38 Tuyln tap H&i nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C VE SINH HOC B | £ N VA PHAT TRlfeN BgN VCfNG
BE XUAT XAY DlTNG HE THONG CAC KHU BAO TON TU"
NHIEN BIEN VA VEN BC> HAI PHONG
Tran Dire Thanh, Dinh Van Huy, Lang Van Ken
Viin Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang biin, Viin Khoa hpc vd Cong nghi Viet Nam
I. M O DAU
Khu bao tdn thien nhien diu tien ciia Vift Nam dugc thanh lap tir nam 1962 tren dat lien, din 2009 CO 142 khu vdi difn tich tren 2 trifu ha, chilm khoang 7% difn tich ty nhien ciia lanh thd Vift Nam (lUCN de xuit mirc 10%), trong dd cd 25 khu bao ton thien nhien nam tren bien va ven biln vdi dien tich 226.400ha. Cac khu bao ton thien nhien bien edn rat it vi dieu kifn dieu tra, nghien ciru con it, hieu biet con ban che va kha nang bao vf phirc tap han. Tuy nhien, cac khu bao ton thien nhien biln, ven biln ngay cang dugc chii y va chiem vj tri, cap bac quan trpng hon va nhirng gia trj to Idn cua chiing ve bao vf canh quan thien nhien, da dang sinh hpc va kha nang ket hgp phat trien du ljch sinh thai.
Hai Phdng la dia phuang cd tiem nang phat trien mgt hf thdng cac khu bao tdn thien nhien phong phii va da dang do rat da dang ve canh quan - mdi trudng ty nhien va cac hf sinh thai.
Trong dd Cat Ba la vudn Qudc gia bien dau tien ciia Vift Nam. De cd mgt quy hoach hgp ly va khach quan cac khu bao tdn thien nhien bien va ven bd, rat can phai xac djnh va xay dyng dugc CO cau ciia cac khu nay, dam bao tinh hf thong, tinh dai difn va tinh da dang.
1. He thong cac khu bao bon ty nhien bien va ven bd Viet Nam
Theo ban dd hf thdng cac khu bao tdn thien nhien Vift Nam dugc Bd KHCN&MT va Td chirc Bao vf Thien nhien Qudc te (lUCN) cdng bd nam 2001, tdng sd cac khu bao tdn ciia Vift Nam (bao gdm ca nhirng khu dang de nghj cdng nhan) la 197 khu. Hf thdng nay bao gdm 11 vudn qudc gia (Ciic Phuang, Tam Dao, Cat Tien), 70 khu dy trii: thien nhien (ban dao Son Tra, Cii Lao Cham, hd Ke Go, Yen Tir...), 33 khu van hoa - ljch sir - mdi trudng (ai Chi Lang, Cdn Son - Kiep Bac. Ngu Hanh Son, Thac Ba...), 65 khu dat ngap nude (Can Gid, dam O Loan, hd Niii Coc V.V.), 15 khu bao tdn bien (Con Dao, Cii Lao Cham, Cdn Cd, Phii Qudc, v.v.). Den nay da cd mpt sd thay ddi, sd khu bao ton thifn nhien da dugc cdng nhan la 142, sd Vudn qudc gia dugc thanh lap la 32. Mat khac, hf thdng cac khu bao tdn thien nhien Vift Nam, cdn phai ke din cac khu dy trir sinh quyf n va cac khu di san do UNESCO cdng nhan.
Theo UNESCO, mpt khu di san the gidi dugc cdng nhan phai dam bao cac gia trj toan cau mpt trong bon tieu chi ve: Gid tri dia chdt hpc; Gid tri da dgng sinh hpc; Gid tri my hpc hoac Gid tri vdn hod. Vjnh Ha Long dugc UNESCO cdng nhan la di san thi gidi ve mT hpc (canh quan thien nhien) nam 1994 la di san the gidi ve dia chat hpc nam 2000 [7].
Khu dy trir sinh quyen la he thong nhirng vimg cd cac hf sinh thai tren can, hf sinh thai ven bien. cac he sinh thai bien hoac ket hgp ciia tat ca cac thanh phan dd va dugc qudc te cdng nhan trong pham vi chuang trinh ciia UNESCO ve con ngudi va sinh quyIn (MAB). O Vift Nam, UNESCO da cdng nhan 6 khu dy trir sinh quyen la Can Gid, Cat Tien, Sdng Hdng, Quin dao Cat Ba, Ca Mau, Cii Lao Cham - Hdi An. Trir Cat Tien. 5 khu cdn lai deu thupc viing bien va ven bien.
Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC B l ^ N VA BAO T O N 3 9
Trong he thong 32 vudn Qudc gia da dugc Chinh phii va UBND cac tinh qu>lt dinh thanh lap, chi CO bay vudn Qudc Gia tren bien va lien quan den bien. Do la: VQG Cat Ba thanh lap nam 1986 [1]; VQG Cdn Dao (1993) [4], VQG Bai Tir Long (2001) [5], VQG Phu QuIc (2001), VQG Xuan Thiiy (2003), VQG Mui Ca Mau (2003), VQG Nui Chua (2003).
