TIM HIEU SACH CONG CU HAN NOM VIET NAM
TRINH KHAC M A N H ' * '
S
U ra ddi cua loai sach cdng cu la mdt nhu cau tdt yeu cua ddi sdng van hda xa hdi va trinh dp phat trien cua khoa hpc, Cling la CO sd tao ra diSu kien thu^n loi cho sy phat trien cua khoa hpc trong tuong Iai. Thuat ngii "sach cdng cu Han Ndm" d day, chung tdi hieu la cac bd tir dien, tu dien; hoac la nhiing sach bien soan mang tinh tdng hpp ed cac bang sach din phuc vu cho viec tra cuu chuyen sau khi khai thac thu tich cd viet bang chii Han va chii Ndm d Viet Nam.Viec bien soan sach cdng cu Han Ndm d Vipt Nam ludn cd y nghTa khoa hpc va gia trj thyc tien ddi vdi vipc tim hieu, nghien ciiu va khai thac di san van hda Han Ndm cua ngudi xua de lai.
Theo y kien ciia cac nha nghien ciiu khoa hpc xa hpi, d Viet Nam viec bien soan nhiing bd sach cdng cu xuat hien tir the ky XV, loai sach nay dupe sir dung lam phuong tien tra ciiu can thiet khi tiep can tu lieu Han Ndm cho cac nha nghien ciiu khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van ndi chung, nghien ciiu Han Ndm ndi rieng. Sach cdng cu d Vipt Nam rdt da dang: tir dien, ty diln, loai giai thich
tir ngu, loai tra ciiu (gdm thu tjch, dien ed dien tich nhan vat Ijch sir, cac nha khoa bang, tac gia Han Ndm, v.v...), tap thanh (loai chuyen nganh, lo^i da nganh). Dac biet la nhiing sach cdng cu nay Iai dupe the hien bang nhieu logi van ty, nhu: chir Han, chii Ndm, chu Ndm Tay, chii Viet (Qudc ngii dung hien nay), chii Thai (dan tdc Thai Viet Nam) chii Phap, chir Bd Dao Nha, v.v...
O day, chung tdi xin trinh bay khai quat ve thyc trang chung va nhiing van de cap thiet ciia sach cdng cu chii Han, chii Ndm va Han Viet d Viet Nam phuc cho nghien ciiu Han Ndm (gpi tat la sach cdng cu Han Ndm).
1. Dac diem hmh thanh va phat trien sach cong cu Han Nom d' Viet Nam
Sach cdng cu Han Ndm d Viet Nam chju anh hudng sau sac cua sach cdng cu Trung Qudc. Cac loai tic dien ciia Trung Qudc deu cd ngudn gdc tir ty thu. Ty thu cua Trung Qudc cd tir lau ddi, la mdt loai sach cdng cu quan trpng, khdng the thilu khi dpc sach Han cd. Sii dung cac '*' PGS.TS. Vien Nghien ciru Han Nom.
67
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 5 (126) - 2014 TRINH KHAC IVIANH
tu thu la mdt phuong phap chu yeu de nhan dien chii. Mdt bd tu thu cd tir rat sdm, gdm 15 thien gpi la Su Truu ( ^ ^ ) , tuong truyin do Thai Sir Tryu ( i : ^ | | ) bien soan d thai Chu Tuyen Vuong.
Cudi thdi Tay Han, Hira Than bien soan Thuyit vdn gidi tu (M,X.P^^), v.v...
Sau do, din thdi Nguy - Tan Nam Bac Trilu tiip tuc phat trien, nhu d ddi Nguy, Ly Dang bien soan Thanh logi (-^1^); ddi Tan, La TTnh bien scan Tap van (%ifC). Ddi Tuy - Dudng tiep tuc bien soan, nhung dang tiec khdng luu giii dupe nhieu. Ddi Tdng bien soan Van thu (11^), sach nay tuy chu yeu la khao sat am, bien lufln van, nhung ciing ndi den ca hinh nghia van ty, thyc te la mdt loai ty thu. Sau nay, ty thu pham vi de cap rpng hon va ndi dung tudng tan hon. Khi dpc sach gap chii khong biet, tir khdng hieu, thanh ngii khd hieu, che dp dien chuong va nhan danh, dia danh cd dai, v.v..., ndi chung deu cd the tim trong ty thu. Cac sach cdng cu xuat hien sau nay ciing la ke thira truyen thdng ty thu, nhu: Khang Hy tu diin ^B.^^, Tir nguyen # 4 , Tic hdi ^'M:, v.v...
Cae bd sach nhu Khang Hy tu dien, Tir nguyen, Tie hdi. Trung Hoa dgi tie diin
^^:k.tk$h, v.v..., da CO anh hudng sau sac trong viec tiep can Han van Trung Quoc va phuong phap bien soan sach cdng cu d Viet Nam. Sau day chung tdi xin diem qua mpt sd bd sach cdng cu Han Ndm de hieu ro dac diem hinh thanh va phat trien sach cdng cu d Viet Nam.
Thdi ky dau, sach cdng cu d Viet Nam duac hinh thanh theo hai loai: mot Id nhung sach cdng cu giai thich Han van bang chir Ndm; hai la sach cdng cu
viit bdng Han van tim hiiu lich sir, dja ly, van hda, giao due, tdn giao tin nguong, v.v... Viet Nam.
