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Khoa hoc Gido due
MOT SO VAN DE VE TIEP CAN PHlTONG PHAP GIAO DUC PROJECT 0 TRirONG MAM NON
' ' • TS. NGUYEN TH! BJCH THUY
Trudng Cao dang Supham Trung uang - Nha Trang
I. Khai quat ve phu'dng phap giao due Project
1. Dinh nghia
Phuang phap giao due Project la each thCfc ma giao vien (GV) td chCfc cho mdt nhdm tre cung nhau hpe tap, tim kiem, kham pha va nghien eCfu sau ve mdt chu de ma tre dac biet quan tam va cd hUng thu. Tre cung nhau tien hanh cae boat ddng tim kiem, kham pha va phat hien, thu thap thdng tin, kien thUe ve chu de dd.
Thdng qua qua trinh hpe tap tim kiem, phat hien dd vUa giup hinh thanh va phat trien d tre cac bieu tupng ve s u vat hien tuang, vUa gdp phan tang eudng md rdng va nang eao sU hieu bie't cua tre ve nhCfng su vat va hien tupng trong the gidi xung quanh tre.
2. IVIuc dich ciia phuang phap giao due Project
Muc dfch giao due cua phuang phap Project la phat trie'n va khai thac triet de 'The gidi tinh than" (mind) eua tre. 'The gidi tinh than" nay khdng ehi bao ham y nghTa ve tri tue, ma nd edn bao ham ca y nghla ve mat dao dUe, tinh cam va tham mT... Lilian G.Katz va Sylvia C.Chard- Engaging Children's Minds: The Project Approach (2 tac gia ngudi Anh, hien dang sdng va giang day tai trUdng Oai hpe cua MT) da neu ra 5 muc dfch co ban cua phuong phap giao due Project nhu sau:
- Md rdng va tang cUdng sU hieu biet eua tre ve the gidi xung quanh. Phat huy d tre khuynh hudng hpe tap tich cUc, ehu ddng va sang tao.
- Tang cudng cac boat dpng hpe tap theo chu de ma ndi dung hpe tap dupc trie'n khai thdng qua viec giang day cd he thd'ng hoac cac trd chdi mang tinh chat tu nguyen.
- Ke't hpp chat che giifa cudc sdng sinh boat eua tre vdi thUc tien hpe tap va vui ehdi d trudng mam non de khdng cd khoang each va sU khac biet giua chung.
- Giup tre nhan thUe dupc y nghTa quan trpng eua viee hpe tap va lam viec theo nhdm, hinh thanh va phat trie'n nhCfng tinh cam gan bd vdi tap the ban be.
- GV phai biet tao ra nhung tinh hud'ng ed van de, khuyen khfch tre suy nghTva sang tao de tim ra eau giai dap b i n g nhieu each thUe khac nhau.
3. Ca sd li luan triet hgc cua phuang phap giao due Project
Phuong phap giao due Project dat trpng tam vao viec giao due tich hpp dUa tren co sd If luan giao due cua chu nghTa tien bd eua Dewey. Giao due dUa tren dac diem ca nhan tre, dua theo hUng thu, nhu eau nguyen vpng, nang khieu, tinh tu nguyen, tich eUc cua ban than dUa tre. GV gii/
vai trd la ngudi giup dd, hd trp phai tdn trpng nhung nhu cau, mong mudn, su quan tam cua tre den dd'i tupng hoat ddng eung nhu phai tao CO hdi va kich thfch sU hUng thu, tich cue eua tre tdi boat ddng.
4. Dac trung cua phuang phap giao due Project
- Cd CO sd li luan triet hpe tien bd, ed phuang phap hpe tap giang day va each lUa chpn npi dung hpe tap rieng.
- Giup hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each cho tre thdng qua eae mdi quan he huu ea va tae dpng tuong hd lan nhau giua cac ITnh vue trong giai doan tien hpe tap nhu tri thUe, kT nang, khuynh hudng va tinh cam xa hdi, tham mT..
