u Gia dinh v i Gio-i. Quyln 30, s6 1, tr. 3-15
Anh hudng cua cae yiu td ddi vdi viec quyit dinh chi tieu hang ngay cua gia dinh the hien khac vdi viec mua ban/xay sua nha cua, ddt dai. Yiu td duy nhat cd tac dgng manh den quan niem nay la nhdm dan tdc. Nhung ngudi thudc nhdm dan tpc phu he td ra ling hg manh me ban phuong an ca hai gidi ciing tham gia quyet dinh.
4. Quan niem cua can bo vi quygn ra quyit dinh trong gia dinh va cac yeu t6 tac dQng
Viec phan tich quan niem cua can bd dia phucmg ve viec ai la ngudi nen ra quyet dinh trong cac cdng viec gia dinh tuong tu nhu vdi cau hdi ddi vdi ngudi dan ndi chung.
Cd 344 can bd tham gia tra ldi phiiu hdi, trong dd cd 163 can bd huyen va 181 can bd xa. KSt qua p h ^ tich dupe trinh bay d Bang 3.
Bang 3. Ty 1§ y kiin ung h6 cua can bp doi vdi cac phuong an tham gia quyet dinh hai loai hinh cdng vifc mua ban/ xay sua nha cua, dat dai va viec chi tieu hang ngay (%) Dac diem can
b6 Chung GiM tinh Nam Nfl Nh6m tuSi 40 tra xu6ng 41 tro len Nhom can b?
Can bp huyen Can bp xa Nhom dan t^c Phu he Mau he
Mua Nam
13,7 16,5 9,9 12,1 17,4 11,8 15,5 14,0 14,8
ban/xay sira nha dat dai Nfl 0,9 0,5 1,4 0,9 0,9 0,0 1,7 0,4 3,3
Cahai 85,4 83,0 88,7 87,1 81,7 88,2 82,9 85,7 82,0
cua, N 342 200 142 232 109 161 181 272 61
Nam 1,8 3,0 0,0 1,7 1,8 1,9 1,7 1,8 1,6
Chi tieu Nu 30,1 25,5 36,6 27,6 35,8 36,0 24,9 29,0 34,4
hang ngay Cahai
68,1
,.
71,5 63,4 70,7 62,4 62,1 73,5 69,1 63,9
N 342 200 142 232 109 161 181 272 61 Mflc y nghia thong ke: • p<0,05; ** p< 0,01; •** p< 0,001 Ngudn: So lieu khao sat ciia Bi tai CTDT 21.17, 2018-2019
Ty I? can bo ung ho phuang an ca hai gioi nen cung quyet dinh cac loai hinh cong viec Shu cao hon so voi ty le ting ho tuang ung ciia ngitdi dan. Nhu vay c6 th6 nhan xet la nhan thiic cua cdc nhom can bo cao hom so vcti nguai dan. Tuy nhien, nhan thiic vl vin si nay cung khac nhau tuy loai hmh cong viec. Doi voi cong viec mua ban/xay sua nha ciia, dit dai, ty le ung ho phucmg an ca hai giai cung quyet dinh cao hon so vcri viec chi tieu hang ngay (85,4% so vcti 68,1%), tay nhien vin con hon 10% iing ho phuang an
^
Nguyen Hfru Minh 11 de nam gidi la ngudi quyit dinh. Dang quan tam la, eon khoang 30% vdn ung hp phuong an phu nii la nguai quyet dinh ddi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay, khdng khac biet nhieu so vdi ty le ung hg cua ngudi dan.
Cd nhung khac biet nhat dinh giiia cac nhdm can bd ve viec ung hd cac phuang an quyen ra quyet dinh. Bang 3 trinh bay ket qua phan tich hai bien ve quan niem ciia cac can bg ve hai loai hinh quyet dinh nay.
