THOTI PHONG KIEN a NHAT BAN
N G U V I N KdHG VAN'
Tdni t:it: Thai phong kien d Nhdi Bdn ddnh ddu hdng sir ra diri ciia chinh quyin Mgc phii (Baku/ii) do Tudng qudn (Shogun) dirng dau, tdn lgi song song vdi trieu dinh cua Thien hodng Iron;.^ gan 7 ihO ky (1192- IH6S). Ndi hdt nen irong hi thdng "mgt qudc gia hai chinh qiivin" id qiuin he giila Thien hodng vd Tudng qudn qua nhieu thdi ky ciia die do phong kiin cho din khi chinh quyin Mac phu sup do Qua nuii quan he ndy cho thdy mgi quyen hdnh him nlur ldp Irung trong tay cita Tirirng qudn cim Thien hodng chi co danh nglua. bleu luong ciid qudc gia cling Id mdt diem ddng lint y trong lich sir Nhdt Bdn.
Tir khda: Nhiit liiin. Thien hoang, TtrtVng quiin TV 7am 1184. dong hp Minamolo da 1 y dyng lOn mpt cbinb quyen rii;ng lai Kamakura Ihudc mien Ddng Nhat Ban ddi lap vdi Iricu dinh cua Thien hoiing d Kyoto.
Nhu vay. ngdi vi ciia Thien boang van dupe btio dam song chinh quyen Kamakura da trd Ihanb mpt doi trpng vdi Thien boang. 'Tuy nhien. the lye ciia ddng bp Minamolo dii co ldn nianb van khdng the lam suy chuyen ngoi vi ctia Tbien boang. Ro rang, thdi gian ldn tai tu Cd dai (the ky lV-1191) ddng nghTa vdi su tdn tai vung chac ciia Thien boang. qua do khang dinh quyen lye toi cao trong lanb dao dal nude. Den khi ra ddi ciia chirc vi Tudng quan (Shogun) do chinh Thien hoang phong eho Minamolo Yoritomo (nam 1192) da thiet lap nen mdt chinh quyen quiin sy cdn gpi la Mac phii (Bakufii) ciing ton tai vdi trii;u dinh cua Thien hoang. Day la net kha dac biel trong lich su Nhat Ban noi chung, dudi thdi phong kien eua Nhat Ban (1192-1868) ndi rieng va dupe Ihl hien rd nhat qua mdi quan he giu'a Thien hoang vdi Tudng quan. Mdi quan he quan - than nay trai qua nhieu thdi ky ljch sir d i n g thdi
Nghien cifu vien, Vien Nghien ciru Dong BSc A
pban tinh kha rd ni:t cau trite thuang tang cung nhu hinh anh qudc gia phong kien Nhal Bim dinrng thdi.
L T h d i k y K a m a k u r a (1192-1333) Thdi ky dau thanh lap chinh quyen Mac phii. Tirdng quiin Yoritomo (1147 - 1199) mac du cd sire manh quan su trong tay nhung cung khdng dam lam manh de lan at quyen Thien hoting, Ve dai the cbo thay moi quan he giu-a Thien hoang va Tudng quan la cm dep. Dii it hay nhieu. ca hai ben deu Ipi dicing uy qu>en lan nhau de cung ed vi the ctia minh. De cd dupc mdi quan he "kha quan" nhu vay. Tudng quan ludn the bien thai dp coi trpng va tranh thu sy ung hp ciia Thien hoitng nhu xin y kien Thien hoang cho duyet y mdt sd chinh sach hay bd nhiein cac quan chirc dja phucmg. Vc phia Thien boang Cling dya vao the lye cua Tudng quan de trirng tri cac Ihu ITnh ddng hp ldn cd y djnh chdng lai trilu dinh.
