HOI NGHI KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC Vg SINH THAI VA TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT UkN THCf BA
DA DANG THANH PHAN LOAI VA NHOM DANG SONG TRONG CAC KIEU THAM THLTC VAT TAI SINH 6 KHU BAO TON THIEN NHIEN TAY YEN TlT NGUYEN VAN HOAN Truang THPT Phuang San TRAN DINH LY Vien Sinh thdi vd Tdi nguyen sinh vgt
LE NGQC CONG Truang Dgi hpc Suphgm, Dgi hpc Thdi Nguyen Cic loii frong quan xa sinh vat cd tic dong qua lai vdi nhau, co tic dgng co lgi, ed tic dgng bit lgi, nhung tic dgng niy cd lien quan mat thiet den su tdn tai eiia eac ci the, cic loii. Cd nhung loii trong suot qua trinh sdng phii dua vao loai khic va sg ton tai ciia loai nay co the li nguyen nhin co bin cho sg xuat hifn ciia loii khac. Dang song ndi len bin chat sinh thii ciia hf thuc vat cung nhu cua ca he sinh thai. Dang song dugc the hifn tren timg ei the loii vi cac loii tap hgp nen nhung quan xa rieng bift phan inh moi trudng sdng noi do. Pho dang sing la mgt trong nhirng dau hifu die trung nhat eho mdi hf thuc vat, cung nhu moi quan xa thuc vat, the hifn rd ban chat sinh thii cua chiing.
L PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
1. Doi tugng nghien cuu: Cic thim thgc vat tai sinh theo thdi gian tir 1-12 nim, sau nuang ray vi sau khai thic trang d Khu Bao ton thien nhien (BTTN) Tay Yen Tu.
2. Phuang phap nghien cuu: Sau khi cd bing Danh luc tham thue vat tii sinh chiing toi tien hanh phan chia dang sdng theo Raunkiaer (1943) co bo sung them vao nhom (Ph) them nhom phu cay cd choi tren dat sdng ky sinh va bin ky sinh (Pp).
IL KET QUA NGHIEN CUU 1. Da dang thanh phan loai
Thdnh phan lodi thuc vgt: Trong cic kieu thim thgc vat tii sinh dugc nghien curu, chiing toi tiling ke dugc 393 loii, tiiugc 268 ehi ciia 100 hg thgc vat, thugc ba nginh tiiuc vat cd mach.
(bang 1). Nginh Khuyit thuc vat (Pteridophyta) co 13 loii chiim (3,3%) thugc 9 chi ehiim (3,4%) cua 8 bg chiem (8%). Nginh hat trin (Gymnospermae) ed 4 loii (1,0%) ciia 3 chi chiem (1,1%), tiiugc 2 hg thgc vat (2%). Nganh Hat kin (Angiospermae) co 376 loai chiim (95,7%) ciia 256 chi (95,5%) thugc 90 hg thuc vat. Sg phan bi ciia cic taxon giiira ldp Hai la mam (Dicotyledones) vi ldp Mgt li mim (Monocotyledones) dugc tiii hifn d (bang 2) cho thay, ldp Hai li mim (Dicotyledones) c6 314 loii chiim (83,7%) thupc 209 chi chiim (82%), 78 hg chiim (86,7%).