- Nhan manh cae ndi dung hpe tap cd y nghTa sau rpng tdi sU phat trien toan dien cua ca nhan mdi dUa tre.
- Ve mat qua trinh trie'n khai boat dpng hpe tap theo ehu de Project dupe chia ra lahi 4 budc, dd la: budc ehua'n bj, bude bat dau, budc trien khai va budc ket thue. Tuy nhien, d mdi mdt budc tien hanh qua trinh giao due, thdi gian tien hanh va ndi dung boat ddng eua tre la khac nhau, do
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dd vai trd eua ngudi GV d mdi bUde tien hanh cung khae nhau. " ' '
- Vdi phuang cham la giao due tre em phu hdp vdi sU phat trien ve ICfa tudi eung nhU sU phat trie'n tam sinh li va tinh cam cua tre, phuang phap giao due Project ludn nhan manh sU hpp tac giCfa GV vdi cha me tre, nhufng ngUdi Idn xung quanh va md rpng hdn nUa la cae thanh vien trong xa hdi.
- Mdt dac trUng ndi bat khac la thdng qua viee thao luan, trao ddi y kien thudng xuyen, nhan manh boat dpng hpe tap tim kiem kham pha hop tac, tac dpng tuang hd mpt each tieh cue giC/a GV va tre, giu'a tre va tre, giUa tre vdi nhC/ng ngUdi Idn xung quanh.
II. Qua trinh to churc cac hoat dong giao due theo phu'dng phap giao due Project
Hoat ddng giao due cua phUdng phap trien khai theo Project dupe tien hanh qua 4 bUdc
d u d i d a y : ' : ' '•••• •^•-•
1. Chuan bj
Sau khi cung tre trd ehuyen, thao luan de lua chpn chu de boat dpng, GV se dUa chu de dd ra hpi ddng tap the GV de cung nhau thao luan, trao ddi y kien ve kha nang thuc thi cua ehu de dd trong thue tien. TU dd, GV tien hanh cac cdng viec chua'n bi can thiet de trien khai chu de.
O budc nay, edng viee ehfnh eua GV la dUa ra li do chpn chu de, xay dUng mang ehu de dU bj, lUa chpn cae khai niem chu yeu va eac tU vung cd ban, ehua'n bj tai lieu, dd dung eho ehu de, ehuan bj mdi trUdng Idp hpe eho tre, xay dUng phieu mue luc ve eac boat dpng hpe tap eu the d tUng nhdm, xay dUng ke hoaeh giao due cu the theo chu de, thdng bao eho phu huynh va de nghj sU hd trp, hdp tae tU phia gia dinh va xa hpi, du kien dja diem tham quan hpe tap thUe tien, dU kien mdi nha ehuyen mdn den Idp giao luu eung tre ve npi dung chu de. Oe ehu de tien hanh mang lai hieu qua giao due eao cho tre, edng tac chua'n bj cua GV vd cung quan trpng va dUde tien hanh nhU sau:
1.1. Lua chgn chu de •• .: ••.;',1 vs-.
Lua chpn chu de la cdng viec quan trpng, vi vay GV phai tuan theo eae yeu cau sau de lUa
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chpn chu de cho phu hop.
TrUdc het, ehu de duac lUa chpn phai lien quan mat thiet vdi cupc sdng sinh boat cua tre.
Chu de phai de tim kiem trong mdi trUdng xung quanh cae sU vat cd lien quan, dia die'm tham quan hoc tap thuc tien va cd the de dang mdi dupe nha ehuyen mdn de trd ehuyen va chia se kinh nghiem, kien thCfc ve chui de dd.