Su ldn tai song song hai he thdng cbinb quyen da dan tdi bai each sdng. bai "nln van hda" khac nhau trong xa hdi thdi ky d5u va ung xu cua Tudng quan vdi Thien hoang tuy kinh trpng theo truyin Ihdng song cung r^,
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kien quyet. Chang ban, khi Tudng quan xin Thien hoang bd nhipm chuc quan d dja phuong nhung neu khdng dupe chuan y thi bp se diing lye luong quan sy d l uy bilp.
Thien hoang nhieu khi cung nhan thay , nhimg ddi hdi eua Tudng quan lan at quyen
lye ciia minh nhung cung phai nhupng bd.
Khach quan ma ndi, bd may chinh tjuyen Mac phu Kamakura do cac 'Tudng quan dimg dau tuy dan gian nhung lai bieu qua eao. Trong khi dd. Irieu dinb ciia Thien hoang lai Kyoto ehi cdn don thuan la nai td chuc cac buoi qudc le quan trpng. Khdng ehi vgy. he thdng quan chuc do Thic'i hoang cu den cac dja phuang mat dan hieu Iyc, xa rdi trieu dinh va dan phue tiing cac Tuirng quan, qua do gdp phan vao vice di chuyen .quyen lye den Kamakura. Tuy nhien. Tudng quan kbong thay the (hay ndi dung ban la Iat do) Thien hoang dang trj vi mac dii da nam quyen lue thyc sy, Ve ca ban. Tudng quan Yoritomo tbi hanh cbinb sach mem deo nham tranh cang thang vdi Thien hoang. Tuy nhien, sau khi Tudng quan Yoritomo mat.
quyen Iyc thue te ciia chinh quyen Mac phu da tir tay ddng bp Minamolo ehu>en sang ddng hp Hojo vdi tudc vi Nhicp cbinb con ehire vi Tudng quan chi lam vi. Nhan nhung bat ddng ndi bd ciia chinh quyen Mac phii, Thien hoang Gotoba In vi tu 1184-1198. trd thanh Thai Ihupng boang lu 1198-1221 ba chieu tan cdng (5/1221) nhung thai bai chi sau khong day mdt thang giao iranb va su kien nay dupe gpi la bien loan .lokyu, Dieu do cho thay sy luang phan vi; the lye giua Thien hoang va Tudng quan, chi ro su suy yeu ciia Hoang gia va the manh dang len ciia chinh quyen quan sy. Sau sy kien nay. moi quan he gi&a Thien hoang va Tudng quan lai trd nen tdt dep song Thien hoang dutmg quyen phai nhat nhal theo lenh va nhirng qui
dinh eua Tudng quan. Hon ntra, riit kinh nghiem tir bien loan Jokyu, Tudng quan dua ra bien phap giam sat cac hoat ddng ciia Thien hoang chat che ban thdng qua ca quan dai dien Ihudng tryc tai kinh dd. Vice nay cho thay bien phap ciia Tudng quan vdi Thien hoang cd phan cuong quyet va cirng ran han thai Tudng quan Yoritomo. That ra, sau bien loan Jokyu, the Iyc Tudng quan cang manb thi quan he vdi Thien hoang cung trd nen sang siia dtrpc ea ngoi la rat miil thiet. Thien hoang. mdi kbi cd quycl dinh chll truang gi mdi. hoac bd nhiem nhan su vao chuc vu gi trong trieu, deu tham khao y kien ciia Tudng quan. Ddi vdi Tudng quan.
ve binh thue van giu ve ldn kinb ddi vdi quyen lye ciia Thien hoang nhu khong can thiep vao quyen eiia Thien hoang tai nhirng thai ap giau cd. Ben canh dd, cac van ban.
