TJlC DONG CUA KHAI THAC QUANG BOXIT

I NGHtEN CQU - TRAO ODI

TJlC DONG CUA KHAI THAC QUANG B O X I T DOI v d l GAG DAN T O C 6 TAY NGUYEN

• PGS. TS LE NGQC THANG

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gay 1/11/2007, Thii tifdng Chinh phii da ky Quyet dinh sd 167/2007/QD-TTg v l "Phe duyet Quy hoaeh phan vung thB.m do, khai thac, che bien svC dung quang boxit giai doan 2007 -2015, co xet den 2025". Sau khi cd chii trifdng tren, tuf cudi nam 2007 den nay da cd mdt sd cuoc hdi thao khoa hoe ban vl van d l tren. Bao cao khoa hoc tai eae cudc hdi thao da d | cap den van d l tai nguyen, edng nghiep khai thac quang, anh hifdng cua khai thac quang vdi mdi trifdng, tdi van hoa xa hdi, sinh ke phat triln b i n vifng - dd se la mdt cudc each mang khdng nhd v l kinhh t l , xa hdi, van hoa, mdi trifdng... ddi vdi ddng bao cac dan toe tren dja ban. Bai nay xin difdc di sau vao van d l tac ddng cua khai thac quang

bdxit ddi vdi cac dan tde Tay Nguyen.

Do md quang bdxit trai rdng tren b l mat dien tich d i t dai tifdng ddi ldn nen viee khai thae se tac ddng khdng nhd d i n ddi sdng kinhh te, van hoa, xa hdi, mdi trifdng cua nhilu toe ngifdi tr§n dja ban. Khi khai thac bdxit trSn dja ban Tay Nguyen se cd nhiftig tae ddng den cdng ddng dan cif ban dia, sinh sdng lau ddi d "mai nha Ddng Difdng" nhif sau:

Tie dong tich ciic: Quang bdxit la tai nguydn qud'c gia, cd vj tri va gia tri quan trong trong cdng nghifp luyen kim nhdm... Nlu ed dieu kien khai thac, e h l biln kim loai nay phue vu trong qua trinh CNH- HDH, tao mdi trifdng edng nghiep cho viing ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd va cao nguyen miln Trung nay la xu

t h i tdt de cac dan tdc phat triln.

Nlu viec khai thae quang bdxit d Tay Nguyen la ed hdi tao them nganh nghi viee lam cho ngifdi dan, ddng bao dan tdc tai chd, ngifdi lao ddng mat dat san xuat hay khdng ed viec lam... Theo diing nghia ciia nd thi la mot tac ddng ed ylu td tich ciic trong chuyin ddi cd cau kinh te, trong qua trinh CNH- HDH ndng nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thdn. Tuy nhien, day la van d l e i n difdc difdc xem xet can trong cae di? lieu lien quan den ndi dung cua v i n d l .

Viee xay diing cae cum cdng nghiep trong qua trinh khai thae quang bdxit se tao dilu kien dau tif cd sd ha ting v l giao thdng, dien, trifdng hoe, ehd... xuat hien nhifng dilm dan cif mdi... tao ra difdc

Khai mac ini diem ooxn a DanNong. Bdn 66 liin quan tnJc tiSp tdi mdi trUdng vk sinh thai.

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:it3f*M'G0iy?tRA0 OOI

•=!> mdt dien mao ndng thdn difdc dd thj hoa theo hifdng hien dai...

Ben canh nhiing tich cife neu tren, se xuat hien nhufng t i c dong tieu ciic ca trifdc mat va lau dai.

Tay Nguyen sau nam 1975 den nay qua mdt sd chinh sach bdc Id nhufng nhan thiic, each lam da col Tay Nguyen nhif "bau sifa". Tay Nguyen da't va ngifdi khdng phai la "bau sifa"

vd tan d l khai thac, lam ngheo kiet di cac gia tri khac vi muc dich kinh te. Viec khai thac riing, "dai di dan" len Tay Nguyen, md mang cae lam, nong trifdng... Sau 30 nam nhin lai bijfc tranh kinh te, xa hoi Tay Nguyen ben canh

NEU LAM TOT Thi K H 6 N G LO

DAN PHAN 001

Lien quan d i n van d l dan sinh, tinh se cd gang bao dam tien do di ddi dan trong khu vifc duf an va td chiic tai dinh canh. Thdi gian qua TKV da lam tdt cdng tac dan van va hd trd dja phufdng phat trien ha ting, dao tao nhan life. Tuy nhien, theo tdi, can cd phifdng phap hd trd chuyen ddi viec lam cho ngifdi dan, nhifng ngifdi' khong the canh tac hoac tham gia lao dong phue vu nha may. Viec tai djnh cuf, djnh canh c i n tham khao y kien ciia ngifdi dan xem viec bd tri nha cufa nhif the dan cd ehju hay khdng. Neu chiing ta lam that Idng, thifdng dan that idng va lo cho dan den ndi den chdn thi chac chin khong cd chuyen ngifdi dan chdng ddi. Neu lam tdt eho ddng bao ban dja thi ta mdi thu phue difdc Idng dan, van d l la d chd nay chif dau phai chuyen chiing ta d i n bii gia cao hay cap lai cho dan mdt, hai m i u dat.