- Chu de phai ed sU tich hop eua tat ea cac ITnh vLfc tu nhien, khoa hpe va xa hdi, ddng thdi phai mang lai nhieu ed hpi kfch thich tre tae ddng tUdng hd giao lUu tich cue giufa tre vdi nhau de tre cd the hie'u biet nhieu ban ve nhau, doan ket than ai va cung chung vui hoat dpng va mang lai hieu qua.
- Phai mang den nhieu cd hpi de tre cd the tham gia mpt each tich cUc vao cac boat ddng hpe tap tim kiem, phat hien, vui ehdi, ddng kich...
- Phai cd kha nang md rpng va lien ket vdi cac sU vat khae mdt each de dang de tre cd the tiep thu dupe nhi/ng thdng tin va sU trp giup ngay ca khi ben ngoai trUdng hpe.
- Phai eho tha'y dUdc sU quan tam nhiet tinh, sU say me va hung thu eua ngUdi GV dd'i vdi chu de boat dpng.
1.2. Xay dung mang chu de duthao - Mang chu de dU thao dupe xay dUng tren CO sd nhu'ng kien thUe cua GV ve ehu de. NghTa la GV se the hien tat ca nhCfng nhan thCfc, suy nghT, y kien hien cd cua ban than de xay dung mang chu de.
- Trong khi lUa chpn nhCfng khai niem cd ban lien quan den chu de, GV djnh ra nhCfng boat dpng se trien khai va nhCfng npi dung ed kha nang mang lai hieu qua giao due cao de dUa vao mang ehu de.
1.3. LUa chqn nhCrng khai niem trgng tam va tu ngU ca ban
GV se tim, lUa chpn nhCfng tU ngi/ va khai niem cP ban de suf dung trong qua trinh trien khai cae boat dpng theo ehu de Project, nhUng ndi dung ed the mang lai cho tre kien thUc co ban.
1.4. Chuan bi tai lieu va cac dP diing can thie't - Chuan bi nhCfng dd dung lien quan va cd the mang lai nhCfng kinh nghiem quan sat true tiep eho tre nhu eac dd vat, dia diem tham quan,
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Khoa hoc Gido due du kien mdi nha chuyen mdn... — -- Chua'n bj dd vat, tai lieu cd kha nang mang lai nhufng kinh nghiem gian tiep nhu sach vd, tranh anh, bang dTa...
1.5. Bai tri moi trudng trong Idp hgc
Ngay tU bUde bat dau tien hanh trien khai chu de Project, GV can du tinh mdt each eu the ve each bai tri mdi trudng trong Idp hpe sao cho phu hdp vdi chu de, vUa gan gui, vUa tao hUng thu cho tre tich cUc tham gia vao cac boat ddng.
Phai bai tri mdi trudng giao due d tUng gde phu hpp vdi cac boat ddng eua ehu de. Oe cho eac boat ddng hudng theo ehu de d cac gdc mang lai hieu qua cao, viec chua'n bi va bai tri dd dung do chdi phu hpp, sinh ddng, hap dan, phong phu va da dang ve chung loai se kich thich dupe sUtfeh cue tham gia vao cac boat ddng eua tre va duy tri hCfng thu eua tre vdi chu de trong khoang thdi gian dai.
1.6. Xay dung muc luc ve hoat dpng hgc tap cu the d tUng gdc
Viec xay dUng muc luc ve cae hoat ddng hpe tap eu the cho tre d tUng gde phai dUa theo qua trinh giao due tre mam non dupc quy dinh trong chuong trinh cua Bd Giao due va Oao tao ban hanh, ddng thdi phai dUa vao sU khae biet eua ca nhan tre va phai lien ket cac boat ddng eu the khi tien hanh. Tren co sd dd, GV tien hanh xay dung muc lue eac boat ddng hpe tap eu the theo tUng gde boat ddng eho tre theo mdt he thd'ng eu the va thdng nha't.