chi dy do Hdi ddng Nha nude d Kamakura soan thao cdn Tbien boang la ngudi ra ehi du tbi banh theo de nghj eiia Tudng quan. Nhin chung. doi vdi Thien boang, cac Tudng quan ludn giii- chinh sach mem deo. Iranh thii sy ddng tinh va Ihuyiil phue ban la diing sue manh o cp. Qua dd. Tudng quan cung can tranh thii sy lien minh vdi cac tang ldp dai qui tpc cd anh hudng ldi Hoang gia de ciing cd quyen Iyc eua minh. That ra. viec bao vc duy tri ngdi vi ciia 1 hien hoang la cd lpi cho chinh siieb iranh thti sy ddng tinh ciia du luan diii vdi Tudng quan. Hp hieu ro rang Irong kbting it Irudng bop. quyen lue ciia Thien boang khdng d tai nang ma d vi tri duong quyen. Do dd, Tudng quan deu nhan danh lenh ciia Tbien boang de dua ra eac chinh sach, chi dp. sac lenh nham giu' uy lin va tang them quyen Iyc cho chinh minh.
Sau eac cudc khang chien chong Nguyen - Mdng (nam 1274 va 1281) chinh quySn ciia Tudng quan gap rat nhieu khd khan
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trong viee vuc day nen kinh te da hi vat kiel Irong ban 20 nam, trong va sau chien tranh.
Liic nay. quan be tdt dep vdi Thien hoang cung kbdng giiip gi dupe hay kha dT ed the lim ra giai phap giai qiiyiJt dutre kliimg boang niiy. Nhiin linh hinh niiy. Thien hoiing CuHhiigo (1287 -1339. tri vi tu l.'HS - 1339) bi mat chtiiin bi lye lupng de chdng lai Tudng quan kbicn eho mdi quan he xau di trdng thay, Nhirng ebii truang ciia TutVng quan dc ra khong edn dupc img hd vti khdng the ap dal dupe cbo 'Tbien hoiing liim iheo y minh nbu Irudc nua. Nam 1933. chinh quyen Mae pbii d Kamakura bi dap lan. ddng hp Hojo bi licti diet dim Ihco sir stip do ctia Tudng quan. qua dd. chain dirt thdi ky Kamakura.
2. Thdi ky Muromachi (1334 - 1573) Mt)l Ibdi ky mdi gan vdi sy ihay doi Irong quan he chinh iri giii-a Thien boiing va Tudng quan ma ngudi lao nen chuyen biln dd cbinh la Thien hoang Godaigo. 'lit ca nhirng cai each ve kinh le. cbinh trj ciia Thien boang Godaigo deu khdng nam ngoai miic dich la phuc hdi lai vuong qu}en dii bi eac Tudng quan lim at. Tuy nhien, nhung ban che vc cbinh sach cai each, thdi cudc da lam cho tang ldp vd sT bat binh va mong mudn khoi phuc lai che do Mac pbu. Nhan ihdi ca iiy. Ashikaga 7fl/:a(//7 (1305-1358) vdn hi mot vien tudng eiia Mac pbii Kamakura da dimh chiem Kyoto nam 1336 rdi lap unit boang than la Komyo len ngoi Tbien hoang.
Sau khi dupe trieu dinh Kyoto phong cho liim Tudng quan nam 1338. Ashikaga Takauji thiet lap nen chinh quyln Mac pliti ngay tai Kyoto. Tren thyc t l . mpi quyln Iyc deu tap trung Irong lay cbinh quyln quiin sy ciia Tudng quan. iham ehi Tirdng quan Yoshimiisu (1358 1408) cdn doi dupc hudng nhung danh vpng ngang vdi eac bac
de vuang. Su sach ghi rang Yoshimiisu ddi xu vdi ThiiJn hoang Goenyu nhu vdi ban be, qua dd dc nhan thay rang quan he ThiSil hoiing- Tudng quan da mat di vi the ciia trat tu thu bac vdn cd nhu the nao. Sy dao Ipn trong quan he thir bac do cdn the hien d cho eiie Thien hoang tbi ngheo liing edn cac Tudng quan lai cd cudc sdng xa hoa. Mac du mpi quyen banh nam trong tay Tudng quati nhung dieu dd khdng ed nghTa dat nude thyq sy Ihdng nhiit. O^ian he Thien hoang - Tudng quan bi dtio ldn tuc hudng theo mdt chieu la hotin loan phu thupc \ a 'Tudng quan quyet dinb liil ca.