1.1. Loai sach giai nghTa Han van bang chii Ndm
Bp sach cdng cu ddu tien giai thich Han van d Viet Nam, gidi nghien ciiu khoa hpc Viet Nam cho rang la cudn Chi nam nggc dm gidi nghia ^ a i ^ i - ^ ^ . ^ , ed cac ky hieu AB.372, VNv.201 va AB.163*''. Ndi dung bp tir dien la giai thich Han van bang chii Ndm, khoang 3.400 muc tir Han van dupfc djch sang chii Ndm bang nhiing cau tho luc bat (cau 6 chir va cau 8 ehii), gdm 40 chuang, vl Thien vdn, Dia ly, Nhdn ludn, Thdn the, Tgng phu, Thuc bd. Am bd, v.v... Day la mdt cdng trinh khoa hpc cd gia trj ve van tu hpc, ddng thdi ciing phan anh trinh dp van hda cua dan tpc Viet Nam duong thdi. Tuy nhien vl thdi diim xuat hien bd sach nay cdn nhieu y kiln khac nhau, cd ngudi cho rdng xudt hien nam 1401 (the ky XV)'^\ cung cd ngudi cho rang cd tir the ky XVIl'''^ Cac y kiln ve nien dai bp sach Chi nam nggc dm gidi nghia dang dugc cac nha khoa hpc Viet Nam tiep tuc nghien cuu.
Sach cdng cu Han Ndm d Viet Nam duoc bien soan nhieu vao cac th§ k^
XVIII - thi ky XIX, thudng la nhung b5 tir dien giai thich Han van bdng chG Ndm, de dap ling nhu cdu hpc tap Han van ciia ngudi Viet Nam thdi bdy gid.
Dieu ndy dugc chiing minh bdng hang loat cac tac pham khac nhau, xin n6u mpt sd tac pham nhu:
- Nhgt dung thudng ddm ^^^i^, gdm cac ky hieu AB.17, VNv.134, VNv.135,
TIM HIEU SACH CONG CU HAN N 6 M VIET NAM VNv.67, VNv.66, VNv.128, VNv.68,
VNv.69, AB.511, A.3149. Sach do Pham Dinh H5 j£3±4t (1768 1839) soan, day la bd tir diln giai thich Han van bang chii Ndm. Ndi dung gdm nhieu muc tii va dugc xep thanh 32 nhdm, theo: Thien vdn, Dia ly, Nho gido, Dgo gido, Thdn thi, Nhd eua, Trang phuc, Thue phdm, Thdo mdc, Cdn triing, v.v...
- Tam thiin tu gidi dm ^ • ^ ^ ^ - ^ , ky hieu AB.19. Sach do Ngd Thi Nham
^af-fi (1746-1803) bien soan, gdm 3.000 chii Han dugc chii giai bdng chii Ndm dimg de day chir Han va viit chii Ndm.
- Dgo gido nguyen luu Jt.#4.i^.jj^, cd cac ky hieu A.2675, A.1825. Sach do Phuc Dien Hda thuong ^^•^•pfyj (1784- 1864) bien tap, cd Bdng tra tic Hdn Viet gdc chic Phgn va Bdng ddi chiiu chie Hdn chic Ndm. Ngoai ra trong sach cdn cd Tam thien tu todn yeu ^-f-^^-^, la loai tu dien song ngu: Han Ndm gom 3000 chii, sap xep theo loi ndi cd van, nhu: thien (trdi), dja (ddt), thdt (mdt), tdn (cdn), tu (con), tdn (chau), v.v...
- Tu Due thdnh ehi tu hoc gidi nghia ca m^k^M^^P^h^ cd cac ky hieu VHv.626/1-4; VHv.627/1-4;
VHv.628/1-4; VHv.629/1-4; VHv.630/1-4;
VHv.631/14; VHv.363/1-4, AB.5/1-2, AB.311. Sach in nam Thanh Thai thir 9 (1897). Day la sach day chii Han dugc giai nghia bdng chii Ndm theo thi luc bat (cau 6 chit va cau 8 chu:), dugc sdp xep thanh 7 muc ldn, gdm; Kham du
^ # (thien van, dja ly), Nhdn sv A ? (quan he xa hdi, con ngudi), Chinh hoa i&'ffc (giao dye), Khi dgng ^ ^ (vat dung), Thdo mge %^ (cky cd), Cam
thii t^ifc. (chim mudng) va Triing ngu
^ , # , (cdn trimg, tdm ca), v.v...
- Dgi Nam qudc ngit X^Mt^, ky hieu AB.106. Sach do Hai Chau Tii Nguyin van San }^i^^?/tjiiM (khoang the ky XIX) bien tap va in nam Ki Hgi nien hieu Thanh Thai (1899). Npi dung giai thich cac tif ngii Han van va dich ra Ndm gdm nhieu lmh vuc, chia thanh 50 loai muc, gpi la "mdn" hay "bd", nhu: Thien vdn mdn, Dja ly mdn, Nhdn ludn mdn, Tdm tang mdn, Cdng khi mdn, Tue ngic mdn v.v... va Thuy bd, Thd bd, Kim bd, v.v...
Nam phuong danh vgt bi khdo
^yjZ^hi%^, cd cac ky hieu A.155, VHb.288. Sach do Thien Dinh D^ng Xuan Bang # ^ f | 5 4 # (1828 - ?) soan va viet tieu dan nam Tan Suu nien hieu Thanh Thai (1901). Day la cudn tir diln song ngii chO Han chQ Ndm, npi dung tir dien chia thanh cac muc, nhu; Thien vdn, Dia ly, Thdi tiit, Thdn the, Tdt binh, Nhdn su, Nhdn ludn, Nhdn phdm, Quan ehice. Am thuc, Phuc dung, Cu xie, Cung thdt, Thuyin xe, Vdt dung, Li nhge, Binh, Hinh, Hd, Cdng, Ndng tang, Ngu Hip, My nghe, Ngii cde, Rau qud, Thdo mge, Cdm thu, Cdn trung, v.v...