Dat ngap nude la "Cdc viing dam lay, sinh lay. than bun hoac nuac lu nhiin. hav nhdn igo, ngcip nirac thuang xuyin hay dinh ky, nuac chay hay nuac lit dpng, nuac ngpt la, hoac man, ke cd nhinig viing biin co dp sau khong qua 6m so vai muc iriiu ihdp nhdt". Tir nam 1989. Vift Nam tham gia vao Cdng udc Ramsar va xay dyng khu Xuan Thiiy thanh khu Dat ngap nude co tam quan trpng qudc te (RAMSAR SITE) dau tien d nude ta. Theo Mai Trpng Nhuan (2004), co 12 khu dat ngap nude ven bd can dugc uu tien bao vf la Cira song Ba Lat, Cira song Tien Yen, Cira song Bach Dang, Cira song Van Uc, Bai trieu Kim Son, Dam pha Tam Giang- Cau Hai, dam De Gi, Dam Thj Nai, Dam Tra 6, Cira song Dong Nai, Cira song Tien va Bai trieu lay Tay Nam Ca Mau [6].
Theo lUCN, Khu bao tdn bien "la mpt khu vuc biin chuyin biit de bdo ve vd duy iri da dang sinh hpc vd cdc tdi nguyen thien nhien, ldi nguyen vdn hod di kem, duac qudn ly bdng lugt phdp hoac bdng cdc phuang thirc hiru hieu khdc". Co 7 kieu khu bao tdn bien: (1). Khu bao ton ty nhien nghiem ngat (Strict natural reserves); (2). Khu hoang da (Wilderness areas); (3). Cdng vien Qudc gia (National parks); (4). Khu bao tdn loai va nai cu trii (Marine habitat/species management areas); (5). Khu bao tdn canh quan (Protected landscape/seascape areas); (6). Khu bao vf tai nguyen (Managed resources protected areas) va (7). Khu bao vf danh thang (Natural monument) [3]. Luat Thuy san Vift Nam da xac djnh ba kieu khu bao ton bien la: Vudn Quoc gia, Khu bao ton loai va nai cu trii; Khu dy trir tai nguyen thien nhien thiiy sinh. Tir nhirng nghien ciru trong thap ky 90 ciia Vifn Hai duong hpc (Nha Trang va Hai Phong) trong khuon khd cac de tai ciia Vien Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Vift Nam va hgp tac quoc te, Phan vien Hai duang hpc Hai Phdng (nay la Vifn Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien) da de xuat danh muc cac khu bao ton biln (1998). Tren ca sd do Bp t h u y san (2004) da de nghj danh sach 15 khu bao ton biln: Dao Tran, Cd To, Cat Ba, Bach Long Vy, Hdn Me, Con Cd, Son Cha - Hai Van, Cii lao Cham, Ly San, Hdn Mun, Nam Yit, Phii Quy, Hon Cau, Cdn Dao va Phu Quoc.
2. Hien trang va djnh huo-ng xay dyng cac khu bao ton ty nhien bien Hai Phong 2. 7. Khu du trd sinh quyen Cat Bd
Theo yeu ciu ciia thanh p h i Hai Phong, Vifn Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien da chii tri nghien ciru va lap ho sa uinh va dugc UNESCO cong nhan quan dao Cat Ba thanh Khu dy trir Sinh quyIn (KDTSQ) ciia Thi gidi vao nam 2004. KDTSQ Quin dao Cat Ba nam trong 6 toa dp: 20"42'40" - 20°52'45" N; 106"54'11" - 107"07'05" E, dien tich 26.240 ha. trong do dien tich mat dat (dao) 17.040 ha va 9.200 ha mat nude biln (Bang 1), [9].
KDTSQ Quin dao Cat Ba la ciu noi giira dat liln vdi vjnh BIC Bp, la trung tam bao ton ngudn gen, bao ton cac he sinh thai nhift ddi diln hinh. Trong KDTSQ, da ghi nhan dugcl561 lodi thyc vat bac cao, 282 loai dpng vat tren can ya 1297 loai sinh vat bien. Trong do, co tdi gan 60 loai da dugc coi la cac loai dac hiru va quy hilm dugc dua vao Sach do Viet Nam va Sach do thi uidi dl bao vf, dac bift la Vopc diu tring (Trachypilhecus francoisi polioceplialus), Tu hai (Liimiria rhincheana). Loai Vopc diu tring da dugc lUCN tai trg nhim bao ve ya nhan nhanh dan giong sang cac khu vyc khac. Cat Ba con co 570 ha rirng nguyen smh trong tong so khoang 1500^0 - 20.000ha rirng nhift ddi tren niii da voi cdn giir dugc trang thai ty nhien cua V let Nam.