Nhung bien ddng xa hdi sau loan ehien Oniii (1467 - 1477) dim den su tha> ddi can bim \ e the che ciia che dp phong kien d Nhat Ban liic bay gid, Trai ty phong kien bi dao ldn bdi sy cat cir cua cae ianh chua vdi he thdng lual phap rieng cua minh. Trong khi dd. quan he Thien hoang - Tudng quan dan ldi he qua la qu\cn Ipi ciia cbinh quyen irung utmg nga) cang suy giam. ca hai khdng cdn kb;i nang dieu biinh dal nude va su khdng tuan phuc ciui lanh cbiia dja phuang. Trong bdi canh \ a hdi nhu vay. cac eupe ndi day lu Ibl ky XV- XVI da lam cho cbinh quj'en ciia Tudng quan da suy ylu lgi, eang su; yeu them, cae Tudng quan v5n tlii l:ii nhung khdng ed thyc quyln. He qua \k yeu den nam 1573, Nobunaga Oda (1534- 1582) Iat dd Tudng quan rdi niim lAy chinh qu\en trung utmg. chSin dut thdi ky Muromachi.
3. Thdi ky Azuchi - M o m o y a m a (1573- 1602)
Nlnlng ngudi dirng dSu chinh quyln thoi ky nay deu khdng xung Tudng quan nhimg thyc te quyen Iuc khdng khac gi chuc vi Tudng quan nhu eae thdi ky ljch sir triro'C do. Chinh vi vay, quan he giua Thien hoang
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vdi nhihig ngudi dung dau chinh quyen thyc chat cung tuang tu nhu vay.
Thdi ky nay, Thien hoang khdng cd quy§n lpi chinh trj true tiep nhung duoc xem la bieu tupng cua sy thdng nhat qudc gia, Vi khong CO thyc quyen nen ddi khi menh lenh ciia Thien boang bj nhirng nha cam quyen nhu Nobunaga Oda bat tuan the hien bang thai dp im lang, khdng hanh ddng gi. Neu cd Thien hoang nao bac bd y kien ciia nhirng ngudi cam dau cbinh quyen hanh phap phong kien thi khd ma tdn tai dupe, tham chi bi phe truat hoac lii day. Mac dii vay, ddi khi nhd lieng ndi ciia Thien hoang ma giam dupc eang thang ve chinh tri hoac iboal ra khoi hoan canh khd xu. Nhin chung, nhii'ng ngudi dimg dau chinh quyen vdi thai dp ben ngoai luon giu thai dp siing kinh ddi vdi Thien hoang nhu quan lain san sdc, khdng dec nhijng khoan chi tieu ldn eho Thien boang nhung ddng thdi cung ludn phd truang cua cai va quyen lue ciia minh. Hp khdng chi coi minh nhu Tudng quan ma con la chi huy quan sy tdi cao nhan danh Thien boang de cai tri dal nude.
4. Thdi ky Edo ( 1 6 0 3 - 1 8 6 8 ) Thdi ky nay, Thien hoang tuy khdng ed quyen lye cbinh tri nhung vc danh nghTa van la ngudi dimg dau dat nude, cd uy lin va anb hudng chinh tri, la bieu tupng ciia sy thdng nhat qudc gia. Chinh vi vay, trong he thdng td chirc chinh quyen, luy Thien hoang khdng dung dau hanh phap phong kien nhung cac Tudng quan van ludn nhan danh Thien hoang de hanh ddng. Ben canh dd, cac Tutjng quan thi hanh nhieu de kiem soat chat che nham tranh su lien kel. chdng doi giua cac lanb chiia vdi Thien hoang. Chang ban, qui dinh rd cac chuc nang va each img xir ciia Thien hoang, khdng dupe quyen sd bQ-u dat dai ngoai khoan thu nhap bang hien vat
do Tudng quan cung cap, bdi vay, quyen lye eiia Thien hoang ehi cdn gidi ban trong cac nghi le cd tinh ehat tuong trung. Vdi mue dich ban che Idi da quyen lye ciia Thien hoang, vice bd nhiem ngudi dirng dau Id chirc tdn giao d cac noi da ehuyen sang quan Shoshidai (chirc quan giam sat kinh dd Kyoto).