- Chi Nam bi logi ^'^iki%M, ky hieu A.1239. Sach do Tuc Y Vien ^ f - l ^ chu giai, day la bang tir dien song ngu:
chii Han chil Nom, chia thanh cac muc nhu: Thien vdn, Dia ly, Thdo mge, Cdm thii, Canh nong, v.v...
Nhirng bp sach cdng cu theo phuong phap giai thich Han van bang chu: Ndm, hien d Viet Nam cd den vai chuc cudn va cd nien dai tir the ky XV den cudi the ky XIX. Day la nhirng sach rdt cd gia trj,
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TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 5 (126) - 2014 TRINH KHAcmNH hiiu ich cho khoa hpc; dac biet doi vdi
viec tim hiiu, nhan dien chii va nghTa cua ehii- Han va chir Ndm thdi k^ trung dai d Viet Nam.
1.2. Loai sach cdng cy Han van tra ciiu Nhihig sach cdng cu viet bang chii Han dk tra ciiu va tim hieu ve dja ly, Ijch sir va van hda ndi chung, xin nSu tdng quan mpt sd tac pham nhu sau;
- v l dia ly: trudc het phai ke den la Du dia chi Mi^<t: trong bd Ifc Trai tap
# # ^ ciia Nguyen Trai m.M (1380- 1442) la sach tra cim dia danh ViSt Nam tic thdi Kinh Duong Vuong den the ky XV. 0 chdu can lge ,% Jl| iS:^ do Ducmg Van An bien soan thdi Mac Canh Lich (1548 - 1553) viit vl dia li 6 chau (mien ddt khoang tir Quang Binh va Thira Thien - Hue). Sau nay, the dja chi rat phat tri6n la ngudn tu liSu phong phu khi tim hieu ve dja ly Viet Nam qua cac thdi ky, nhu; Bdc Thdnh dia du chi luc it i^
i4 # i t i ^ do Tdng trdn Bdc Thanh Le Chat ^ ^ soan va Nguyen Ddng Khe
^^'M (Nguyen Van Ly) bien tap va de tua nam Thieu Trj thir 5 (1845). Dgi Nam qudc cuang gidi vung bien :k^j^M M ^ ^ . ^ cua Hoang Hiiu Xiing. Dgi Viet dia du todn bien :k.^ihH^^
ciia Phuong Dinh Nguyen Van Sieu (1796-1872). Hodng Viet dia du chi J . ^ i ^ ^ . t : bien soan nam Minh Menh thii 14 (1833). Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi :k.^— ^M,^ do Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen bien soan nam 1882, tac pham ghi chep ve dia ly cac tinh, thanh phd ciia Viet Nam. Ddng Khdnh dia du ehi l^-^i^l^*- do quan chiic cac tinh bien scan theo sac chi cua vua Ddng Khanh
(1886-1888) vl dia ly cac tinh trong ca nude, v.v...
- v l lich su cd: Khdm dinh Dai Nam hdi diin su li it^^t^-t^^^'i' 8^^
chep cac bai chi, du, nghi djnh va chi chudn tir ddi Nguyin Gia Long d6n ddi Ty Dire, vl cac viec chinh trj, giao due, thi cu quan che, v.v... d cac bO nhu: Bp Lai, Bg Hd, Bg Ll, Bd Binh, Bg Hinh, Bp Cdng va cac ea quan, nhu: Ngi cdc Vien Dd sat, Phd Ngi vu, Qudc tir giam, v.v... Bp Khdm dinh gdm 262 quyen, la mpt kho tang tu lieu dd so toan dien vd ti mi vl td chiic, nghi thiic van hanh cd tinh quy chuan dien pham cua toan bp thilt chi nha nude trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thuc lue ; ^ i ^ ^ # i do Qudc sii qudn trieu Nguyen bien soan tir nam Minh Menh thii 2 (1821) din nam Duy Tan thii 3 (1909) da ghi lai giai dogn Ijch sir 300 nam, tir khi Nguyin Hoang xung chiia d Dang Trong (1558) d6n nam Ddng Khanh thir 3 (1888).
- VS van chuang cd: Viet dm thi tgp M^i^^. do Phan Phu Tien ^ ^ ^ bien t|ip va viit tua nam Quy Sim nien hi?u ThuEin Thien (1433), Nguyen Tu Tdn
^^-^ phe diem va viet tua nam Dien Ninh thii 6 (1459), ghi chep han 500 bai tho cua tac gia ddi Tran, ddi Hd va ddi Le. Todn Viet thi lge 'tM.i^i^ ciia Le Quy Ddn soan xong vao nam Mau T^
nien hieu Canh Hung thii 29 (1768) ddi vua Le Hien Tdng, suu tap han 2000 bai tho cda gdn 200 tac gia cac thdi thupc bdn trieu dai (Ly, Trdn, Hd va Le). Qudn hiin phu tap # f - ^ ^ Nguyin ThiSn Tiing R ; ^ ^ viit bai tua cyu bien nam Dinh Suu nien hieu Dien Ninh (1457) Nguyin Thil |5t-f# hipu Loai Phu | ^ * 70
TIM HIEU SACH CONG C y HAN NOM VI$T NAM
viit bai tiiu ddn trimg khdc nam Bao Thai thir 9 (1728), gdm phu cua danh sT cdc ddi Trdn, Hd din Le. Hodng Viet vdn tuyin ^^X^ (tuyin tap van ddi Tran va ddi Le) va Hodng Viet thi tuyen
^ : ^ # 3 ^ (tuyin hon 500 bai tho ciia gan 200 tdc gia thudc ddi Li, Tran, L§) diu do Tdn Am Bui Huy Bich U # ^ tuyen chpn, va Nguyen Tap 15c. ^g la Ddc hpc tran Son Nam biSn tap va viet tya nam Minh M^nh thii 6 (1825), v.v...