llo Ao Ich tren niii da vdi dien tich khoang 3 ha vdi kilu rirng ngap nude quanh_nam, thyc vat don uu la ca\ Va Nude. Hang Man Tan la nai co nhilu loai thii quy hicm sinh song, ang Vem,
40 Tuyen tap HOi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC Vt SINH HOC BI^N VA PHAT TRI^N B £ N VLTNG
ang Tham, hang Ca la nhOng tilu hf sinh thai tuyft dep ma it nai co dugc. Bien Cat Ba cd nhieu loai dac san ndi tieng nhu Sd huylt, Tu hai, Ngao, Ca myc, Tdm hiim, Cua bien, Ca song. Ca thu, Ca chim, v.v. Cac ran san hd vimg bien ddng nam dao Cat Ba keo dai den Hang Trai - Dau Be rat co gia trj cho bao tdn va du ljch sinh thai va ciing la mpt trong nhihig trung tam phat tan ngudn gen ciia vmh Bac Bd. Rimg ngap man va bai trieu ven bien la nai cu trii ciia cac loai ddng thyc vat, noi luu giii' cac ngudn gien phong phu, cung cap dinh dudng va ngudn gidng, bao vf virng chac bd bien va phat tnen du ljch. Quan dao Cat Ba vdi nhilu bai cat nho dep, theo sd lifu dilu ya cd khoang fren 26 bai tam nam rai rac tren cac dao, trong dd rat nhifu bai tim dep nhu Cat Cd I, Cat Cd II, Cat Cd HI, Cat Dira, Dugng Gianh. Nhieu di chi khao co, di tich van hoa, cac loai hinh le hdi truyen thdng d Cat Ba la tai nguyen nhan van cd gia frj bao ton va phat tnen. KDTSQ Quin dao Cat Ba se tao ra nhieu ca hpi phat trien nhu du ljch sinh thai, nudi trdng danh bat hai san va djch vu nghe ca. Trong tuong lai KDTSQ nay se cd nhilu dong gdp vao mang ludi KDTSQ the gidi nhu mpt md hinh quan li KDTSQ d mpt qudc gia dien hinh cho cac nude dang phat trien.
2.2.- Vudn Quoc gia Cat Bd
Vudn Qudc gia Cat Ba dugc thanh lap theo Quylt djnh s i 76/QD-HDBT, ngay 31 thang 3 nam 1986 cua Chii tjch Hdi dong Bd trudng, nay la Thii tudng Chinh phu. Ngay 8 thang 01 nam 1992, Chu tjch Hdi dong Bp trudng ra quyet djnh sd 23/CT phe duyft Luan chimg kinh tf - Ky thuat VQG Cat Ba.
Bang 1. C i u true va phan b d dien tich khu DTSQ Cat Ba [9]
Vung Loi
D^m
Chuyen tiep
Phy vung Loi 1
loi 2 Tong d$m 1 d ^ m 2
Tong Chuyen tiep 1 Chuyen tiep 2
Tong Tong
T o n g di?n tfch (ha)
6.900 1.600 8.500 7.500 141 7.641 8.700 1.400 10.100 26.241
Phan dat Dl$n tich (ha)
5.300 1.200 6.500 4.800 141 4.941 4.500 1.100 5.600 17.401
Ph4n bien Dien tich (ha)
1.600 400 2.000 2.700 0 2.700 4.200 300 4.500 9.200
Trudc day VQG Cat Ba thudc quyen quan ly ciia Bd Ndng nghifp va Phat friln Ndng thdn.
Ngay 6 thang 4 nam 2004, Thu tudng Chinh phii da cd quylt djnh so 333/QD-TTg vl vifc chuyen VQG Cat Ba ve thanh pho Hai Phdng. Difn tich VQG Cat Ba chi bing 57,5% difn tich Khu DTSQ (Bdng 2). Chac chin, Vudn qudc gia Cat Ba se dugc quy hoach lai cho phii hpp ban vdi dieu kifn thyc tf hifn nay.
Bang 2. So sanh dien tich (ha) Khu DTSQ va Vipo-n Qudc gia Cat Ba
Ten Khu dl/ trir sinhi quyen Vudn Quoc gia DI0n tich tang
Tong di^n tich j Vung loi
26.241 8.500 15.101,7
11.041
4914.6 6.381
Phan bien 9.200 5.089 4.111
Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA B A O TON _j|
Viec xay dyng va phat trien VQG Cat Ba la mpt quylt sach dimg din, tao nen tana aiir gin dugc nhimg gia trj quy gia cdn lai nhu ngay nay [1]. Chinh nhd vay ma vao thang 10 nSm 2004, UNESCO da cdng nhan Khu dy trii Sinh quyen Quin dao Cat Ba fren nfn tang ciia VQG Cat Ba.
2.3. Cdng vien bien Cat Bd
Cdng vien biln Cat Ba frong hf thdng 15 khu Bao tdn biln dang dugc trinh duyft co ting difn tich 20.700ha (9800 ha dat dao va 10.900ha biln). Nhu vay, so vdi VQG dang tin tai, ting difn tich tang 5500ha, chu yeu do tang difn tich phin biln. So vdi Khu dy trir sinh quyIn da dupe cdng nhan, Cdng vien bien dang de xuat cd difn tich nhd hon 554Iha, trong khi difn tich phan bien Idn hon Khu DTSQ 1700ha. Day la Cdng vien QuIc gia biln theo tieu chi biln theo tieu chi lUCN. Vf mirc dp uu tien, so vdi cac khu khac trong hf thong 15 khu bao tdn biln. Cat Ba dat 19 diem, chi dirng sau Cdn Dao 20 dilm [2].
2.4. Cong vien dia chdt Cat Bd
Quan dao Cat Ba [12] va Vjnh Ha Long [7] la nhirng ky quan, di san dia chat dac sic bac nhat d viing bien va ven bd Vift Nam. Chiing cd ljch sir tiln hoa dja chat sinh ddng, keo dai hang ti nam va df lai cac phirc hf vat chat phong phu, cac don vj cau triic dac trung va dpc dao, dac bift la cac thanh tao carbonat - silic. Nhieu di tich hoa thach ddng vat va thyc vat cd xua cdn dugc luu giir trong cac tang tram tich. Chuyen ddng kien tao qua hang trifu nam, ty nam de lai dau an la nhiing dirt gay, nep udn, khoi nang, bdn trung, v.v. da tao nen sy da dang canh quan dja hinh ngay nay va cham khac nen nhirng biire tranh cau tnic sinh ddng tren cac vach da ddc dung.