(Ong Tran Qud'c Huy - Bi thuf tinh uy DakNdng) nhufng thanh tiiu khdng nhd thi ciing tdn tai khdng it van de dat ra trong mdi quan he dan toe, quan he giifa cac thanh phan kinh te, quan he giufa dan tai chd va cif dan tif ndi khac den, doan ket dan toe, dn djnh tinh hinh kinh te -xa hoi. Cung sau hdn 30 nam, nhifng van d l ndi com v l da't dai, quan he dan toe, "Nha nufdc Dl ga... la nhifng thiic te c i n difdc nhan thiic lai de rut bai hoc kinh nghiem, tim nguyen

nhan de tao cho con ngifdi va viing dat miln Trung nay ciia da't nifdc phat trien b i n vilng, phat huy ldi t h i v l kinh t l , anh ninh, qude phdng ddi vdl sii phat trien lau dai ciia dat nifdc.

Nam 1987 khi tham gia Chifdng trinh Tay Nguyen II, chiing toi difdc chiing kiln sif xung dot giifa can bo mot sd ndng, lam trifdng khi thiic hien quy hoaeh dat dai vdi ddng bao cae dan tdc tai chd. Dat dai ddi vdi ddng bao la ciia ddi dng cha de lai, khdng the mot liic la cd the hieu ngay la tai san qude gia, thudc quyin quan ly Nha nifdc nhif Luat Dat dai neu ra. Cd ngifdi dat van d l : Tai sao chung ta d i u tif khdng it cho ddng bao cac dan tde Tay Nguyen ma Idng dan vin cdn cd van d l ? Van de la, quan diem, chii trifdng, difdng ldi phat trien Tay Nguyen la diing, song each lam thi can phai xem lai, ddi khi ndng vdi thilu cac dif kien khoa hoc v l kinh te, nhan hoc xa hdi, khoa hoc cdng nghe... cu the; thieu mot tam nhin diing va phii Jhdp vdi con ngifdi va mien da't ma hp gan bd lau ddi; dat dai ddi vdi ddng bao cac dan toe Tay Nguyen khdng chi la "tif lieu san xuat" ma cdn la khong gian sinh tdn, la que hifdng ban quan, la mau thjt... ciia dng cha truyin lai tif nhilu ddi; tinh thin thifdng vd, Idng yeu nifdc di theo va iing hd each mang qua hai cudc khang chien cung difdc hinh thanh tif nguyen do cd ban dd... Do vay, mpi diln biln ciia tinh hinh Tay Nguyen trong nhufng nam vifa qua xuat phat tuf mdt trong nhifng cd sd dd, tac dpng khdng nhd den ddi sdng, sii phat trien kinh t l , xa hdi, dn djnh chinh tri trong khu viic va ciia qude gia... Ddi net diem lai tren day v l tinh lich suf, chinh sach kinh t l Tay Nguyen de nhin ro nhufng tac ddng den cae van d l khai thac boxit diln ra d Tay Nguyen hien nay.

Nay viec khai thac bdxit se tae ddng den van d l cd ban nao ciia ddng bao cae dan tde Tay Nguyen? Cac k i t qua nghien cifu trong thdi gian g i n day cho thay se tac ddng den cac ndi dung sau:

Tac dong toan dien va sau sac den ddi sdng xa hoi theo chieu hi/dng khd khan. Viec lay d i t khai khoang va thanh lap cac cum cdng nghiep, giao thong va nhufng cd sd ha t i n g lien quan khac se tao nen mdt cudc quy hoac dan cif mdi, xao trdn nep sdng, sinh hoat xa hdi cua

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cdng ddng vdn dang tifng bifdc dn dinh vdi ehinh sach "giao dat giao rifng", ehinh sach xay diing cae "budn van hoa", "thdn van hoa"... dang hinh thanh dn dinh.