1.7. Lap ke hoaeh giao due
Ke hoaeh giao due theo chu de d bude ehua'n bj eua GV la toan bd nhUng thdng tin ve eac boat ddng du kien dupe tien hanh trong sudt qua trinh tien hanh ehu de Project. Trong ban ke hoaeh giao due nay se eho ehung ta tha'y cac hoat ddng cu the d cae gde dupe tieh hop theo mang chu de, vdi boat ddng nay thi tien hanh vao thdi diem nao, can bao nhieu thdi gian, mue tieu giao due eua boat ddng la gi...
1.8. De nghl su giup dd hd trg tU phia gia dinh va xa hpi
- Thdng bao eho phu huynh: Oe eho eac boat ddng theo chu de Project dupe tien hanh thuan Ipi, thanh edng va mang lai hieu qua eao
nha't cho tre thi sU giup dd va hop tac cua GV vdi eha me tre la ye'u td vd cung quan trong. Vi vay, trude khi tien hanh cac boat ddng theo chu de Project, GV phai gCfi thdng bao ve ndi dung, mue dich va thdi gian tien hanh cu the eho phu huynh dupe biet. Qua dd, de nghi phu huynh hpp tae, giup dd mdt sd cdng viee can thiet nhu cung nhau suu tam, tim kiem va eung cap tai lieu cho cae boat ddng theo ehu de.
- Du kien dja diem tham quan thUc tien va mdi nha chuyen mdn den Idp giao lUu, trao ddi cung tre ve ehu de: d phuong phap giao due Project, tham quan hpe tap thue tien la hinh thUe hoat ddng quan sat trUc tiep ve ddi tupng eua ehu de n h l m giup tre hieu biet sau ban, cu the hon ve ehu de da lUa chpn.
2. Bat dau
2.1. Trd chuyen, trao doi y kien va chia se kinh nghiem
- TrUdc bet, de nhan biet dugc mUc dp nhan thUe, nhung kinh nghiem da cd, pham vi hieu bie't eung nhu ehat va lupng eua nhung thdng tin va tri thUe ma tre da cd ve chu de, GV td chUe eho tre dupe cCing nhau trd ehuyen, trao ddi va chia se kinh nghiem vdi nhau. De kfch thich va khoi gpi hUng thu den cho tre, GV phai ndi ve nhung kinh nghiem eua ban than minh eho tre nghe, sau dd lan lupt cho tUng tre ke ve kinh nghiem cua ban than minh ve ehu de.
- Sau khi da trd chuyen, trao ddi va chia se kinh nghiem, GV cho tre dupe the hien sU hieu biet eua ban than bang cac phuong phap bieu hien da dang, phong phu nhu ve tranh, nan, eat dan, ddng kjch...
Tdm lai, d hoat ddng nay GV can phai nam bat dupe nhung kinh nghiem cOng nhU mUc dp hieu biet ma tre da ed ve ehu de de tU dd cd nhung dinh hudng dung cho cae boat ddng d cac budc tiep theo.
2.2. Tap hap y kie'n va ciing nhau xay dung chu de tap the
- Sau khi trd chuyen, trao ddi va chia se kinh nghiem, tre viet chu hoac ve tranh the hien nhufng dieu ban than suy nghT va nhan biet ra giay. TrUdng hop tre khdng biet viet ehu, GV ed the hdi y kien cua tre la gi va cd the viet thay eho
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[re. Sau dd, tap hop cac y kien dd lai, phan loai eac y kien gidng nhau vao thanh nhdm va dat ten eho cae tieu chu de dd. Tren cd sd chu de dU bi cua GV va tdng hpp cae y kien eua tre, GV va tre cung nhau xay dung mang ehu de tap the.