Nam 1615, cbinh quyen Tudng quan ra dao luat Kinehu Kuge Shi - Hallo ra ddi gdm 17 dieu, Irong dd bao gdm nhung qui djnh chat che ddi vdi Tbien hoang, dd la: Thien hoang lu nay gpi la Tenshi chu khdng gpi la Tcnno nhu trudc, chi nen tap trung vao dao hpe, Thien boang can theo giao ly ctia eac bac tien bi)i xua kia va ung hd Iruyen thong tha ca. Ngoai ra cdn cd nhirng qui dinb ve hanh vi eua Thien hoang nhu: kbdng dupc rdi kinh thanh, kbdng dupc xuong den lam lc. Cac chi phi cho nghi lc. sinh boat hang ngay d cung Thien hoang bi ban che.
Ve nguyen tac tbi uy quyen ciia Thien hoang dudng nhu van dupc ton trpng song tren thyc te lai hi tudc bau bet thuc quyen, trir nhung cdng vice cd linh chat le nghi, tham chi mpi quyet djnh eiia Thien boang khdng the vupl quyen Tudng quan. Mac dii Thien hoang van cdn giir vai Ird danh du nhung thye chat dieu dd co dupc bay kbdng la do chinh quyen ciia Tudng quan quyet dinb, Thdi ky nay. eac Thien hoang duang quyen va da thoai vi van thudng dupe cac Tudng quan giiip dd ve mat quan sy nhung thuc chat la dc kiem soat ma thoi, Han nua.
cac Tudng quan cdn tach rdi 'Thien boang vdi cac lanh ehiia phong kien nham phiing ngua cac lanh chita ed the nbd the Iyc, uy tin ciia Tbien boang dc chdng lai minh. That vay. mpt khi ehi phdi dupc cac lanh chiia, Tudng quan cung dc dang ban trong cac quan he vdi Thien hoang.
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Giai doan Genroku (1688 - 1704) tuy keo dai khdng lau nhtmg ed nhung khdi sac ve nhieu mat kinh te. chinh trj, xa hdi. Ciing vdi dd, quan he Thien hoiing - Tudng quan da cd mpt sd cai thien qua mdt vai cbinh stich ndi rt)ng han lu phia Tirdng quiin ddi vdi Thien hoang. Chang han. IriiJu dinh duirc quyen Id ehire trang trpng lc dang quang eiia Thien hoiing. lua chpn Thai tu ke vj vii thdng bao rdng khap cti nude, phue hdi eae nghi le da hi bai bd trong thiri ky I r u d c . Tat ea cac edng vice niiy deu do cbinb quyen ciui Tudng quan chiu tien chi phi.
Den the ky XVlll. nhin cluing, quan he Thitin hoiing - Tirdng quan van khii tin song diem de nhan thay la tuy van Id ra kinb trpng Thien boang nhung Tudng quan ciing khdng quan tam den hp nhieu lam bdi cd the cdn ban lam ban den \iec ciru diil nude ra khdi khung hoang ngay ciing tram trpng, 'Tuy nhien, kel qua cuoi ciing khdng nbu mong dpi neu nbu khdng mudn ndi tiep Iuc suy sup Irong the ky XVIll. Bdi canh nhu \ay da dan tdi sy phan khang cua mdt sd liing ldp Irong xa hpi vdi chinh quyen ciia 'Tudng quiin.
dong ibdi iing hp y nguyen phuc bdi quyen lire Ihyc sy cho Thien boang. Hon nira. sau nbu-ng that bai lien tiep ciia Tirdng quan Irudc nhung cudc ndi day ciia ndng dan va thi dan cho thay, viee diing vii lue de Iran ap thudng chi ibang Ipi d nhirng khu vye han ehe va ibdi diem nhat djnh. Do do. bai hpc rill ra tu cbinh quyen Tudng quan la giai quyet nhirng eupe ndi day bang con dirdng boa binh thi mdi ben virng. Chinh vi vay.