Khu vyc la mau hinh tuyft vdi ve karst da vdi trudng thanh trong dieu kifn nhift ddi am, co mpt qua trinh tien boa hoan thifn nhat tir Miocen, nhd sy ket hgp ddng thdi giira cac yeu td: tang da vdi rat day, khi hau ndng am va nen kien tao nang cham chap. O day c6 dii tat ca cac cap bac ca ban ciia dia hinh karst theo trinh ty tien hoa tir pheu den chdp, thap va dong bang karst, cac hf thdng hang ddng co, hang ddng dang hoat ddng, ca hang ddng tao ra do qua trinh bien va cac ngan nude ham ech rat phat trien do qua trinh an mdn bien. Cac chop va thap bj bien tran ngap canh ddng karst, tach rdi nhau tao nen canh quan vo ciing dac sac. Bien cung tao nen nhung ngan vach, cd khi an sau thanh ham ech, hang ludn, to ve them dang ve ky vT cho canh quan karst tren mat vjnh. Hang ddng rat phong phii, da dang, thupc ve ba nhom ca ban: hang ngam CO, hang nen karst va hang ham ech bien.
42 Tuyen t9p HOi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH HOC BigN VA PHAT TRI^N B^N VLTNG
Bin D6 QUI HOACH KlOMG GIAH OONG VlEM B^H CAT BA, Hit P H 6 N G
CHOGIAI
Vung A C:ongM*ntMin Vung <»ni Coiq vt«n btin
PUn kruC.aov4 r^hfcn ng*1 RBI«I gK» Cong M^n b4n / \ ' RjMt 9 0 ihu C>; IrCi anh quyin
Rjrtt 9 0 Viran qui^ gta
A , R i * » 4 J A/O/angbO
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Hinh 1. Ser dd de xuat Cong vien bien Cat Ba
Chung tdi de xuat xay dyng Cdng vien Dja chat Cat Ba va trinh UNESCO cdng nhan nim trong mang ludi cdng vien Dja chat The gidi.
2.5. Khu bdo ton bien Bgch Long VT
Dao Bach Long V7 (BLV) nam d ngoai khai giira vinh Bac Bd cd vi tri chiln luge rat quan trgng. 6 day hf sinh thai san hd phat trien tot, la nai sinh cu (habitat) ciia nhilu loai sinh vat bien. Viing bien dao BLV co the xem la mpt nai cung cap ngudn gen sinh vat biln, ngudn giong cho ca viing trung tam va vimg ven bd ciia vjnh B I C Bp. Ngu trudng xung quanh dao BLV cd difn tich Idn nhat vinh Bac Bp, cd the khai thac hang van tan ca mdi nam. Hi thuc vgt tren can a dao chii yeu la cay bui va cd, cd 126 loai thudc 51 hp ciia 2 nganh thyc vat bac cao la Hal kin va Khuyf t thyc vat. He dpng vdt trin ddo ngheo nan, don dif u, khdng cd thu to va quy, khdng cd thu an thjt, thii dir. Sinh vgt biin ven ddo duac biel co 1015 loai dpng thyc vat. Cd nhieu loai sinh vat bien thudc nhdm quy hiem, cd gia frj kinh te va xuat khau cao nhu cac loai trai ngpc Pteria muartensii, bao ngu Haliotis diversicolor, hai sam Holothuria spp., san hd Anthozoa va khoang 50 loai ca kinh te, hang chuc loai rong cd tinh dugc lifu v.v. Viing bien ven dao cd gan 400 loai ca bien trong tdng sd 960 loai thudc Vjnh Bac Bp, irong dd cd 49 loai ca cd gia frj kinh te cao. Ngu
Tieu ban: OA DANG SINH HOC B | £ N VA BAO TON
trudng BLV rpng khoang 1500 hai ly vuong. la ngu trudng tdt nhat \ inh, neu dugc quan ly, bao vf thi se gdp phan bao dam ddi sdng, duy tri dupe phuc lgi on dinh cho ngudi dan [11].
B A N 0 6 GUY HOACH KHU BAG V£ T A I N G U Y S N B I I N BACH LONG vT
760000 782030 78^0O0 7S6OO0
Hinh 2. Ser d d dd xu4t Khu bao tdn bien Bach Long Vi.
Tim quan trgng qudc gia cdn thi hifn d chd dao BLV la dao tifn tieu, cd chuc nang diem ndi dudng ca sd vdi dIt liln. Vi thi. viec xay dyng mpt khu bao tdn bien d day vua co y nghia
44 Tuyen tap HQi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C V£ SINH HOC Bl£N VA PHAT TRI^N BgN VLfNG
bao ve chii quyen lanh tho rat Idn lai vira phii hgp vdi tap quan qudc te ve bao vf cac ran san ho va tai nguyen sinh vat biln. Nlu trong tuong lai khu bao tdn bien dao Bach Long VT dugc quoc te cdng nhan thi ti'nh chat phap ly, chii quyen qudc gia cang trd nen vung chac.
Khu bao tdn biln BLV trong hf thdng 15 khu Bao ton biln dang dugc phe duyft co tdng difn tich 9000ha, trong dd 250ha dIt dao va I0.900ha biln (Bg Thuy san, 2004). Day la khu bao ton biln theo tieu chi lUCN. V l mire dp uu tien, so vdi cac khu khac trong hf thdng 15 khu bao tdn biln, BLV dat 13 dilm, nim d khoang giira, so vdi Cdn Dao cao nhat 20 diem va Hdn Me thap nhat 6 diem [2].