Ldp Mgt li mim cd 12 hg chiim (13,3%), thugc 46 chi chiim (18%) ciia 61 loai chiim (13,6%) tong so loai. Cie loii trong cic hg thgc vat bien dgng frong khoang tir 1-34 loai, trong do so hg co 1 loai Ii 32 hg (bing 3), sd hg cd tir 5 loii frd len cd 20 hg chiim (20%). Trong dd co 3 hg cd 5 loii la hg Khoai lang (Convolvulaceae), hg Dau (Dipterocarpaceae), hg Che (Theaceae), 4 hg cd 6 loai la hg Cau (Arecaceae), hg Dan nem (Myrsinaceae), hg Sim (Myriaceae), hg Cam (Rutaceae), hy Na (Annonaceae) co 8 loii, 4 hg cd 9 loai la hg True dio (Apocynaceae), hg Ciic (Asteraeeae), ho D^u (Fabaceae), hg Nho (Vitaceae), 2 hg cd 10 loii li hg Mua (Melastomataceae), hg Diu tim
HOI NGHI KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V ^ SINH THAI V A TAI N G U Y E N SINH VAT LAN THCf BA
(Moraeeae), 2 ho cd 12 loai gim hg Vang (Caesalpiniaceae), hg Ca phe (Rubiaceae), hg De (Fagaceae) co 19 loai, hg Long nao (Lauraceae) ed 21 loai, hg Thiu dau (Euphorbiaceae) cd 24 loii, hg Hoi tiiio (Poaeeae) cd 34 loii, sg phan bd cac loii frong cic hg thuc vat dugc trinh biy d (hinh 1). Co 6 chi giiu loai nhit (5 loii frd len) li chi Lithocarpus 9 loai, Machilus 8 loii, Ficus 6 loii, Quercus 5 loii, Castanopsis 5 loii, Melastoma 5 loai, tdng s i cd 38 loai chiim (9,7%).
Sir phan bo cac hg, chi, loai trong cac nganh thuc vat
Bdng 1
Nginh
Pteridophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae
Tong cgng
Hg So hg
8 2 90 100
% 8 2 90 100
Chi So chi
9 3 256 268
% 3,4 1,1 95,5
100
Loii So loii
13 4 376 393
% 3,3 1,0 95,7 100
Bdng 2 Su phan bo cac Taxon giira Idp Hai la mam (Dicotyledones) va Idp Mgt la mam
(Monocotyledones) trong nganh Hat kin
Nginh
Dicotyledones Monocotyledones
Tong cgng
Hg So hg
78 12 90
% 86.7 13.3 100
Chi So chi
210 46 256
% 82.0 18.0 100
Loai So loai
314 61 376
% 83.7 16.3 100
Su bien dgng so loai trong cac hg thuc vat
Bdng 3
Loai/hg Sohg So loai
1 32 32
2 18 36
3 20 60
4 10 40
5 3 15
6 4 24
8 1 8
9 4 36
10 2 20
12 2 24
19 1 19
21 1 21
24 1 24
34 1 34
Tong 100 393
sA ho 35
20 • • - ^
3 3 4 S 6 8 9 10 12 19 21 34 14 U A i / b o
Hinh 1. Sy phan bo cua cac loai trong cac hQihirc vat tai sinh
HOI NGHI KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH THAI VA TAI NGUY£N SINH VAT iJkN THCf BA Thdnh phan lodi trong cdc kieu tham thirc vgt theo th&i gian:
Hg, chi, loai cay tai sinh trong cac kieu tham
Bdng 4
Thfri gian tai sinh (nam)
1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
Sau nirong ray Hg
So hg 53 61 64 67
%
53 61 64 67
Chi So chi
85 116 111 108
%
31.72 43.28 41.42 40.30
Loai So loai
97 135 138 131
%
24.68 34.35 35.11 33.33 Sau khai thac
1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
61 69 61 61
61 69 61 61
99 124 101 104
36.94 46.27 37.69 38.81
120
• 156 132 129
30.53 39.69 33.59 32.82
Bdng 5 So loai trong cac hg giau loai nhat (5 loai trd len) trong cac kieu tham thuc vat tai sinh
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 Ting
Sau nuomg ray 1-3 nam
Poaeeae(8) Lauraceae (7) Euphorbiaceae (5) Rubiaceae (5)
25 loai/4 hg
4-6 nam Poaeeae(9) Lauraceae (8) Euphorbiaceae (8) Fagaceae(6) Rutaceae (5)
36 loai/5 hg
7-9 nam Lauraceae(13) Euphorbiaceae (7) Poaeeae(6) Caesalpiniaceae(6) Fagaceae(5) Rutaceae (5)
42 loai/6 hg
10-12 n i m Euphorbiaceae (8) Apocynaccace (6) Lauraceae (6) Caesalpiniaceae(5) Fagaceae(5)
30 loai/5 hg Sau khai thac
1 2 3 4 5 6 L T 6 n g _
Lauraceae (9) Poaeeae(9) Melastomataceae (7) Euphorbiaceae (7)
32 loai/4 hg
Poaeeae(12) Fagaceae(9) Euphorbiaceae (8) Lauraceae(8) Melastomataceae(7) Moraeeae (5)
49 loai/6 hp
Lauraceae (9) Fagaceae(7) Euphorbiaceae (7) Rubiaceae (5)
28 loai/4h9
Fagaceae(9) Lauraceae (8) Euphorbiaceae (6)
23 loai/3 ho
^ Trong cie kieu tham thgc vat tai sinh sau nuang riy frang thii niy nim d dg cao dudi 200m.