* Khdng cd sir khac biet dang ke giiia can bg nam va nii vi cac phuong an ai la ngudi quyet dinh mua ban/xay sua nha cua, dat dai. Tuy nhien, cd mgt dieu dang quan tam la ty le ung hg cua can bg nii ddi vdi viec ca hai gidi cung quyet dinh viec chi tieu hang ngay lai thap hon can bg nam (63,4% so vdi 71,5%), trong khi ty le ung hg phu nii quyet dinh van de nay cao han ro ret so vdi can bg nam (36,6% so vdi 25,5%).
* Su khac biet giiia cac can bg theo nhdm tudi khdng thuc su rd rang d hai loai cdng viec. Chi duy nhat cd viec chi tieu hang ngay, ty le can bd tre tudi (40 trd xudng) iing hg phuang an ca hai cung quyet dinh cao hon khoang 8 diem phSn tram so vdi can bd Idn tudi (41 trd len) va tuong tu 8 diem phan tram thap hon cho rang phu nii nen lam viec do.
* Khdng cd khac biet co ban giiia can bp huyen va xa ve ty le iing hg phuong an ca hai gidi eiing quyet dinh ddi vdi viec mua ban, xay su-a nha eiia, dat dai. Phat hien dang luu y la ty le can bd huy^n ddng y phuong an ca hai gidi cung quyet dinh viec ehi tieu gia dinh lai thap han so vdi can bp xa (chenh nhau khoang 11 di8m phan tram), trong khi ty le iing hd phu nii lam viec dd lai cao hon (ciing khoang 11 diem phan tram chenh lech).
* Hau nhu khdng cd khac biet dang ke ve quan niem giiia nhdm can bd thude nhdm dan tpc phu he va mau he ddi vdi cac phuang an quyen quyet dinh, mac dii ty le ung hp phuong an ca hai gidi eiing quyit dinh d cae can bd thudc nhdm dan tde phu he cd cao hon mdt chiit so vdi nhdm dan tdc mau he d ca hai loai hinh cdng viec.
Cac bien sd dgc lap neu tren da dugc dua vao md hinh phan tich da bien logistic de xac dinh rd hem vai trd cua cac yeu td ddi vdi quan niem cua can bp ve phuong an ca hai gidi cung quyet dinh cac cdng viec gia dinh. Bien phu thudc la su ddng y phuang an ca hai gidi cung quyit dinh cdng viec gia dinh vdi viec mua ban/xay sua nha ciia, dat dai va viec chi tieu hang ngay cua gia dinh. Ket qua phan tich dugc trinh bay d Bang 4.
Kit qua phan tich da biin eho thiy cac dac diem cua can bp khdng cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi quan niem cua hp ung hd phuang an ca hai gidi nen cung quyet dinh viec mua ban/xay sua nha cua, ddt dai. Ndi each khac, nhan thiie ciia can bd ve van de nay tuong ddi nhat quan eho du hp la ai, nam hay nii, tre tudi hay Idn tudi, can bp cap nao, thudc nhdm dan tdc nao. Tuy nhien doi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay thi cd nhiing khac biet nhat dinh giiia nam va nir can bg, miic dp can bp nam ung hd phuong an ca
12 Nghien ciju Gia dinh va GIOT. Quyen 30, so 1, tr. 3-15
hai cung quyet dinh cao gSp ruod can bp nil. Ngoai ra, mot phat hien dang chu y la can bp cap huyen lai it kha nang iing ho phuang an ca hai gioi cung quySt dinh viec chi tieu hang ngay hon so voi can bp cap xa, chi bang khoang 0,6 ijn, sau Idii kilm soat cho cac yeu to khac. Ro rang ngay ca cac can bo cjp huyen ciing chua hoan toan nhan tliilc ro doi vai van de binh dang gioi.