2.6. Khu bdo ton bien Long Chau
Do dac dilm cua dia hinh karsta, quin dao da vdi Long Chau tao nen sy bift lap d muc dg khac nhau ma trong khu vyc von cd va cdn tdn tai nhirng hf sinh thai dac thii. Sy tach bift ve mat dja ly cho phep bao tdn nhung net nguyen thuy cua he sinh thai tir hang ngan nam trudc ya xuit hifn cac loai ddng thyc vat dac hiru va nhieu loai sinh vat quy hiem cdn giii' lai dugc fren cac dao va dudi biln. Tren ca sd dd da dl xuit Khu bao ton loai va nai cu trii (Marine habitat/species management areas) theo tieu chi lUCN d quin dao Long Chau.
+ + + +
BAN D 6 QUY HOACH KHU B A O T 6 N LOAI V A NOI CU TRO LONO CHAU
B
CHU GlA I
Wjng Mm (nudi <±, Cm bifn, l f * i m«n....b^ IBnQ)
\iUig O i i ^ n tfplkhri h*cb4n «Cfno) Oudrq dkx Mu vA n ad
10m 2Qm 30m
A
I
Hinh 3. Khu bao tdn loai va n&\ cv tru q u i n dao Long Chau
Chimg tdi de xuat khu bao tdn bifn Quan dao Long Chau thudc hf thdng Khu bao tdn biln (MPA) theo hudng Khu bao tdn loai va nai cu tni do d p Thanh pho Hai Phdng quyet djnh cdng nhan, sau dd tien tdi lap hd sa trinh Chinh phii cdng nhan nang cap d cac giai doan sau.
2.7. Khu bdo ton dot ngap nude ven bien du kien ven bd Tien Lang
Hai Phong cd difn tich dat ngap nude ven bd (DNNVB) thudc loai Idn d nude ta, loai hinh phong phii va da dang, dien tich 64969 ha, bing khoang 42,8% trong tdng sd 151919ha dat ty
Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA B A O T 6 N
nhien. Trong do cd khoang 27 nghin ha DNN ngap trilu va khoang 38 nghin ha DNN dudi trilu.
tinh din dp sau 6m. DNNVB Hai Phong phan b l theo 3 khu vyc sinh thdi: khu vyc cira sona hinh pheu ddng bac Dd San, khu vyc cira sdng chau tho tay nam Dd Son va khu vyc vinh dao [10]^
DNNVB cd nhung chirc nang quan trpng vl mdi tnrdng, sinh thai va gia trj sir dung cao.
Day la hanh lang lam giam va trift tieu nang lugng sdng, bao vf bd biln va cac cong trinh bd. la nai cd nhieu hf sinh thai (HST) ven bien tieu bilu nhu HST cira song, HST RNM, HST co bien, HST ran san ho (RSH), HST bat tneu lay, la nai sinh san va phat triln ciia nhilu loai hai san co gia yj kinh te cao, nai cu trii ciia nhieu loai chim nude, chim di cu... Dac bift, DNNVB Hai Phong cd vimg cira sdng hinh pheu Bach Dang vdi gia trj ndi bat la xay dyng cang biln va giao thdng dudng thuy thuan lgi. Sire ep phat frien kinh tl va ap lyc ve dan so, mdi trudng tao nen nguy ca suy giam vl sd lugng va chit lugng DNNVB dan din 6 nhilm moi trudng, suy thai cac HST, giam da dang sinh hgc va cac gia frj sir dung khac ciia viing DNNVB. Mau thuan lgi ich frong vifc sir dung DNN d vimg ven bien ngay cang sau sic.
Viing DNN ven bd Tien Lang nam giira hai cira sdng Van Uc va Thai Binh thupc phin ha luu ciia he thdng sdng Thai Binh dang trong giai doan boi tu noi cao va ngpt hda. Day la viing DNN rpng Idn (khoang 7000ha) cd chu ky bdi - xdi kem theo ngpt hda - man hda xen ke keo dai khoang 30 - 40 nam, giau cd cac dang tai nguyen ddng thdi cung tap frung ddng dan cu va phat trien nhieu hinh thirc khai thac, sir dung DNN. Do vay, d day dang nay sinh nhieu van de mdi trudng nhu: tai nguyen dat, nude, sinh vat cua viing frifu bj suy thoai, da dang sinh hgc bj de dga, sinh ke ciia cdng ddng ven bien bj anh hudng, v.v. Dat ngap nude cira sdng Tien Lang thugc DNN ven bd, loai F gdm 4 nhom sau.- I- Ddt ngap nude co phu thuc vgt; 2- Ddt ngap nuac khong phu thuc vdt; 3-Ddt ngdp nude thudng xuyen; 4- Ddt ngap nuac do con ngudi.
Khu dy kiln bao vf cd toa do trung tam: 106°42'00" - 20°37'30"; Toa dp goc: 106°3500" - 20"4300" va 106°45'00" - 20°3500".