So hg, chi, loai dugc frinh bay d bang 4 vi 5 cho tiiiy: Thdi gian tai sinh tir 1-12 nam so loai tang len lien tue tir 97 loii tiiugc 85 chi cua 53 ho thuc vat, hg cd si loii giiu tren 5 loii, cd 4 hg la hg H6a tiiio (Poaeeae) 8 loii, hg Long nao (Lauraceae) co 7 loai, hg Thiu diu (Euphorbiaceae) co 5 loai, hg Ci phe (Rubiaceae) co 5 loii, d tiidi gian bd hda 1 - 3 nam len 138 loii ciia 111 chi tiiugc 64 hg thgc vat, trong dd co 6 hg cd si loii > 5 loai li hg Long nao (Lauraceae) co 13 loai, ho Thiu
HOI NGHI KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V ^ SINH THAI VA TAI N G U Y E N SINH VAT LAN THU" BA
diu (Euphorbiaceae) ed 7 loai, hg Hda tiiao (Poaeeae) 6 loai, hg Vang (Caesalpiniaceae) cd 6 loii, ho De (Fagaceae) 5 loii, ho Cam (Rutaceae) 5 loai, d thdi gian bd hda 7-9 nam. Thdi giari_ bd hoa tren 10 nam si loai cd xu hudng i n dinh, cac loai cay ua sang chiu bdng thdi gian diu go ldn va trung bmh chiim uu the thay thi din nhung loii cay gd nhd va tien phong thdi gian diu, cay bui chii yiu li nhung cay chiu bdng sing trong dieu kien an. Chung tdi thing ke dugc 131 loii tiiugc
108 chi cua 67 hg thuc vat frong dd so hg cd nhiiu loai cd 5 hg la hg Thiu dau (Euphorbiaceae) cd 8 loai, ho Tnic dio (Apocynaccace) cd 6 loai, hg Long nao (Lauraceae) cd 6 loii, hg Vang (Caesalpiniaceae) cd 5 loii, hg De (Fagaceae) 5 loai.
Tham thue vat tii smh sau khai thac tring cua cac cdng ty khai thac sau dugc nhan dan tan dung, dit lam nuong riy. Trang thai nay thudng nam d dg cao tir 200m den 300m. Thanh phan loai eay d day phong phii hon d ddi tugng sau nuong ray (bang 4 va 5). Tdc do phuc hdi lai rung cung nhanh ban. C) thdi gian tai sinh tir 1-3 nam chiing tdi thing ke dugc 120 loii thugc 99 chi vdi 61 hg thgc vat. Cac hg cd tu 5 loai frd nen, cd la hg Long nao (Lauraceae) ed 9 loii, hg Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) cd 7 loii, hg Mua (Melastomataceae) cd 7 loai, hg Hda thao (Poaeeae) 9 loai.
Tang len 156 loai thugc 124 chi vdi 69 hg thuc vat. Cac hg giiu loii cd 6 hg li hg Hoa thao (Poaeeae) 12 loai, hg De (Fagaceae) 9 loai, hg Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) cd 8 loai, hg Long nao (Lauraceae) ed 8 loii, hg Mua (Melastomataceae) cd 7 loii, hg Dau tam (Moraeeae) cd 5 loii (d thdi gian tir 4-6 nim). Sau dd giam dan khi thdi gian tai sinh dai 10-12 nam cdn 129 loii thugc 104 chi cua 61 hg thue vat trong dd cd ba hg cd sd loii giau nhat la hg Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) ed 6 loai, hg De (Fagaceae) 9 loii, hg Long nao (Lauraceae) cd 8 loii.