- Ve van hda ndi chung: bd Ljch triiu hien chuong logi ehi ^^M^
mM cua Phan Huy Chii ^ # } ± (1782- 1840), 49 quyin, chia lam 10 loai; Du dfa chi, Nhdn vgt chi, Quan chuc chi, Le nghi ehi, Khoa mgc ehi, Qudc dgng chi, Hinh ludt chi, Binh che chi, Vdn tich chi va Bang giao chi.
2. Nhung sach cong cu Han Nom Men scan vao the ky XX - XXI va hieu qua cua no cf Viet Nam
Khoa thi Hdi cudi cimg cua Nha nude phong kien Viet Nam vao nam 1919 da cham diit mdt nghin nam ljch su khoa cii Vipt Nam viet bang Han van.
Tir day, chG Han va chii Ndm mat vai trd sit dyng chinh thdng trong xa hdi Viet Nam; nhung vipc ty hgc, viec ghi chep bang chir Han va chii Ndm trong nhan dan van keo dai cho den tdi bay gid (nhung han hum). Ke tir dau the ky XX, ngudi Viet Nam chuyen sang sii dyng chii cai La tinh, nay thudng gpi la chir Qudc ngii. Mdt vdn de dugc dgt ra la, ngudi Vi?t Nam thd ky XX cd su each biet ve van ty vdi dng cha minh cac thi ky trudc. Bk gdp phdn giai quyit vdn de quan trpng ndy, viSc bien soan cac bp
sach cdng cu dS tra ciiu chir Han va chO"
Ndm la mpt trong nhirng nhiem vu ddi vdi nhung ngudi nghien ciiu cd tjch, de bien dich vd gidi thieu di san Han Ndm Viet Nam cho xa hpi hien nay. Sau day, chung tdi xin gidi thieu cac sach cdng cu chft Hdn vd chii Ndm tieu bieu dugc bien soan trong the ky XX va nhimg nam dau cua the ky XXI bang Viet Nam ngQ, gdm cac loai:
2.1. Loai sach giai nghia chu Han - Trudc het phdi ke den Hdn Viet tu diin }^:^i^^ cua Ve Thach Dao Duy Anh, xuat ban lan dau nam 1932 va da tdi ban nhieu lan. Bd Tic diin suu tap va giai thich cdc tir Hdn van (gdm 5.000 Hdn ty va 40.000 muc tir) ra tiing ViSt, day la nhiing tir thiet dung nhat trong Hdn vdn ma ngudi Viet hay su dung. Bp sdch da dap iing kjp thdi nhu cau cua xa hdi Viet Nam vira cham dut sii dung chii Han trong giao tiep, giiip ich cho cac the he tan hpc khdng cd vdn Han hgc, cd the hiiu dung, dung diing cac tir ngii Han trong tiing Viet, gdp phan tich cue vao viec chuan hda mdt bg phan quan trpng cua ngdn ngu van hda dan tde.
- Hdn Viet tu dien i^M^^ cua Thieu Chuu Nguyin Huu Kha, xuat ban nam 1942 va tai ban nhieu lan. Sach chu ylu giai thich nghTa tirng chii Han, va sdp xep theo bp, tra chii theo net.
- Tie Idm Hdn Viet tu diin ^^^-^
M^^ do VTnh Cao va Nguyen Phd bien soan, xuat ban nam 2001. Tic dien da giai nghia khoang 40.000 muc tir Han Viet cd vi du Han van kem theo.
Tie diin Hdn Viet i ^ ^ l ^ I ^ do Phan Van Cdc chii bien, xuat bdn nam
T ^ P C H I HAN N O M SO 5 (126) - 2014 TRjNH KHAC MANH
2001. Tir diln da giai nghTa khodng 72.000 myc tu Hdn Viet cd vi dy Hdn vdn kem theo.
Tren day chiing tdi xin neu mdt sd tac phdm 1dm vi du, ngodi ra cdn cd mdt sd sach chuyen cho viee nghien eiiu va gidng day tii Han Viet nhu: Ngudn gdc vd qud trinh hinh thdnh cdch doe dm Hdn Viet (Nguyin Tai Can), So tay tie Hdn Viet cua Phan Van Cac vd Lai Cao Nguyen (1990), Meo gidi nghia Hdn Viet cua Phan Ngpc (1991), Tic thudng diing trong Hdn vdn ed cua Phan Van Cac (1999), Gidi thich tie Hdn Viet trong sdch gido khoa hi phd thdng cua Le Anh Tudn (2006), v.v...
2.2. Loai sdch cdng cu ddi chieu cac thi chii Han. Loai nay la nhiing sach cdng cu de tra tim, nhan dien chii Han trong cac van ban Han van viet theo Idi trien ^ va thdo ^ . Loai sdch cdng cu nay khdng nhieu, xin neu mdt sd tac phdm, vi du nhu:
- Ddi ehieu chir Hdn thi Triin Thdo - Khdi ciia Trjnh Khac Manh vd Nguyin van Nguyen xudt ban nam 1997. Ndi dung sach da dya vao 4.600 muc chft Han the khai ^ de giiip ngudi dpc nhan dien chft trien ^ vd chft thao
^ la nhftng thi chft rat khd giai ma ddi vdi nhiing ai cdn it tiep xuc voi cdc thi chii nay trong cdc van ban Hdn van.