B M M J QUY HOACH KHU B>0 VE DAT NC AP NtDC TIEN LMG. Hib PHONG 0 £ N MAU XiX
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1
Hinh 4. Khu dy ki§n xay dyng bao v? dIt ngap nu'O'c Tien Lang
4 6 Tuyen tap Hpi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC v£ SINH HOC B I £ N V A PHAT TRI^N B £ N ViJ'NG_
Khu bao ve dat ngap nude Tien Lang dang dugc cac nha khoa hpc Vifn Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng bien de xuat khi tham gia hgp phan dIt ngap nude thudc chuang trinh Ngan ngira o nhiem va suy thoai Bien Ddng va vjnh Thai Lan [6] va cung da dugc to chirc lUCN img hg (2005). Vdi Khu nay, se tiln hanh cac thii tuc cdng nhan cimg vdi hf thing cac khu ngap nude ven bien Vift Nam. De nghj Thanh phd sdm cho quy hoach va phe duyft khu nay d cap Thanh phd nham bao vf cac gia trj cd kha nang bj de doa.
2.8. Cdc khu rirng ngdp man phong hp
Rimg ngap man ven bifn Hai Phdng, keo dai sudt dai ven bien va vimg quan dao Cat Ba.
Tai khu vyc quin dao Cat Ba, RNM phan bo bai Phii Long, Cai Viing, Dudng Gianh, rai rac vdi difn tich nhd d Gia Luan, ang Sdi, Xuan Dam, Vudn Qua. Phin ven bien, RNM phan bd kha rgng tir Tien Lang tdi phia bac va tay bac Thuy Nguyen (Lap Le, Gia Minh). Tdng difn tich rirng ngap man ven bien Hai Phong cdn khoang ISOOha (khdng ke rirng ngap man cdn lai trong cac dam nudi).
Trong HST RNM da phat hifn dugc khoang 30 loai thyc vat ngap man, 16 loai rong bifn, 4 loai cd bien, 306 loai dpng vat day, 90 loai ca, 5 loai bd sat, va 37 loai chim nude, (tdng sd 494 loai). Trong 494 loai tren, da cd 2 loai rong bien, 3 loai dc, 1 loai ca, 3 loai bd sat va 3 loai chim da dugc ghi trong Sach Dd Viet Nam. Gia tri to Idn cua rirng ngap man khdng phai la gia fri khai thac fryc tiep (lay gd, tannin, khai thac ngudn Igi ty nhien, v.v.) ma la gia frj sir dung gian tiep thdng qua chirc nang mdi trudng, sinh thai, luu giir va duy fri ngudn giong cho cac thuy vyc ven bien, dam bao sy thanh cdng ciia nghe nuoi trdng thuy san nude Ig. Dac bift rimg ngap man va viing frieu cira sdng cdn la khu di tni, kiem mdi va de trirng cua nhieu loai chim. Ngoai ra, rirng ngap man cdn cd tiem nang phat trien du ljch sinh thai, du Ijch hudng nghifp, giao due mdi trudng, bao vf nai cu tru cua cac loai sinh vat bien, bao vf bd bien, chdng xdi Id. Ngoai gia frj ngudn Igi va sinh thai, rimg ngap man cd vai trd phdng hd rat Idn, ngan can gid bao, ban che nude dang, tham chi giam thieu dang ke ca tac hai ciia sdng than.
Nghien ciru thyc nghifm ciia cac chuyen gia Nhat Ban tai Thai Thuy, Thai Binh cho thay vdi song chu ky 5-8s khi truyen vao bd qua dai rirng ngap man rpng 100m, khi sat bd chieu cao sdng giam di 20%. Sdng cd dp cao Im khi vugt qua dai rirng ngap man rgng 1,5km vdi 6 nam tudi khi vao sat bd dp cao sdng chi cdn 0.05m (Mazda, Y. et all, 1997). Chi phi trong rirng ngap man 1,12-1,40 tnfu VND/ha (gia chuyin ddi: 1 USA = 14.000VND).
Chi phi bao vf: 0,42-0,70 frifu VND/ha/nam. Tong Igi ich ciia rirng thu dugc: 14,60 - 24,30 trifu VND/ha/nam. Lgi ich de ke cd dugc: 3,18 trifu VND/ha/nam chilm 21,78 - 13,09%
tdng lgi ich ciia rirng. Cd nghia la, neu trdng dugc dai rirng ngap man dai 2km thi gia fri bao vf de ke la 636.000d/met de ke/nam [13].
Vi vai frd quan frgng cua rimg ngap man Hai Phdng va nguy ca suy giam nghiem frpng dudi sire ep phat trien kinh te va dan sd, chiing tdi de nghj thanh lap cac Khu bao vf rimg ngap man Tam Hung - Lap Lf va Dai Hgp - Doan Xa vdi chirc nang rimg phdng hp va sinh thai theo quy chi quan ly rimg dac dung, rimg phdng hd va rirng ty nhien [8].
3. Cau true he thong cac khu bao ton tir nhien bien Hai Phong.
Chiing tdi de nghj hf thdng cac khu bao tdn ty nhien bien Hai Phdng bao gom cac kilu loai nhu trfn bang 3.
Tilu ban: OA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA BAO TON
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B a n g 3. Co* c a u d e Ten khu bao ton
Khu Dy t r i f S i n h quyen Quan dao Cat Ba
Cong vien dja chat Cat Ba V u a n Quoc Gia Cat Ba Cong vien bien Cat Ba
Khu dy trCJ' tai nguyen bien .Bgch Long VT
Khu bao ton loai va nai c u trii Quan dao Long Ch^u.
Khu bao v? dat nggp n u d e Tien Lang
Khu bao v? rii-ng nggp mgn Tam Hung - Lgp Le.