Bang 4. Mo hinh hoi quy logistic cac yeu to anh huo'ng d i n quan niem can bo ve ca hai cung quyet dinh viec m u a ban/xay sua nha cira, dat dai va chi tieu hang ngay
Bien so doc lap
Mua han/xay sira nha cira, dat dai Ty so So luong
Chi tieu hang ngay Ty s6 So luong chenh lech Gioi tinh nguM tra IM
Nam Nu
0,7 1
193 139
1,5*
1
Muc y nghia thong ke; *p<0,05; **p< 0,01; *** p<
Ngu6n: S6 lieu khao sat ciiaDg tai CTDT 21.17, 201 0,001 8-2019
193 139 Tuoi nguoi tra IM
40 tra xuong 41 h-a len Loai hinh can bo Cap huyen Ciip xii
Dan tpc ciia nguM tra 161 Phu he
Mau he S6 ngutri trong mau
1,5 1 1,4
1 1,1 1
228 104 153 179 271 61 332
1,4 1 0,6*
1 1,5 1
228 104 153 179 271 61 332
5. K e t l u a n va t h a o l u a n
Nhin chung quan niem cua dai bo phan nguoi dan vi quyln quyit dinh cac cong viec trong gia dinh da co xu huong ung ho su tham gia cua ca hai gidi, mpt chi bao quan trpng trong nhan thiic v l binh dang giai. Tuy nhien, niy loai hinli cong viec ma quan niem cua nguoi dan co khac nhau. Su bao lira truyin thong the hien ro nhfc dii voi cac cong viec v i n do nam gioi hay phu nil quyit dinh nhu mua ban/xay sira nha cua dit da' va vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay. Van con mpt ty le khong nho nguoi dan cho ring na giai hoac phu nil nen la nguai quyet dinh cac van d l nay. Noi each khac, khuon m"
truyin thing n-ong viec ra quyet dinh trong gia dinh da co su bien d i i d ngudi dan c' dan tpc thilu s6, my ring con miic do bao lira khac nhau tuy theo loai hinh cong viec
So vdi ngudi dan, nhan thiic cua cac can bo huyen va xa tai cac dia ban khao sat v l quyln quyit dinh Uong gia dinh the hien su binh ding hon. Nhung cung nhu dii vdi
Nguyen Hfru Minh 13 ngudi dan, miic dp thay ddi nhSn thiic cd khac nhau tuy theo loai hinh cdng viec. Ty le ung hd nam gidi quyit dinh trong cac cdng viec truyen thdng ciia nam gidi nhu mua ban/xay sua nha cua, dat dai van cdn cao, trong khi ty le ung hd phu nii quyit dinh trong cdng vi6c vdn danh cho phu nii nhu viec chi tieu hang ngay cdn kha Idn.
Van dung each tiep can hien dai hda va van hda, vai trd cua cac yiu td vi hgc v4n, dp tudi, gidi tinh, dan tdc da dugc kiem chiing trong md hinh phan tich ddi vdi ngudi dan cho hai loai hinh cdng viec ra quyet dinh. Ket qua cho thay rang radi nhdm yiu td deu ed vai trd nhat dinh trong viec anh hudng den quan niem cua ngudi dan, tuy nhien vai trd cu the thi tiiy thude vao loai hinh ra quyet dinh. Cu the la, ddi vdi phuang an ca hai cimg quyet dinh viec raua ban/xay sua nha cua, dit dai eua gia dinh, hgc vin ciia ngudi tra ldi cang cao miic do ung hd cang Idn vi hgc van eao se giiip ngudi dan tiip can nhieu han vdi tu tudng binh dang gidi hien nay. Tuy nhien, dieu dang luu tam la nhdm tudi tre nhat lai it iing hd phuang an ca hai cung quyet dinh hem so vdi nhdm 40 tudi trd len. Rd rang chi rieng yeu td tudi tre chua the tu tao ra mdt nhan thiic mdi ve binh dang gidi ma ddi hdi phai dugc truyen thdng han niia. Nhu vay, neu trinh do hien dai hda qua thap d vung dan tdc thieu sd ciing cd the lam cho cac yeu td dac trung cho hien dai hda khdng phat huy dugc vai trd cua minh. Ve mat gidi tinh, phu nii cd kha nang ung hd phuong an ca hai gidi ciing quyet dinh cao hon nam gidi. Dieu nay cd the vi phu nii la ngudi mong mudn hon ca trong viec dugc ra quyet dinh mdt each binh dang trong gia dinh.