Ngheo ddi se cd nguy cd trd lai khi cd hpi tim viee lam ciia ngifdi nong dan dan tpc thieu sd hpc van thap, tay nghi khong cd, mat dat, that nghiep khi cum edng nghiep khai khoang Alumin hinh thanh. Kit qui nghien eiiu ciia nhdm Dai hpc Tay Nguyen d Dak Ndng eho thay "Cd it ngifdi bilt va biet mdt each rat han che vl cae thdng tin tuyen ehpn dao tao nghe cua Cty (Cdng ty Nhan Cd) hien mdi cd mdt sd con em eiia ddng bao difdc di hpc va cung da cd ngifdi bd vl...; can bd xa cQng khong n i m ro danh sach cQng nhif sd lifdng ngifdi da difdc tuyen di hpc edng nhan. "Dai dien Cty Co phin Alumin Nhan Cd, phu trach edng tae d i n bii giai toa eho bilt: Thang 9 khi nha may di vao hoat ddng se tap trung mpt khdi lifdng ldn ngufdi lao ddng bao gdm ky sif va eong nhan khoang 3.000 ngifdi (bao gdm cae chuyen gia nifdc ngoai.tif My, Trung Quoc va lao ddng tif ngoai Bac vao". Mat khae, qua tdng hdp sd lieu eiia Cty lai eho thay nhu c i u lao dpng cho cae nha may va Cty khdng nhilu. Tdng sd lao ddng can la 477 ngUdi, da tuyen chpn 230 ngifdi, trinh dp lao ddng chic chin la phai cao, nhif vay sd ngifdi ndng dan lao dpng mat dat se khd dufdc tuyin chpn. Va nhifng van d l xa hdi gi se tilp tuc diln ra sau thiic trang dd.

Van de phan bd dan cuf cOng se bien ddng khong nho, tac ddng den ddi sdng cua ddng bao cae dan tdc. Trong va sau chien tranh mpt bd phan ddng bao Tay Nguyen trong dd ed ddng bao M'nong d Dak Nong khdng du'dc "an cif" thi nay viec khai thac bdxit lai bj xao trdn

tren mpt nguy cd khdng nhd, tac ddng ldn din tinh hinh xa hpi va ddi sdng tam ly...

Tac dong nhat djnh den cae gii tri van hoi truyen thdng cua cae dan toe d Tay Nguyen ndi chung va M'nong ndi rieng. Khai thac bdx- it d Tay Nguyen rat can difdc xem xet, can nhic can trpng. Nhilu qude gia tren the gidi da phai tra gia dat cho sii nhan thifc va sii ndn ndng phat trien lam mat dl nhufng gia trj van hoa cua dan tdc, qud'c gia. Cin tham khao cau ndi ndi tieng ciia Vien si Likhatrov (Lien Xo cu) khi ban den mdi quan he kinh te va van hoa trong phat trien, dai y la: trong phat trien neu tdn that vl kinh te thi cd the bu dap dufdc, song tdn that vl van hoa thi khong gi cd the bu dap noi. 0 day khong cd nghia la khdng lam gi de giif nguyen cac gia tri, ban sac van hoa, truyin thdng tdc ngifdi ma c i n tim ra giai phap, Id trinh "nhat cuf lifdng tien", vifa dap ifng nhu cau phat trien vifa bao tdn dufdc "tam hp chieu" tpc ngifdi viing Tay Nguyen va qude gia tren ban dd khu viic va qude te. To! tin nlu cd quan diem dung va quyet tam se tim ra giai phap.

Khi cac cum cdng nghiep va cum dan cif mdi hinh thanh se dien ra sii giao thoa va thich ifng vdi cifdng dp manh giufa cac gia'trj van hoa cua cac tpc ngifdi thieu so va da sd, tham chi trong nifdc va nifdc ngoai; giufa cac gia trj van hoa truyin thd'ng va hien dai; giufa van minh eong nghiep va van minh ndng nghiep.

Chung ta cung d l dang nhan ra ndi life tif phia cac cdng ddng dan tdc thieu sd tai chd khong the manh me de "chdng dd" nhifng tac ddng ciia van minh eong nghiep va gia tri van hoa hien dai tac ddng vao cac diem dan cif d cac khu cdng nghiep va vung ven. Cac gia trj van

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•=> hoa vat the va phi vat th^

(nha cufa, trang phue, ll hdi, tin ngifdng, ngdn ngif, luat t u c . ) ciia eae dan tde Tay Nguyen va eae tdc ngifdi khac tren dja ban se difng trifdc nguy cd mai mdt, lai tap... khi cac cum dan eif cdng nghiep mdi hinh thanh qua nhanh va khdng difdc dinh hifdng cu the...

Tie dong den sinh ke cua cdng ddng cac dan toe Tay Nguyen, trifdc h i t dd la viec lay dat de xay diing cac cum edng nghiep da lam eho eac bon, cac hd gia dinh ndng dan thilu dat s i n xuat phai di ddi ndi eif tru... tinh hinh se tao nen sii xao trdn khdng nhd d i n ddi sdng vdn ngheo khd eiia ngifdi ndng dan thudc cac dan tdc thieu sd. Di theo van d l dat dai cd nhilu ndi dung da va dang diln ra khdng gian ddn giifa cac Cty va ngifdi' dan. Kit qua nghien ciiu ciia nhdm can bd Dai hpe Tay Nguyen cho bilt da xay ra tinh trang dufdi day:

- Khdng difdc bilt v l ke hoaeh d i n bii giii toi: Tiln dd, thdi gian, phan loai tai san.