2. Da dang ve pho dang song
Dgng song lodi thye vgt: Dang song li ket qua thich nghi lau dii vdi dieu kign bat Igi de ton tai qua miia khd khin frong nam. Raunkiaer (1943) da xay dgng dugc mgt hg thdng phan loai cac dang sdng bao quit va da dugc nhieu nhi nghien cuu van dung. Chung tdi ip dung thang phan loai nay de phan chia dang sing cua cac loai cay tai sinh nhung ed bd sung vao nhdm (Ph) them nhdm phg cay cd chdi tren dit song ky sinh v i bin ky sinh (Pp), ip dung de phan chia dang sdng d cic khu vgc khic nhau.
Bdng 6 Phan bo ciia cac kieu dang song trong cac hg thye vat
Dang song Sohg S i loai
%
Ph MM
44 118 30.03
Mi 30 67 17.05
Na 21 39 9,92
Lp 23 64 16.28
Ep I 2 0.51
PhH 1 6 1.53
Pp 2 3 0.76
Ch
12 18 4.58
He
11 26 6.62
Cr
8 11 2.80
Th
15 39 9.92
Tong
393 100 Trong cac kieu tham thgc vat tai sinh dugc nghien cuu vdi 393 loai, phan tich phd dang song CO day du cac kieu dang sdng dugc sip vio 5 nhdm dang sing co bin sau (bang 3). Nhom choi tren mat dat (Ph) da dang nhat gdm 299 loii (chiim 76,08% ting so loii). Nhdm nay eo 7 nhom phu li nhdm: Cay ldn va vira cd chii tren dit (MM): 118 loii, chiim 30,03%; Cay nhd cd chii tren dit (Mi): 67 loii, ehiim 17,05%; Cay thip cd ehii tren dit (Na): 39 loii, chiim 9,92%; Cay cd chdi tren dit, leo quin (Lp): 64 loii, chiim 16,28%; Cay cd chdi fren dit, sing bi smh (Ep): 2 loii, chiim 0,51%; Cay cd choi tren dat, than thao (PliH): 6 loii, ehiim 1,53%); Cay cd choi tren dat sdng ky sinh va ban ky sinh (Pp): 3 loii, chiim 0,16%. Cac loai tap trung ehii yiu d nganh Hat kin (Angiospermae) frong ldp Hai la mim (Dicotyledones) vdi cac hg chu yiu (> 10 loai) li hg Ca
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC TOAN QUOC V £ SINH THAI VA TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT LAN TH'J BA
phe (Rubiaceae), ho Dau tam (Moraeeae), hg Mua (Melastomataceae), ho Long nao (Lauraceae), hg De (Fagaceae), hg Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae), ho Vang (Caesalpiniaceae). Bin nhom dang sing con lai co 94 loai (chiim 23,92% ting si loai), la nhom chii sat mat dit (Ch): 18 loai, chiim 4,58%. nhom chii nira an (He): 26 loai, chiim 6,62%. It nhit li nhdm chii in (Cr): 11 loai chiim 2,80%. Nhom cay sdng mot nam (Th): 39 loai (chiim 9,92%).
•/. 35 30 li 20 15 10
I 153 0.76
oo'sO
MM MJ N« Lp Ep PhH Pp Ch He Cr Th
Hinh 2. Pho dang song cua kieu tham thuc vat tii sinh
Hinh 3. Pho dang song ciia kieu tham thuc vat tii sinh (theo 5 kieu)
Phan b i chu yiu d nginh Khuyet thgc vat (Pteridophyta) vi ldp Mgt la mim (Monocotyledones) ciia nginh Hat kin (Angiospermae), co mgt sd loai thugc ldp Hai li mim (Dicotyledones) thugc hg O rd (Acanthaceae), hg Cue (Asteraeeae), hg Dau (Fabaceae)... Can cir vao su phan bd ciia cac loii frong cic kieu dang song, cd the lap dugc pho dang sing (Spectre Biologiques) theo 5 nhom dang song co bin vi 11 kieu dang sdng trong tat c i cic kieu thim thuc vat tai sinh (hinh 2 vi 3).