Tu dien Hdn Viet hdnh thdo i H ^ ^ t ^ ^ ^ cua Nguyin Xuan Hoai va Pham Thj Hue xudt ban ndm 1998, tdi ban nam 2008. Sdch dugc bien soan theo phuang phap bien soan truyen thdng cua ty dien, gidi thieu khoang 15.000 each viit hanh thdo ^f^ cua 4.000 chu chan
!^, nhdm giiip ngudi dpc gidi ma cac hlnh chft hanh thao trong cdc vdn ban Han van thudng gap.
2.3. Tir diln Han Viet chuyen nganh.
Ngoai nhiing tii diln Han Viet phuc vu cho ngudi hpc va dgy tiing Han, nhihig nam gdn ddy xudt hien loai tir dien Han Viet phuc vu chuySn mdn cho timg ngdnh, xin neu mpt sd tdc phdm nhu:
v l y hpc cd Tie diin Ddng y Hdn Viet, xudt ban 1999; Tim hiiu thu tich y dugc cd truyin Viet Nam, Lam Giang chu bien, xuat ban nam 2009, v.v...
Ve gido due, xin neu mdt sd vi du:
Tie diin Hdn Viit trong nhd trudng (Phan Vdn Cac), Tie diin ede tdc gia tdc phdm Hdn Nom trong nhd trudng (Biii Duy Tdn vd Nhu Y), v.v... Ndi chung loai tir dien ndy gidi thieu cho ngudi dpc nhftng thuat ngu, nhihig tft ngft chuyen nganh. Nhiing tft dien loai nay cd cdng dung rdt ldn ddi vdi,nhung ngudi di sau nghien cftu va dpc dich cdc tai lieu Han vdn cd liSn quan den cdc chuyen nganh rieng. Dang tile rdng nhiing tft diln loai ndy d Viet Nam cdn chua nhieu.
Ve Nhp, Phat va Dgo, cd cac tir diln chuyen dimg nhu Phdt hgc tie diin # ^
# - ^ (3 tap) cua Doan Trung Cdn, xudt ban cac nam 1966, 1967, 1968. Tie diin Phdt hoe Hdn Viet i^^^^^^ (2 tap) do Kim Cuong Tu chii bien, xudt bdn cde ndm 1992 va 1994; bd sach gdm 20.000 muc tft vl giao ly Phdt gido. Tic diin Chu Dieh ^^$k^ cda Truong Thien Van (Trung Qudc), dugc djch va xudt ban nam 1997. Tic diin Nho Phdt Dgo iti^'^^^ do Lao Tft - Thjnh U (Trung Qudc) chu bien, dugc djch va 72
TiM HIEU SACH CONG CV HAN NOM VIET NAM xudt ban nam 2001; bd sdch idy nhftng
tri thftc chu ylu cua Tam giao lam ddi tugng va thu thgp dugc 10.000 muc tu lien quan din cac m^t: nhan vat, tdn giao, thugt ngu, su kien, td chiic, giao nghTa, diln tjch, tap tuc, hdi hpa, dieu khdc, am nhac, van hpc, v.v...; giiip ngudi dpc cd nhihig hieu biSt co bdn ve Nho, Phat, Dao. Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhflng sach cdng cy ho trg nhu: Thu muc Nho gido Viet Nam do Trjnh Khdc Manh va Chu Tuyet Lan chu bien xudt bdn nam 2008, v.v...
2.4. Sach cdng cu cho chuyen nganh Han Ndm
Tim hieu kho sdch Hdn Ndm (2 tap) cua Tran Van Giap, xuat bdn nam 1984 va nam 1990, tdi bdn ndm 2003.
Ddy la cdng trinh thu tjch chi ldn ddu tien ciia Vidt Nam tiSn hdnh diSu tra co ban ddi vdi kho sdch Han Ndm, kho tu lieu quan trpng bgc nhat de nghien ciiu tim hi^u qud khft cua dan tdc Viet Nam.
Bp sach da phan logi cac tac pham Han Ndm theo 7 chuyen nganh: Ljch su, Dia ly, Ky thudt, Ngon ngir, Vdn hgc, Tdn gido, Triet hgc, va ngoai ra la phan sdch tdng hpp. Day la mdt cudn cam nang khong the thieu, la mot tu lieu tham khao cdn thiet cho bat eft ai mudn nghien cftu cd tjch Viet Nam.
- Di sdn Hdn Ndm Viet Nam - Thu mye de yiu (Catalpgue des livres en Han Nom) do Trdn NghTa va Franpoi Gros ddng chu bien, xudt bdn nam 1993, Id cdng trinh hgp tac giua Vien Nghien ciiu Hdn Ndm vd Viln ddng Bdc cd Phdp (E.F.E.O). Bg sdch gidi thieu cd tich Hdn Ndm d Vien Nghi6n cuu Hdn Ndm Viet Nam va mgt sd thu vien d Phap. Bp sdch
gidi thieu 4.519 cudn (bd) sach Hdn Ndm do ngudi Viet Nam soan thao, hoac do ngudi Viet Nam viet chung vdi ngudi nude ngoai duoc ngudi Viet Nam sao chep hoac in lai cd gia cdng d muc dp khac nhau. Cdc sdch xep theo van chii cdi Latinh (A,B,C...). Bd sach ndy da duoc dich sang tieng Phdp vd tiing Trung Qudc.