- Tieu ehuan danh gia vifdn cay va tai san khdng difdc thdng bao va giai thich rd rang.

- Gia d i t ngay cang cao, quy dat d dau d l d i u tif phat trien san xuat?

- Liing tiing trong viec chuyen ddi nganh nghi de kilm sdng.

- Khdng bilt quin ly va haeh toan s i n xuat, nguy cd m i t vdn "tiln difdc nhan d i n bu la rat ldn".

- Ngifdi M'ndng bj mat dat vi cum cdng nghiep khdng

nhilu, nhilhg that ra chifa cd cum edng nghiep hp da thieu d i t s i n xuat rdi.

S I / tham gia cua ngifdi dan ludn d the bj dpng trong qua trinh dii an difdc trien khai;

thilu thdng tin v l phifdng an tai dmh eif; d i t canh tac d dau hay lam gi de sinh sdng tiep la cau hdi ldn dat ra.

Cac hd dan chifa hieu rd y nghia ciia viec xay diihg dii an nen cd tam ly ludn lo thua thiet nen d i n d i n viee lam sai nhif xay th§m nha cufa, trdng them nhilu loai cay vao dien tieh giai toi...

c a e thdng tin tren day phan anh nhifng t i c ddng eiia cac dii an cdng nghiep khai thac bdxit den sinh ke eiia cac cdng ddng dan tdc thieu sd d Tay Nguyen. Cac van d l tren da va dang nay sinh, diln ra nhilu vin d l c i n quan tam ddi vdi edng ddng dan cuf tren dia ban vdi nhilu y nghia van hoa, anh ninh qude phdng ma khdng the thieu hp trong chiln lifde phat trien b i n vifng cua qude gia.. Do vay, nhifng vin d l dat ra c i n quan tam vl mat chinh sach dd li:

1. Cin xac djnh ro nhdm ddi tifdng dan cif, dan tdc trong khu viic khai thae bdxit de cd chinh sach d i n bii thoi dang v l ldi ich kinh te trifdc m i t eung nhif lau dai.

2. Chinh sach quan trpng hdn c i la tao mdi trifdng va dilu kien hoat ddng san xuat phu hdp vdi trinh dd dan tri, tap quan eiia ddng bao. Tang cifdng cdng tac day nghi eho ndng dan tai chd de hp ehu ddng ehuyin ddi lao ddng khi m i t dit. Nlu giao viee nay cho cac Cty, cae dif an nhif lau nay da lam e ring se

khdng dap iing difdc.

3. Can trpng, kien tri, chic c h i n khi xay diing cac chinh sach. Mpi ehinh sach e i n ed sii tham gia ciia ngifdi dan, khdng ndng vdi, c i n mdi cac chuyen gia phu h0p tham gia cung Cty. Cac dii an de difa ra chinh sach diing va giai phap thilt thiic phu hdp vdi CNH - HDH d i t nufdc vl lau dai ddng thdi cung dap iing difdc ddi sdng eua ngifdi dan theo hifdng b i n viing. Den nay, ddng bao hieu dufdc khia thae bdxit la dii an ciia Chinh phii, nen hp s i n sang hy sinh quyin ldi ciia gia dinh cho quyen ldi cua qude gia. Do vay, nhifng ngUdi Iam chinh sach can th$t sif tdn trpng hp de cd thdng tin hai chieu tiidng ddi chuan xac, de difa ra bien phap it tdn that ddi vdi ngifdi dan va qud'c gia.

4. Ddng bao thifdng ban khoan nhilu v l tinh "cdng bang" va lo chuyin ddi hoat ddng kinh t l t h i nao d l tilp tuc sinh sdng, duy tri tap quan xa hdi, bao tdn va phat huy b i n s i c van hoa dan tpc, ban khoan v l dat dai, quan ngai cae tae ddng tieu ciic tdi mdi trifdng, rifng, ngudn nifdc... tdi ddi sdng edng ddng. Do vay, cac chu dii an phii nghien ciiu, tim hiiu den nguyen vpng chinh dang ciia ngifdi dan de difa ra giai phap hai hoa ldi ich qude gia vdi l0i ich eu the cua ngifdi dan. Ki^n quylt ngan loai va lam thit bai am mUU eiia cac t h i liic thli djch, phan ddng ldi dung cac van d l giai quyet lien quan khi trien khai khai thac bdxit trong am mufu chia re doan k i t dan tdc, chia re dan vdi Dang lam mat dn dinh ehinh tri xa hpi d Tay Nguyen.•

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