xay dyng lai chinh quyen cita 'Tudng quan trong dd cd quan be vdi 'Tbjcn hoang trd thanh nhu cau thiet yeu thdi bay gid. Tren thyc te, qua cac eupe bai kien 'Thien hoang eua Tudng quan cho Ihay mong mudn cai thien quan he gan vdi viec ciing thao gd khd
khan eho dat nude. Nhin chung, quan h6 giira Tbien hoang - Tudng quan td ra ihan Ihien, song den nam 1812. khi chinh quyln Mac pbu rai vao tay Tudng quan lenari (1773-1837) bat dau danh dau su suy sup khdng ciru van ndi ciia chinh quyen Mac phli. Tudng quan chi thich hudng lac l^i dupe Thien hoang chieu chudng nen sy suy sup khd ma tranh khdi. Den nira dau the ky XIX, trudc nhu'ng thay ddi Idn ciia tinh hinh, 'Tudng quan khdng cdn diim ty minh quyet dotin mil bude phiii chii ddng bao cao vdi Tliicn hoang di; xin y kiiin chi dao va Im khuyen. Nhung ddng thai nay cbo thay d§u hieu thay ddi Irong quan he ciia 'Tudng quan ddi vdi Thien hoang. Thai ra. Idng irung Ihanh vdi Thien boang vdn la mdt truyen thdng virng chac eua cac giai lang xa hpi nen khdng cd mdt \ i Tudng quan nao dam cong khai ed hanh ddng chdng ddi hoac to ra khong trung thanh. Hp khdng the lam khac neu nlur khiing mudn miit chd dya va la co sd cho ddi phuang cd ly do chdng lai.
'\'\i nua sau the ky XIX. trao luu tu tudng
"Trpng vuang" (lire irung ihanh tuyet dli vdi Tbien boang) phat lrii;n manh me ddng ihcri, vdi sy thii djch vdi cbinh quyen eiia Tudng qiitin. Theo quan diem ciia trao luu nay, cac Tudng quan vdi banh ddng thoan doat quyen binh da vi pham den qui lac "Irung quan".
Phong Irao chdng lai Tudng quan van tiep tue bdi Iuc luang nay duae Thien hoang iing hd. Den liie nay. Tudng quan td thai dp ding linb vdi Thien hoang vc nhieu vdn dl, tror^' dd ed viee djnh ngay true xuSt tat ca nhutig ngudi nude ngoai. Theo y kiln ciia Thien hoang. Tudng quan da din Kyoto d l ban bac nhieu van de dd la nhung cu chi nhupng bp hiem thay Irong quan be Thien hoang - Tudng quan. 'Trudc day, khdng cd mol Tudng quan nao ldi Kyoto bdi Tudng qujj
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I
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thudng ra lenh cho trilu dinh thdng qua dai dien cua hp d kinh dd. Nhiing ddng thai tren cho tbay, the Iyc eiia Tudng quan ngay cang suy yeu bdi hp khdng edn kilm soat dupc cdc lanh chua dia phuang. Trudc kia, hdu nhu cd sy ddi lap thudng xuyen giira Thien hoang vdi Tudng quan, mpt trang Ihai "ddng sang di mdng" song tdi giai doan nay, dilu dd dudng nhu giam bdt bdi sy suy ylu quyen lye eiia Tudng quan. That vay. chinh quyen ciia Tudng quan ngay eang mat Idng dan, nhat la tang ldp thuang nban va ndng dan do chinh sach "be quan tda eang" duy tri hon 200 nam (tir thap ky 30 cua Ihl ky XVll din thap ky 60 cua Ihl ky XIX). Cac ibirong nhan giau cd d Edo (Tokyo ngay nay) va Osaka ludn chu y den thai dp chinh tri cua cbinh quyen va hp sdm nhan ra nhung dau hieu yeu kem cua Tudng quan duang thdi.