Khu bao v$ rirng nggp mgn Dgi Hgp - Dogn Xa.
xuat c a c k h u b a o t d n t y n h i e n b i e n Hai Pho Loai hinh bao ton
Khu d u tru sinh quyen Cong vien dia chat V u d n Quoc gia Khu bao ton bien Khu bao ton bien Khu bao ton bien
Khu bao ton dat nggp nude
Khu bao v$ rii-ng phong ho va sinh thai
Khu bao vp rung phong ho va sinh thai
n g
Cap cong nhgn j Tieu chi bao ton]
Quoc t4 Quoc te
UNESCO UNESCO Quoc gia i Bo NN&PTNN Quoc gia
Quoc gia (then vong cap khu vuc)
Thanh pho Quoc gia Thanh pho Thanh pho
lUCN lUCN lUCN lUCN
BO NN & PTNN Bo NN & PTNN
Nhu vay, trong hf thdng de xuit cac khu bao ton ty nhien bien d Hai Phong cd 9 khu bao tdn thudc ve 6 khdng gian bao ton ty nhien (Cat Ba, Bach Long VT, Long Chau, Tien Lang, Tam Hung - lap Lf va Dai hgp - Doan Xa) va 6 kilu bao ton ty nhien ca ban (Khu dy trir sinh quyen, cong vien dja chit, Vudn Quoc quoc gia, Khu bao ton biln, Khu bao vf dat ngap nude, Khu bao vf rimg phong hd va sinh thai), thupc 3 hf thong tieu chi (UNESCO, lUCN, va Bp NN&PTNT Vift Nam).
Ddi vdi frudng hgp khu vyc Cat Ba, da tin tai hai danh hifu da dugc cdng nhan la Khu DTSQ va VQG theo nhung tieu chi phan vimg chirc nang va quan ly cua Bp NN&PT Ndng thdn. Ngoai ra, se dugc cdng nhan la mpt Cdng vien Quoc gia bien (MPA). Khdng co van de gi doi vdi danh hifu Quic tl Khu DTSQ, nhung vdi VQG va Cdng vien Qudc gia, thi can phai c6 su nhit thi hoa quan ly, khdng nen tao nen sy phirc tap cho quan ly. Vdi tinh chat tieu bieu ciia minh, Cdng vien Qudc gia Cat Ba cin phai dugc xem la mpt cdng vien bien dien hinh. Trong pham' vi khdng gian cdng vien biln. lua chpn mpt difn tich va vj tri thich hgp xay dyng thanh cong vien dja chit theo tieu chi UNESCO. Cdng vien dja chit Cat Ba cd the trinh cdng nhan la cdng vien dia chat the gidi.
Hien nay, thanh phd da cd Ban quan ly Khu DTSQ Quin dao Cat Ba do Pho Chu tjch Thanh phd lam Tnrdng ban va Giam die VQG Cat Ba la uy vien. Trong tuang lai gan, do nhu ciu phat friln cac khu bao tdn biln. Thanh pho nen thanh lap mpt Ban Bao ton Thien nhien, ngang d p sd, quan ly toan bp hf thing cac khu bao ton thien nhien Hai Phong, frong do co cac khu bao ton bien.
II. KET LUAN
Hai Phdng cd tilm nang Idn xav dyng cac khu bao tdn biln cd cac chirc nang khac nhau.
Viec xay dung he thdng cac khu bao tin biln khdng chi bao ton, gin giir lau dai cac gia fri quy gia cho d i t n u d c ' v a nhan loai tnrdc ap lyc phat triln manh kinh te va dan sd, ma con mang la, hieu qua va lai ich thilt thuc cho du ljch sinh thai, duy tri ben vimg nghe ca nuo. trong va danh bit, phong franh thien tai va gram thilu cac tac ddng mdi trudng. Theo tiem nang va nhu cau, ca cau hf thing cac khu bao tdn bien Hai Phdng se gom:
4 8 Tuy^n tap HQi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C V£ SINH HOC B | £ N VA PHAT TRI^N B £ N VLTNG
1. Quan the cac khu bao tdn thien nhien quan dao Cat Ba, bao gdm cac khu: dy trir sinh quyen (cap qudc tf, tieu chi UNESCOO), cdng vien dja chat (cap qudc te, tieu chi UNESCO), khu bao tdn bifn - cdng vien bien (cap Qudc gia, tieu chi lUCN) va vudn qudc gia (cap Qudc gia, tieu chi Bd NN&PTNT).
2. Khu bao tdn bien - Khu dy trir tai nguyen thiiy sinh Bach Long VT (Cap Qudc gia, tieu chi lUCN).
3. Khu bao tdn bien - khu bao tdn loai va nai cu fru Quan dao Long Chau (Cap thanh phd, tieu chi lUCN).
4. Khu bao tdn dat ngap nude ven bd Tien Lang (cap Qudc gia, tieu chi lUCN).
5. Khu bao vf rimg ngap man phdng hp va sinh thai Tam Hung - Lap Lf (Cap thanh phd, tieu chi Bd NN&PTNT).
6. Khu bao vf rimg ngap man phdng hd va sinh thai Dai Hgp - Doan Xa (Cap thanh phd, tieu chi Bd NN&PTNT).
Quan dao Cat Ba la noi tap trung bdn kieu khu bao tdn ty nhien khac nhau, trong dd hai khu da dugc xay dung va hai khu dang tren dudng de xuat. Dd la bdn danh hifu cao quy cho mpt khdng gian, hiem nai nao cd dugc. Tuy nhien, vifc phdi hgp Idng ghep quan ly va bao vf cac khu nay can giai mpt bai toan toi uu.
III. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Truang Nggc An (chu bien), 1989. Dieu tra tdng hgp viing bien va xay dyng luan chung thanh lap vudn Qudc gia Cat Ba. Luu trir tai Vifn TN & MT Bien.
2. Bd Thuy San, 2004. Quy hoach hf thdng khu bao tdn bien Vift Nam den 2010 (tdm tat dy thao lan I).
3. Nguyen Chu Hdi, Nguyen Huy Yet va Dang Ngpc Thanh, 2000. Ca sd khoa hpc quy hoach hf thdng cac khu bao tdn bien Vift Nam. Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng bien, tap VII. Nxb KH v a K T . Ha Ndi, Tr. 317-336.
4. Lang Van Ken (chu bifn), 1995. Dieu fra tdng hgp sinh thai va tai nguyen sinh vat Vudn quoc gia Cdn Dao, tinh Ba Rja - Vung Tau. Luu trir tai Vifn TN & MT Bien va VQG Cdn Dao.
5. Lang Van Ken (chu bien), 2004. Dy an bao tdn bien Vudn quoc gia Bai Tir Long, Tinh Quang Ninh. Bao cao khoa hgc. Luu trir tai Vifn TN & MT Bien va VQG Bai Tir Long.
6. Quyet djnh cua Thu tudng Chinh phu sd 08/2001/QD-TTg, nam 2001 ve vifc ban hanh quy che quan ly rimg dac dyng, rimg phdng hd va rimg ty nhien.
7. Mai Trpng Nhuan, 2004. ke hoach hanh ddng chien luge bao tdn va phat triln ben viing dat ngap nude ven bifn Vift Nam. Du an Bien Ddng (SCS)
8. Trin Dire Thanh, Waltham T., 2001. The oustanding value of geology of Ha Long Bay.
Advance in Natural Science, 2 - 3: 89 - 99.
9. Tran Dire Thanh, Dd Cdng Thung va nnk, 2002. De an thanh lap Khu dy trir sinh quyen Quan dao Cat Ba. Hd sa trinh UNESCO cdng nhan Khu Dy trir Sinh quyen Thi gidi cho Quin dao Cat Ba. Luu frir tai Vifn TN & MT Biln va UBND TP. Hai Phdng.
10. Tran Dire Thanh, Dinh Van Huy, Nguyen Hiru Cir va nnk, 2005. Quy hoach tdng thf phat trien kinh te - xa hpi huyfn dao Bach Long VT den nam 2010 va 2020. Luu frir tai Vifn TN&MT biln.
Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA BAO T O N 49
11. Tran Dire Thanh, Dinh Van Huy va nnk, 2003. Danh gia thyc tdng quan tilm nang sir dung, quan ly va de xuat cac giai phap sir dung hgp ly, bao vf dat ngap nude ven bien Hai Phdng phuc vu phat trien kinh te - xa hpi. Luu trir tai Vien TN&MT biln.
12. Tran Due Thanh, Nguyen Hiru Cir, Dinh Van Huy, 2008. Mgt so ky quan dja chit tieu bilu d viing bien va ven bd Vift Nam. Dia chat bien Vift Nam va phat frien ben viing. Tuyen tap bao cao khoa hpc Hpi nghj Khoa hpc Dja chat bien toan quoc lan thir nhit. Ha Long 9 -
10/10/2008. Tr. 4 1 4 - 4 2 1 .
13. Nguyen Hoang Tn, Nguyen Huu Tho, 2000. Community participation in rehabilitation, conservation and management of mangroves in the Red River Delta. In Proc. Workshop:
Management and Sustainable use of Natural Resources and Environment in Coastal Wetlands. Hanoi 1-3 Nov. 1999, p. 208-216.
PROPOSED F O R B U I L D I N G T H E S Y S T E M OF N A T U R A L P R O T E T E D A R E A S IN HAIPHONG'S SEA A N D C O A S T A L Z O N E
Tran Due Thanh, Dinh Van Huy, Lang Van Ken SUMMARY
The proposed system of nine natural protected areas in the Haiphong's sea and coastal zone consists Cat Ba Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Cat Ba Geopark, Cat Ba National Part;
Cat Ba Marine National Park, Managed resources protected areas of Bach Long Vy, Marine habdat/species management areas of Long Chau Archipelago, Tien Lang Wetland Conservation Area; Protective and ecological mangrove forest of Tam Hung - Lap Le and Protective and ecological mangrove forest of Dai Hop - Doan Xa.
These natural protected areas locate six sites (Cat Ba Archipelago , Bach Long Vy Island, Tien Lang coastal district, Thuy Nguyen Coastal Disfrict and Kien Thuy coastal district). They belong to six principal types of natural conservation (biosphere reserve, geopark, national pdrk, marine protected area, wetland protected area, and protective - ecological forest. They must be built by three categories from UNESCO, lUCN and MARD (Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development of Vietnam).
Recognizing levels of them should be the City (Long Chau Archipelago, Tam Hung - Lap Le and Dai Hop - Doan Xa); the Nation (Cat Ba National Part; Cat Ba Marine National Park, Managed resources protected areas of Bach Long Vi), and the World (Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, Cat Ba Geopark).