Ngodi ra cdn rat nhieu sdch cdng cu khdc nhu: Bdng tra thdn tich theo dia danh ldng xd do Nguyen Thj Phugng chil bien, xudt bdn nam 1996 vd tdi ban nam 2012, da giiip cdc nhd nghien ciiu tra cuu cdc vi thdn dugc thd d cdc di tich tgi cac lang xd Viet Nam. Sach cdng cu tra ciiu ve dia danh ed Cdc trdn tong xa danh bi lam bien soan thdi Gia Long (1802-1819) trieu Nguyin, dugc dich va xuat ban nam 1981; hay Tin ldng xd vd dia du ede tinh Bdc Ky cda Ngd Vi Liln, do Ngd Vi Thien bien dich vd xudt ban ndm 1999. Ve cac chft hiiy trong cdc vdn ban Han Ndm vdn dugc coi la chftng tich tin cay vd chia khda hun hieu de gidm djnh nien dai cua vdn bdn, ta cd mgt Bdng tra tin huy vd chic hiiy cdc triiu dgi Viet Nam (tft thi ky XIII - XIX) gdm 531 cho hiiy dugc khdo sdt ky ludng vd sdp xlp thoo thft tu vdn chu cdi dl tim kiSm trong sdch Nghien eicu chir huy Vi$t Nam qua cdc triiu dgi ciia Ngd Dftc Thp xudt bar. ndm 1997. Vl nhiing ngudi do dat d Vipt Nam cd sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Vi^t Nam 1075 - 1919 do Ngd Diic Thp chii bien, xudt bdn nam 1993, dd gidi thipu 2896 vi dai khoa Viet Nam. Sach cdng cu tra cftu vl quan chiic cd Tic diin quan chiee ciia Do van Ninh xudt ban nam 2002. Nghien
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TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 5 (126) - 2014 TRINH KHAC MANI^
Ciiu ve ten tu, ten hieu cdc tdc gia Han Ndm dupe Trinh Khac Manh gidi thieu trong tac phdm Ten tu ten hieu ede tde gia Hdn Ndm Viet Nam xuat ban nam 2002, tdi ban nam 2006 va i^m 2012. Sdch da gidi thieu hon 1000 ten ty, ten hieu, dao hieu va biet hieu khdc nhau cua gan 800 tac gia Hdn Ndm giup cho cdc nhd khoa hpc nghiSn cftu ve than the, su nghiSp cdc tdc gia Han Ndm Viet Nam.
Tu liSu vl vdn khac Hdn Ndm da dugc cdc nha nghien ciiu Han Ndm Viet Nam quan tdm vd bien soan nhung bd sdch tra cftu rat thugn tien, huu ich, cd thi ke nhu; Thu mgc vdn bia Viet Nam do Biii Thanh Ba chu bien, bdn ddnh mdy ndm 1978; Thu mgc bia gidn luge do Hoang Le chu bien, bdn ddnh mdy ndm 1982; Vdn khde Hdn Ndm Viet Nam do Nguyin Quang Hdng chu bien, xudt ban nam 1993; v.v... Dac biet la bd Tdng tgp vdn khde Hdn Ndm Viet Nam do Trjnh Khde Manh - Nguyen Van Nguyen - Philippe Papin chi dao xudt ban tft ndm 2003 - 2009 gdm 22 tap, gidi thipu anh chup 22.000 don vj van khdc Han Ndm Viet Nam va bd Thu mgc thdc bdn vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam (8 tap) do Trjnh Khdc Manh chu bien, xudt ban tft nam 2005-2012.
Ngoai nhung bd sach cdng cu tra cftu Han van, d Viet Nam cdn cd nhiing sdch cdng cu tra cftu chft Ndm, cac nhd khoa hpc Viet Nam da td chuc bien soan cac logi bang tra, tu diln vl chft Ndm, cd the ke nhu Bdng tra chic Nom do Bui Van Ba vd Hd Le chu tri, xuat ban ndm 1976; Tie dien chic Nom cua Vu Vdn Kinh va Nguyen Quang XT, xuat bdn ndm 1971; Sdch tra chit Ndm thudng
dung ciia Lgc Thien, xudt bdn nSm 1991;
Tu diin chic Nom Tdy do Hodng Trieu An bien sogn, xuat ban nam 2003. Chu Ndm Viet Nam da thu hut cdc nhd khoa hpc mdt sd nude quan tam nhu Trung Qudc, Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban; nhiiu phdn mem soan chft Ndm va tu dien chu Ndm da dugc biSn soan d nude ngoai. Sau day chiing tdi xin gidi thieu hai cudn ty dien chft Ndm thudng dimg d Vi^t Nam:
- Dgi tu diin chir Nom :fe 4^ •^ ^t "^
do Vu Van Kinh bien soan, xuat ban nam 1999. Tie diin gdm 37.000 chu Ndm vdi tr6n 7.000 dm dpc khac nhau, de giup cho cdc nhd nghien cftu tim hieu vl chft Ndm Vi§t Nam tren cdc phuang dien: hinh chft, am dpc, nghTa, v.v...
Tu dien chir Ndm ^ ^ ^ t " ^ do Nguyin Quang Hdng chu bien, xuat ban ndm 2006. Ndi dung sach gidi thieu khodng 12.000 don vj muc chu, moi chfi dugc md ta theo qui udc chung: hinh cha, am chft, nghTa chu, din li^u vdn Ndm, v.v... rat tien ich cho viec tra cftu chii Ndm.