2.3. Xay dUng he thong cau hoi va ke hoaeh cho hoat dpng
- Sau khi GV va tre eung nhau xay dUng mang ehu de tap the, cho tre dupe trd ehuyen va dat ra cau hdi ve nhiJfng dieu ma tre quan tam va cdn dang thac mac ve chu de. TU eae eau hdi, nhung thac mac cua tre xay dUng thanh mdt he thdng cac cau hdi. LUa chpn cac cau hdi gidng nhau vao mdt nhdm sau dd eho tre tU do thao luan, trinh bay y kien, khuyen khich tre dao sau suy nghTde tim ra cac cau tra ldi cho eae eau hdi va thae mac dd.
- Tren cd sd thao luan vdi tre ve eae phuang phap de giai quyet van de, GV xay dUng ke hoaeh boat ddng cu the cho ehu de. Thdng qua ke hoaeh hoat ddng nay, GV cd the nam bat va du tfnh trudc dugc kha nang tien hanh cua boat ddng chu de, cung nhU chua'n bj va dU tfnh dugc trudc nhung thdng tin hoac tai lieu can thiet trong khi tie'n hanh cac boat ddng theo chu de Project.
3. Trien khai
3.1. Hoat dpng trudc khi di tham quan hgc tap thuc tidn
- Tre em se tien hanh eae boat ddng dieu tra, tim kiem phat hien nhung dieu ma ehung mudn tim hieu qua cae ddi tupng la ban be d Idp, hdi bd me va nhC/ng ngUdi Idn xung quanh, hoac tre cd the tutim hieu qua truyen tranh, saeh bao, cac phuong tien truyen thdng hoac qua eude sdng sinh hoat hang ngay eua tre. TU nhUng boat ddng tim kie'm thdng tin, tri thUe mdi dd tre se tu minh tim ra dupc cac eau tra Idi cung nhu Idi giai dap cho nhCfng thac m i e va ban khoan cua ban than ehung.
- TrUdc khi di tham quan hpe tap thUc tien, GV thdng nha't vdi tre ve nhi/ng quy dinh va nguyen t i e khi di tham quan hpe tap thUc tien.
- Xay dung he thdng eac eau hdi hpe tap va du doan ve cac tinh hudng khi di tham quan.
- Phan ehia vai trd, trach nhiem cho tUng ca nhan tre.
3.2. Tham quan hgc tap thuc tiin
- Tim kie'm dia diem phu hdp nha't vdi chu de sau dd cho tre di tham quan, quan sat hpe tap tren thue tien. Thdng qua hoat ddng nay, tre cd the kiem tra dupe cae thdng tin mpt each ehfnh xac nha't tU qua viee tiep can true tiep vdi ddi tupng.
- Oe viec tham quan hpe tap thUe tien eua tre mang lai hieu qua giao due boat ddng eua tre em phai dupe tien hanh nhU sau:
+ Quan sat qua trinh boat dpng mdt each tdng the, dae biet la dieu tra va ghi chep nhCfng dieu ma tre tan mat dUdc chUng kien.
+ OUa ra nhieu cau hdi, manh dan trinh bay nhung thac mac cua ban than vdi nhu'ng ngUdi ma tre gap d noi tham quan. Lang nghe, tiep thu nhung Idi giai dap.
- Khi tham quan, GV nen ddng vien, khich le de tre ed the ghi chep lai nhCfng ndi dung cung nhu nhung hinh anh thue ma tre dupc tan mat nhin tha'y bang chCf viet, tranh anh, chCf sd, chup anh, do dae... Tat ca nhUng tai lieu ma tre ghi chep va thu thap dupe se giup cho cac em md rpng tam hieu biet, nang eao nhan thUe ve ehu de dang tien hanh va giup cho eae boat ddng sau khi tham quan mang lai hieu qua eao hon.
3.3. Hoat dpng sau khi tham quan hqc tap thuc tiin cCta tre
- Sau khi ket thuc hoat ddng tham quan hpe tap thue tien, tre trd ve Idp eung nhau thao luan, trao ddi y kien, trinh bay nhCfng ket qua ma chung da dat dupe trong khi tham quan hpe tap thUe tien. Qua viec thao luan trao ddi vdi cae ban trong Idp se giup eho tre bd sung day du vao nhan thUe eua minh nhCfng phan ma ban than cdn thieu hoac sCfa chufa nhCfng thdng tin khdng ehinh xac.