Ket qua la gidi thuang nhan giau cd quay sang cai thien quan he vdi cac lanb cbiia ldn (dang chdng lai ehinh quyen cua Tudng quan) vdi muc dich "giai phdng" Thien hoang dem lai vj the quyen Iyc vdn cd tu xua. Chinh quyen lam vao tinh the eye ky nan giai, Tudng quan keu gpi binh linh tir Osaka keo ve nhung kbdng dupc hp budng img manh me. Do dd. Iyc lupng ciia Tudng quan phai an binh bat ddng va den thang 7 nam 1866 Iuc lupng nay bj danh bai d khap noi, danh dau sy suy sup khdng euu van ndi ciia chinh quyen do Tudng quan dung dau.
Thang 8 nam 1866, Tudng quan leinochi mk (1846-1866), ngudi kl nghiep la Tudng quan Hitotsubashl Yoshinobu (1837 - 1913) ra ldi keu gpi thdng nhat nhung tren thyc te da mat het thuc quyen. Bdi vay. cudi nam 1867, Tudng quan Hilotsubashi Yoshinobu tiep tye keu gpi sy thdng nhat dat nude, tang cudng quan he vdi Thien hoang nhung khflng duoc dap ung. Khdng edn each nao
khac, Tudng quan Hilotsubashi Yoshinobu xin tir chuc. mdt chinh quyen lam thdi dupe Ihanh lap ma khdng cd thanh vien nao thude ddng hp ciia Tudng quan. Tir nam 1868, Nhal Ban hoan loan thude quyln cai tri cua Thien hoang, cham dut thdi phong kien vdi mdi quan he Ihien hoang - Tirdng quan tu nam 1192 din nam 1868.
5. Ket luan
Trudc kbi chinh quytin Mac phii (do Tudng quan dung dau) ra ddi cd the khang dinh rang quyen lye cua Thien boang la ldi cao Irong lanh dao dat nude, Mae dii quyen lye dd ddi liic ed the bi anb budng. lan at bdi the Iyc ciia mdt vai ddng hp Idn song ve co ban vi the do ciia Thien hoang dupe thua nban nhu mdt lc duong nhien va bat kha xam pham.
Su ra ddi ciia chinh quyen Mac phii da khdi dau cbo su ton tai song song cila hai he thong chinh quyen, ddng Ihdi md dau cho quan he Thien hoang - Tudng quan tdn tai trong g k 700 nam (1192 - 1868). Qua mdi quan he nay eho thay. sy ddi lap giira bai he thdng chinh quyen dan tdi quyen dieu banh dat nude ve ca ban nam trong tay Tudng quan edn Thien hoang chi la bu vj. Ndi vay khdng cd nghTa, vj tri. vai tro eua Tbien hoang hoan loan "bien mat" ma chi bj ban che d pham vi nhd b?p trong Irieu dinh. Dieu cd khdng the tranh dupc sy phan kbang ciia Thien hoang trong quan be vdi 'Tudng quan nham ddi lai quyen lue dich thyc cho dii khdng thanh cdng.
Qua trinh Idn tai hai he thong chinh quyen eiing mdi quan be tren da ed anb hudng sau sac den lien trinh ljch su Nhat Ban va tao nen dae trung rieng eiia Nhat Ban, ddng Ihdi quan he Thien hoang - Tudng quan cdn de lai dau an dam net trong tat ca eae ITnh vyc ddi sdng xa bdi duang thdi.