Ngoai ra cd mgt sd tac phdm phyc vu cho viee hpc tap, tra cftu chft Ndm, xin neu mdt sd vi du; Tic diin Truyin Kieu (Dao Duy Anh), Mdt sd vdn di vi chit Nom (Nguyen Tai Cdn), Nghien cuu chit Ndm (Le Van Quan), Cdc phuang thue bieu dm trong eau trite chir Nom Viet (Nguyen Ta Nhi), Cdu true nghia trong ehU Ndm Viet (La Minh Hdng), Cha Ndm thuc hdnh (Le Anh Tudn), Nguyin Trdi qude dm tie diin (Trdn Trpng Duang), v.v..., da ldn lugt duoc gidi thieu cung ddng ddo ban dpc.
BSn cgnh nhihig bd sdch cdng cu truyin thdng, gdn day, voi viec ftng 74
TIM HIEU SACH CONG CV HAN N 6 M VIET NAM dung cdng nghe thdng tin dl tao nen
nhung he thdng co sd du lieu Han Ndm, hay nhirng dTa quang ghi luu sdeh Han Ndm tao nen phuang tien tra ciiu nhanh va thugn tien. Dang nguyen ban tu lieu Hdn Ndm ghi tren cdc ^ a CD, DVD cimg bdn dich Qudc ngu dang text, phuc vu nhirng ngudi cd nhu cau dpc true tiep nguyen ban Hdn Ndm vd tra cftu tu lieu, nhu dia ghi luu hai bg sdch; Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu va Khdm dinh Viet sie thdng gidm cuong muc, de phuc vu cac nhd nghiSn cim truy cap tu lieu mgt cdch nhanh nhdt.
3. Nhirng kho khan vd trien vong trong viec nghiSn cihi, khai thac sach c6ng eu Han Nom d Viet Nam
Sdch cdng cu Han Ndm ra ddi la phuong tien cho ngudi dpc hieu sau vl vdn hda Viet Nam vd la nhjp cau truyen tai nhiing tri thftc truyin thdng din vdi ban dpc Viet Nam. Cac nhd khoa hpc tren thS gidi dy doan, thi ky XXI Id thi ky cua Chau A, phuong Ddng phdt triin manh me d nhieu ITnh vyc, trong dd cd khoa hpc va cdng nghe. Viec bi^n soan sach cdng cu Hdn Ndm la nhdm gidi thieu, trao ddi nhiing tinh hoa van hda cda ngudi Viet Nam tu ngdn xua dl lgi vdi nhan dan toan the gidi, ma trudc het cac nude Ddng A. Do vay viec bien sogn cac bd sdch cdng cu Hdn Ndm Id rdt cdn thilt trong thin dai ngay nay, vdi nhiing cdng nghe ky thugt tien tiin va tri thftc ngay cdng cdp nhat.
Nhung ngudi nghien cftu Hdn Ndm d Vipt Nam dang dp u biSn sogn nhimg bd sdch cdng cy Han Ndm rdng hon vl pham vi va sau hon vl chuyen mdn, vi du nhu: Thu mue thdc bdn vdn khdc Hdn
Ndm Viit Nam day du, Bgi tic diin Hdn Viet vdi nhung cu lieu Hdn van Viet Nam, Dgi tu diin ehU Ndm vdi nhiing vi du giai nghTa trong tho vdn Ndm Viet Nam, Tic dien dia danh Viit Nam, Tic dien danh nhdn. Tic diin tde gia Hdn Ndm Viet Nam, Tir diin khoa eic Viit Nam, Tie diin chuc quan Viit Nam, v.v...
Day la nhftng bd sach cdng cu Hdn Ndm dang la mong udc cua gidi Hdn Nom hpc va cua nin hpc thuat Viet Nam.
Nhung viec bien soan sach cdng cu Hdn Ndm d Viet Nam hien dang gap nhung khd khan nhat dinh, chung tdi xin neu mpt sd khd khan co bdn sau day:
Thir nhdt, nhiing ngudi hiiu bilt sdu ve cd tjch cdn rat it, do vgy vi8c huy dpng ngudn nhan lyc chdt lugng cao de bien sogn nhiing bg sach cdng cu rpng ve pham vi va sau ve chuyen mdn qud Id vdn dl thach thftc. CJ Viet Nam hien nay viec dao tao Han van gap nhflng khd khan, bdc phd thdng khdng hpc, ma chi hpc d bgc dgi hgc trong mpt vdi ngdnh khoa hpc xd hpi va nhan van, sd lugng chft Hdn gidng day ciing chi phyc vu de biet ma thdi.
Rieng cd ngdnh Hdn Ndm Id gidng day kha CO ban ve Han van Trung Qudc, Han van Vipt Nam va chft Ndm; nhung ngdnh hpc nay mdt nam chi tuyen khodng hon 20 sinh vien, nhung sinh vien ra trudng hpc tiep bac sau dai hpc de nghien cim Han Ndm chi khoang vai ngudi. Chung tdi da de nghi vice md rpng gidng day Han Ndm d Viet Nam va chd dgi hudng tich cyc trong tuong lai.