SB = 76,08Ph + 4,58Ch + 6,62Hc + 2,80Cr + 9,92Th Dgng song trong cdc kieu thdm thirc vgt tdi sinh
Ket qua phan tich phd dang sdng trong cic kieu thim thuc vat tai sinh dugc trinh bay d bang 7 va hinh 4. Nhdm chii tren mit dat (Ph) d khoang thdi gian tai sinh dudi 6 nim bien dgng trong khoang tir 76,29% sau nuong ray den 79,49% sau khai thac. Thcri gian nay cay Idn vi vira cd chdi tren dat (MM) chii yeu li nhirng eay con vi cay ma ua bong thdi gian dau, cay nhd co choi tren dat (Mi) vi cay thap cd choi tren dat (Na) tuy so loii khdng nhieu nhung so ci the nhieu chi phoi hoan cinh rimg nhu cic loii Dan nem (Maesa perlarius), Mua ong (Melastoma imbricata), Mua (Melastoma normale), Thinh nganh (Cratoxylum cochinchinense), Sam trang (Memecylon edule), Bg may (Clerodendrum cyrlophyllum), Ging (Randia spinosa), Chan (Microdesmis caseariaefolia), Sim tia (Memecylon ligustrinum), Sai (Xylopia vielana), Bd cu ve (Breynia fruticosa), Sd (Camellia oleifera), Thau tau (Aporosa dioica)...
Bdng 7 Pho dang song trong cac kieu tham thgc vat tai sinh
Sau niroue ray
^ ^ ^ Dang song (%) Thai gian ( n a n T ) - ^ ^ ^
1-3 - 4-6
7-9 10-12
1-3 4-6
- _ 7-9
L . 10-12
Ph 76.29 76.30 87.68 85.50
Ch 3.09 3.70 2.17 3.05 Sau khai thac 78.33
79.49 92.42 88.37
3.33 2.56 0.76 3.88
He 7.22 5.19 3.62 3.05 5.83 5.13 3.03 2.33
Cr 3.09 4.44 2.17 3.05 4.17 3.21 1.52 2.33
Th 10.31 10.37 4.35 5.34 8.33 9.62 2.27 3.10
HOI NGHI KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V ^ SINH THAI VA TAI N G U Y E N SINH VAT LAN THCT BA
100"/.
8 0 % 6 0 % 4 0 % 2 0 % 0 %
i
SNRJSKT
1 - 3
•
SNR 1 SKT SNR 1 SKT 4-6 1 7-9
sNalsicr 10- 12
DCr
• He
Hinh 4. Pho dang song cua cac kieu tham thuc vat tai sinh
Thdi gian tai sinh fren 6 nam nhdm chdi fren mat dat (Ph) bien dgng frong khoang tir 85,5% den 92,42% frong cie khoang thdi gian tai sinh hien tugng fren l i do cay eon va cay ma ciia cay ldn va vira cd chii fren dat (MM) da vuon len canh franh anh sang v i chat dinh dudng vdi nhdm cay nho cd chdi fren dit (Mi) va cay thip cd chdi fren dit (Na) thay the dan cac cay nay ddng thdi chi phii hoan canh rimg, ben canh dd cac cay nhd lien tue dugc bd sung do su phit tan hat gidng tir rimg tu nhien. Nhdm chdi sit mat dat (Ch), nhdm chdi nira an (He), nhdm chdi an (Cr), nhdm cay sdng mgt nam (Th) d thdi gian bd boa dudi 6 nam chiem khoang tir 20,5 l%i den 23,71%) cdn d thdi gian fren 6 nim bin nhdm fren giam din frong khoang tir 7,58%o den 14,5%) frong eac kieu tham, hign tugng fren la do d thdi ky dau mdi trudng ed cudng do chieu sang manh, nhiet do cao, do am thap nen cac loai phai ed dieu kign thich nghi cao, cdn d thdi gian fren 6 nam mdi trudng da dugc cai thien, hoan canh rimg dugc hinh thinh nen ti lg bin nhdm giam di ding ke nhat l i nhdm (Th).