NGHI£N cau DdNG B^C f i Sd 5(147} 5-2013 47
Mae dii 'Thien hoiing chi liim vl song khdng bao gid Tudng quan Iat dd Thien hoang eho dii ngdi vj va su ldn lai eiia Thien hoang deu pbu thude vao bp. Qua chieu dai lich su eho thiiy. sau khi Thien hoang bj that bai nhung ngay lap lue, 'Tudng quan lai cu ngudi ke vj (tbudc ddng tdc ciui Thien hoiing) ngdi Thien hoimg. Dii ed Itic, chinh quyen ctia Tirdng quan bj suy >eu nhirng hp van chii truang giu lai ngdi Thien hoiing vii xem dd la each lam khdn ngoaii nhiit nham ciing cd lai vj the ciia minb khi cd co hdi.
Tai nhirng giai doan kbi da khang dinb dupc vai trd thdng Irj song eac Tudng quiin viin giu quan he than thien \di Thien boiing. 1 lan nira. hp edn the hien sy kinb Irpng ddi vdi Thien boang eung \di lu\en bd sd dT chinh quyen Mae plui giir dupc cbirc vj Tudng quan cung la do y eiia 'Tbien boang. Nhin ehung. ihai dp cua Tudng quan thudng bieu hien qua vi?c nhan danh Tbii;n hoang de giiii quyet cac van de cua dat nude. Cd ihdi diem, Tudng quan tudc bd eiia Tbien hoang mpi quyen lye cbinb trj nhung be ngoai viin thira nhan Thien hoiing la toi cao. dting thdi tuyen bd bao dam loan bp tai san vii quyen lpi ciia Tbien hoang.
Nhu vay. ldng Irung ihanb \'di Thien hoang vdn la nipt Iruyen thdng vung chac ciia ciic giai tang trong xa hpi Nhat Ban. Qua dd cbo thay, Thien hoang ludn la bieu tupng thieng lieng ciia dan u>c, cd intil vj tri dac biel. biit kha xam pham nen kbdng cd vi Tudng quan nao dam cdng khai cd hanh ddng ehdng ddi irude hoac td ra khdng iruna thanh. Quan he Thii:n hoang - Tudng quan cho dii cd Iuc "ibang, tram" nhung triii qua nhung bien tbien cua lich su. khi chinh quyen phong kien di vao con dirimg suy tan tbi tu ban iban nd da dua den cupc ehuyin giao quyen lye tra lai eho Thien hoang qua
cudc each mgng Minh Tri (MeiJi) nam 1868., Quyen lye cua Thien hoang dupc khdi phuc cung ddng thdi la sy cao chung cua ehe dp phong kien d Nhal Ban. Mdt trang mdi da md ra khi Nhat Ban budc vao giai doan liep Ihco cua lich su la thdi Can dai (1868 - 1945),
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Chie Nakane (1990), Xd hoi Nhdt Ban, Nxh Khoa hpc Xa hoi. 11a Ndi,
2. i:dwin O. Reischaucr (1994), Nhat Ban qua khir vd hien lai. Nxb. Kboa bpc xa hoi, Ha | Npi.
3. Cicorge Sansom (1994. 1995). Lich sit Shut Ban. tap I. II. III. Nxb Khoa bpc Xa hpi, Ha Noi.
4. Hpi ITioiiL! tin Ciiao due Quoc le (fSEl) (2003). Tim hieu Midi Ban Nxb. Van hoa • Thdng tin, Hii Npi.
5. Japan: Profile of a Nation. Kodansha International. Tokyo - New York - London, 360 p.
6. .hipan a eoiinlr\ .\nuly. Td. By F.M Bunge.
WashinLiton: lorcign ,Area Studied, 1983.
7. .laseph Kitakawa (2002). Nghien eini Nh$- Ban. Nxb Kboa hoc Xa hoi. Ha Ndi.
8- John Whitney, .hipan from Prehistory t¥
modern limes. Charles T. Tutlle Company, Tokyo, 397 p.
9. Phan Ngpc Lien (Chii bien) (1995). Lidnii Midi Ban. Nxb Van hda - Thong lin. Ha Noi.
10. Richard Bowing, Peter Koraicki (Chu bien) (1995), Bdeh khoa thu Nhdt Bdn, Trun?
tam Nghien ciru Nhat Ban. 1 la Noi.
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