- Tre cd the bieu hien ra ben ngoai su hieu biet va nhan thCfe cua ban than bang ra't nhieu each khac nhau nhU: Bieu hien qua ngdn ngiJf, bieu hien qua mT thuat va tao hinh, bieu hien qua toan va khoa hpe tu nhien, bieu hien bang than the, bieu hien qua trd chdi, ddng kich...
3.4. Mdi nha chuyen mon de'n tham Idp va ndi chuyen cung tre
- De giup cho tre em cd the hieu bie't sau
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Khoa hoc Gido due them ve nhung dieu ma tre da hoc tap dupc, saukhi da tien hanh cac boat dpng ndi tren, GV se mdi mdt nha ehuyen mdn hoac ngudi cd nhieu kinh nghiem lien quan den ehu de dang tien hanh den tham tdp va trd chuyen, chia se nhCfng kinh nghiem eung tre eung nhU tra Idi va giup tre giai dap mpi thac mac ve ehu de.
- Viec mdi nha ehuyen mdn den tham quan va trd chuyen cung tre mang lai hieu qua, trudc dd GV phai cho tre cung nhau ddng gdp y kien xay dung muc luc nhCfng cau hdi, nhCfng thae mac ve nhCfng dieu mudn biet Sau khi da dat ra cac cau hdi GV phai tao ra eac tinh hudng kich thich tre suy nghT va thCf tim ra eau tra Idi.
3.5. Tre eiing nhau lam mpt san pham tap the
De ehuan bj eho budi le td'ng ket va trung bay eae san pha'm eua qua trinh boat ddng ve chu de, cho tre cung nhau suy nghT, thao luan de cung nhau lam ra mpt san pham tap the hudng ve ehu de.
4. Tdng ket
- O budc tdng ket, tre em trUng bay tat ca eac san pham cua toan bp qua trinh boat ddng theo ehu de Project eho eha me va GV cung nhu cac ban d trong Idp va cac Idp khac dupe biet.
Qua dd, cung thdng bao ve npi dung, cac san pha'm cOng nhU qua trinh dien ra cac boat ddng va ndi dung cac boat dpng cho mpi ngUdi dugc biet.
- Sau khi budc trien khai ket thuc, GV phai lua chpn thdi diem thich hop de td chUe boat ddng ket thuc va tdng ket ve chu de eho tre.
4.1. Thao luan va ban ke hoaeh to ehUc buoi li tong ket
- Trudc khi len ke hoaeh td chUe budi le td'ng ke't, GV phai eho tre cd thdi gian de hdi tudng va nhd lai toan bd qua trinh va ndi dung cae hoat ddng da dupe tien hanh.
- Quyet dinh ngay gid cho budi le td'ng ket, phat bieu, trUng bay cac san pha'm.
- Cung ban bae de quyet djnh each thUe td chCfe va quyet dinh each thCfc td chCfe, quyet dinh dd'i tupng khach mdi.
- Quyet dinh cac ndi dung hang mue se phat bieu hoac cae san pha'm se trUng bay.
- Phan chia cdng viee eho tUng ca nhan tre va lam giay mdi.
- Theo sU phan edng cdng viee cac em se tien hanh trang tri Idp hpe va chua'n bj mpi cdng viec can thiet eho budi le tdng ket.
4.2. Buoi li tong ke't phat bieu, then lam va trung bay
- Sau khi da hoan tat cae khau ehua'n bi cho budi le trUng bay, tien hanh budi le.
- Thdng qua viec gidi thieu nhCfng san pha'm cua qua trinh hoat ddng eho tat ea khach mdi, tre em dupc the hien minh ddng thdi cd ca hdi dupe tdng ket va chinh xac lai nhCfng thdng tin tri thCfe ma ban than dat dupe thdng qua eae boat ddng theo chu de Project.