HL KET LUAN
Kit qua nghien cuu v i thanh phin loii cay tii sinh theo thdi gian bd hda d Khu bio ton thien nhien Tay Yen Tu, die trung cho hg thgc vat viing ddng bic vdi 393 loii, thugc ba nganh tiiuc vat cd mach, theo thdi gian tai sinh so loai ting din tir 97 loii len 138 loii d thdi gian tai sinh dudi 9 nam dii vdi tham thgc vat tii sinh sau nuong riy va tir 120 loii len 156 loai d thdi gian tii sinh dudi 6 nam ddi vdi tham thgc vat tii sinh sau khai thac tring, sau dd cac loii giim din v i dn dinh khi thdi gian tai sinh dii. Trong tdng so 393 loii cay tii sinh nhdm chii tren mit dit (Ph) cd 299 loii chiim 76,08% frong 5 nhdm dang sing. Cay ldn va vira cd chdi tren dit (MM) ed l i s loii, chiem 3(),03%. Theo thdi gian tii sinh nhdm chdi tren mat dit (Ph) tang din tir 76,29%) len 87,68%) doi vdi thim thuc vat tai sinh sau nuang riy, bin nhdm cdn lai cd xu hudng giim dan khi thdi gian tai sinh dai, tucmg tg tham thue vat tai sinh sau khai thac fring nhom choi tren mat dit (Ph) ting din tir 78,33% len 92,42%, cic nhdm cdn lai giam khi thdi gian.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Anonymous, 1979-1997: Flora Yunnanica 1-7. Yunnan Science Technology Press, Kunming.
2. Averyanov L. V., 1994: Identification on Orchidaceae of Viet nam. Saint Peterburg.
3. Pham Hong Ban, 2000: Nghien cuu da dang sinh hgc cua hg sinh thii sau nuong ray a vimg niii tay nam Ngh? An. Luan an tiin sT sinh hgc. Ha Ngi
4. Le Tran Chan, 1990: Gdp phin nghien cim mgt so dac diim co ban cua hg thuc vat Lam son (tinh Ha Son Bmh), Luan in PTS sinh hgc.
5. Nguyen The Hung, 2001: Nghien cuu tham thuc vat cay bui va xu hudng phuc hii rimg tren nhimg tham do tai Quang Ninh.Luan an tiin si sinh hgc. Ha Ngi
6. Phiing Nggc Lan, Nguyen NghTa Thin, Nguyen Ba Thy, 1996: Tinh da dang thuc vat cf Cue Phuang. NXB. Ndng nghigp. Hi Ngi.
HOI NGHI KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI V A TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT LKU THU BA
7. Tran Dinh Ly, 2006: He sinh thai go doi eac tinh bac trung bo, NXB. Khoa hoc Tu nhien va Cong nghe, Hi Ngi.
8. Thai Van Trimg, 1998: Nhiing he sinh thai rimg nhiet ddi d Viet Nam, NXB. Khoa hgc &
Ky thuat. Hi Ngi
9. Nguyen Ba Thy, 1995: Nghien cuu da dang thuc vat d vudn Quic gia Ciic Phuang. Luan an PTS khoa hgc ndng nghiep. Hi Ngi.
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND GROUPS OF LIVES FORMS IN REGENERATED VEGETABLE TYPES IN YEN TU WESTERN NATURE RESERVE
NGUYEN VAN HOAN, TRAN DINH LY, LE NGOC CONG SUMMARY
According to research on after-fallowed regenerated floristic species in Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, there are 393 specific species in East North Area of three tendon floristic phylum. The number of species, time after time, has gradually increased from 97 to 138 in below 9 years of after-burnt regeneration and 120 to 156 in below 6 years of white-exploited regeneration,, then that has gradually decreased and preserved after a long time of regeneration.
In the total of 393 species of ground regenerated trees (Ph) uil I alive species, 299 belong to 5 alive species making 76,08%). There are 118 species of huge frees and ground shoot frees, which make about 30,03%. Gradually, the type of (Ph) has increased from 76,29% to 87,68%
after being burnt, and the 4 last one has gradually decreased as how long the regeneration was.
The (MM) type, in similar, has increased from 78,33% to 92,42%, and the others has gradually decreased in accordance with how long the regeneration was.