Thu hai, kinh phi dau tu cho vdn de nay chua dugc nha nude va xd hpi quan tam diing mftc. Viet Nam hien dang la 75
TAP C H I HAN N O M SO 5 (126) - 2014 TRINH KHAC M^NH
nude ngheo, nha nude dau tu cho khoa hpc ehua dap ftng nhu eau thuc te, nen chi tap tnmg phat trien cho nhflng nganh khoa hpc miii nhpn va nhflng van de buc thilt. Chung tdi cho rdng khi kinh tl Viet Nam sanh ngang vdi nhiing nude CO nin kinh tl phdt trien thi viec bien soan sdch cdng cu ndi chung vd sdch cdng cu Han Ndm ndi rieng se cd dieu kien thuan Ipi. Mpt dieu dang ndi nfta la, hien nay d Viet Nam chi cd nha nude Id ngudn dau tu kinh phi cho khoa hpc, cdn cac tap doan, cac cdng ty chua dau tu cho khoa hpc, ddy Id rapt van de ngudi Viet Nam can phai suy ngdm.
Thu ba, bien sogn sach cdng cu Han Ndm la viec khd khan ca ve ngudn nhan lyc va tai chinh, nhung viec phdt hanh rat han che, vi ngudi sft dyng nhirng logi sach nay hong xa hpl hien nay d Viet Nam khdng nhieu. Dieu nay phdn ndo cd lien quan den^khd khan thft nhdt ma chung tdi trinh bay d tren, dd la nhiing ngudi ham me nghien ciiu Hdn Ndm khdng nhieu, nen nhu cdu bgn dgc doi vdi loai sdch nay gan nhu Id ty le thuan.
Mdc du cd nhftng khd khan nhu trinh bay d tren, nhung chiing tdi tin tudng rdng, hien tgi vd tuong lai nhflng ngudi lam cong tdc nghien cftu Han Ndm vdn dang miet mai, can trpng bien soan nhiing bd sach cdng cu Hdn Ndm cdn thilt, vi day Id nhimg sach rdt cdn cho nin Han Ndm hpc Viet Nam va nhiing nha ngiiiSn cuu khoa hpc quan tam den Viet Nam.
Bai viit dugc su tai trg cua QuT Phat trien khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Qudc gia (NAFOSTED - Ma sd VIII.2 - 2011.5).
T.K.M
Chd thich:
1. K^ hiSu sdch ddn trong bai dang luu gift tai Vien Nghien ciiu Han Nom.
2. Ngd Dftc Thp: Thdng tin mdi nhdt ve Chi nam ngge dm, Tgp chi Hdn Ndm, sd 3/2005.
3. Chi nam ngoe dm gidi nghia. Tran Xudn Ngpc Lan phidn am vd chu gidi, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1985.
Thir muc sach tham khao - Au hgc ngii ngon thi ^ ^ i "i^t^, in nam Ty Dftc thft 16(1863).
- Chi Nam bj logi ^^^-^M, do Tuc Y Vien ^ # 1 ^ chu giai.
- Di sdn Hdn Ndm Viet Nam - Thu mue de yeu, do Tran NghTa vd Franpoi Gros chil bien, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1993.
Hai Chau Tft Nguyin Van San m^^^Xm (khodng thi ky XIX):
Dgi Nam qude ngic Xi^M^, in nam Thanh Thai Ki Hgi (1899).
- Dang Xuan Bang ^ ^ ^ (1828-?):
Nam phuong danh vgt bi khdo i^:^
Dao Duy Anh; Hdn Viet tu diin
•^•^i^^, Quan Hdi timg thu xudt bdn ldn ddu nam 1932 vd da tdi bdn nhieu ldn.
- Phuc Dien Hda thugng ^ HI ^o j ^ (1784-1863): Dgo gido nguyen luu it.#t
- Ngd Thi Nham ^Bf-fi (1746-1803):
Tam thien tu gidi dm -=.-1"^ Af^.
Pham Dmh Hd ti^t^ (1768 l$?>9): Nhgt dung thudng ddm 0 ffl-^i^.
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TIM HIEU SACH CONG CV HAN NOM VIET NAM
- Nguyen Xuan Hoai va Pham Thi Hue: Tu diin Hdn Viet hdnh thdo i X ^
< t ¥ T * , Nxb. ThS giai, H. 1998.
- Thifa Chiju NguySn Hitu Kha: Hdn Viet tu diin ^ : * S # * , xult ban nam 1942 va tai ban nam 1999.
Thu muc thdc bdn vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam (8 tap) do Trinh Khic Manh chil bien, Nxb. Van hoa - ThSng tin, nam 2005 - 2012.
- Tdng tdp vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam (22 tap) do Trinh Khjc Manh - Nguyen van Nguyen - Philippe Papin chi dao, Nxb.
Van hoa - Thong tin, H. 2003 - 2009.
- TudiSn Trung Viet t * # * • , Nxb.
KHXH, H. 1992.
- Tu Due thdnh che gidi nghia ca S l f t S * l f f A f t , in nam Thanh Thai thll 9 (1897).
- Tudien chir Ndm ^^^^"1^1 NguySn Quang HSng chu biSn, Nxb. Qiao due, H. 2006.
- Tran Van Giap: Tim hiiu kho sdch Hdn Ndm 1ti$:'i(it $.ifl^^ (2 tap), Nxb. KHXH, H. 1984 va nam 1990.
Trinh Khic Manh: Ten tu ten hieu cdc tdc gia Hdn Ndm Viet Nam, Nxb.
KHXH, H. 2002 va Nxb. Van hoa - Thong tin, H. 2007.
- Trinh Khic Manh va Nguyen Van Nguyen: Bdi chiiu chir Hdn thi Trien - Thdo - Khdi, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1997.
Van Tan: Tir diin Trung Vi$t fikM^, xuit ban nSm 1957 va tai ban nam 1992.
- Vu Van Kinh: Bgi tu diin cha Ndm
^f^ I t •*, xuit ban nam 1999./.
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