Ddi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay, tat ca cac yeu td dac tnmg cho hien dai hda va dac diem gidi tinh khdng phat huy tac dung. Chi cd tinh chat dan tgc phu he hay mau h$
cd y nghia rat quan trgng tao su khac biet ve quan niem lien quan den quyen ra quyet dinh. Nhiing ngudi thude nhdm dan tdc mau he the hien sir bao luu manh me hon quan niem truyen thdng coi day la cdng viec phu nu vi vay phu nii phai la ngudi quyet dinh.
Dieu nay cung kha tning hgp vdi phat hien ve su khac biet giua dan tde Kinh (theo phu he) va E De (theo mlu he) trong phan tich cua NguySn Hiiu Minh va Tran Thi Hdng (2019), theo dd, vdi nhiing ngudi thudc dan tdc E De, kha nang ca hai vg chdng cung quyet dinh cudi cung cac cdng viec quan trpng cua gia dinh la it han so vdi ngudi Kinh.
Khac vdi cac kit qua phan tich ddi vdi ngudi dan, dac diem ciia can bd khdng cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi thai do ciia hg ung hg phuong an ca hai gidi nen cung quyet dinh viec mua ban/xay sua nha cua, dat dai. Tuy nhien ddi vdi viec ehi tieu hang ngay, xet trong tuong quan nam-nii thi su bao luu tmyen thdng cua can bg nii cao hon so vdi can bd nam. Dudng nhu, dd la cdng viec ma phu nii mudn bao luu quyen cua minh nhat. Ciing luu y rang, mac dii can bg huyen dugc gia dinh ed nhan thuc tdt hon can bp xa ve binh dSng gidi, nhung kit qua phan tieh cho thiy kha nang can bg xa iing hg phuang an ca hai gidi cung quyit dinh viec ehi tieu hang ngay cao hon so vdi can bd huyen. Dieu nay cho thay viec truyin thdng nang cao nhan thiic ve binh dang gidi cho can bd viing dan tdc thieu sd vin rdt cSn thiit hien nay.
14 Nghien ciju Gia dinh va Gii-I. Quyln 30, so 1, tr. 3-15
Phan tich nay tap trung v l cac y l u t l tac dong d i n quan niem v l quyln ra quy^' dinh vi vay nhiing kit qua co t h i khac vdi nhiing phat Men trudc day lien quan din tac dong cua cac yeu to den quyen ra quyet dinh trong thuc t l (Nguyln Huu IVIinh, 2016;
Nguyln Hilu Minh, Trin Thi Hdng, 2019). Ddng thdi, jihu phan tich cho thiy, vai To cua cac yeu to cung se khac nhau doi vdi timg loai hinh quyit dinh. Nhirng kit qua tren mdi dua tren hai loai hinh taong doi dac trung cho khuon m l u truyin thing nam gioi hay phu nil quyit dinh. Vdi cac loai hinh cong viec khac, su tac dong cua cac yeu to cd thi duoc thi hien khac. Dieu nay doi hdi can cd nhitng phan tich cu thi han ve cac loai hinh cong viec.
Vdi da s l ngudi dan va can bo cho rang viec dua ra cac quyet dinh trong gia dinh nen dugc thuc hien bdi ca hai vg chdng va vai trd quan trgng cua yeu to hgc viin, cd the nhan xet ring, khuon mau ca hai gidi cimg quyet dinh cac cong viec gia dinh se tang len trong thdi gian tdi. Tuy nhien, cSn h i t sire quan tam den mgt sd nhdm cdn bao luu tuong d i i manh khuon mdu quyen quyet dinh ddi vdi mgt so cdng viec trong gia dinh nhu nhdm hgc vin thSp, nhdm nil, nhdm tre, nhdm ngudi diin tgc man he.
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