- Budi le tdng ket ehinh la ea hdi de tre em dupe the hien ban than, the hien tri tudng tupng sang tao phong phu, kha nang tham mT va the hien niem vui khi dupc tham gia eung nhau hpe tap va vui choi.
- Sau budi le trUng bay, GV sap xep thdi gian de ndi chuyen, thao luan eung tat ca tre em cua nhdm eung tre danh gia ve qua trinh boat ddng theo chu de Project. Hoat ddng nao dang nhd nha't? Hoat ddng nao tre cam tha'y hUng thu va mudn dugc lam nha't? Hoat ddng nao vui nha't? Va boat ddng nao khd nha't?...
- Sau boat dpng danh gia ve chu de vUa hoan thanh, hudng sUchCi y va hUng thu cua tre tdi eac chu de khac bat dau cho mpt boat dpng theo chu de mdi tiep theo.
III. Vai tro eua GV va tre em d phUdng phap giao due Project
f , 1. Vai trd cua ngudi hgc (tre em)
Phuong phap giao due Project dat tre em la trung tam cua qua trinh giao due. Tre em la nhi/ng ehu the cua qua trinh hoat ddng, tdn tai nang ddng, sang tao, tham gia vao eae boat dpng theo chu de Project mpt each nhiet tinh, ehu ddng, tich cUc va hUng thu.
2. Vai trd cua GV ^ ; , Phuong phap giao due Project nhan manh tam quan trpng eua GV - La ngudi hudng dan, dan dat eho qua trinh boat ddng hpe tap eua tre mdt each linh boat. : Is .
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Khoa hoc Gido due
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- Tham gia vao cac hoat dong cung tre mdt each tich cue nhu la mpt thanh vien eua nhdm tre. Odng thdi khich le de tre tham gia tieh cUc vao mpi boat ddng va duy tri hUng thu eua tre trong sudt qua trinh dien ra cac boat dpng theo ehu de project. Trd chuyen, thao luan va trao ddi y kien thudng xuyen vdi tre de dao sau nhCfng suy nghT sang tao cung nhu md rdng sU hie'u biet, tri thUc cua tre.
- Biet each td ehCfc cae boat ddng, tao mdi trudng hoan canh de kich thich tre den vdi cac boat ddng hpe tap mpt each tU nhien thoai mai, khdng gd ep ma tre van tham gia cae boat dpng mdt each nhiet tinh va say me. ; ;: -;
- Biet each can thiep dung luc, dung chd, va phu hdp. Giup dd khi can thiet de tre cd the lua chpn eae each dieu tra, tim kiem va bie'u hien phong phu da dang ben canh dd giup dd de tre ed the tim kiem va phat hien ra nhieu eae phuang phap giai quye't van de ve nhCfng dieu ma chung edn ban khoan va mudn tim hieu.
- Giup dd lam cho tre cd cam giac an toan ve mat tam li tinh cam. O nhCfng tinh hudng ma tre khdng the dU doan hoac tim ra each giai quye't, GV se can thiep giup dd de tre tU tin vao ban than va tim ra phUdng thC/e giai quyet dung dan va nhanh ehdng.
- Thudng xuyen quan sat kha nang tien hanh cac boat ddng da dang cua tre cOng nhU md rpng pham vi de thCf thaeh nhUng tre cd nang lUc ddng thdi eung cap nhieu cd hdi dae biet cho nhu'ng tre cdn yeu kem.
- Vdi nhCfng tre khdng ed hCfng thu vdi qua trinh tien hanh eae boat ddng theo ehu de Project, GV phai giup dd ean thiep kip thdi qua viee trd chuyen trao ddi hudng tre vao eae tieu ehu de cd lien quan vdi chu de dang tien hanh.
- Ngoai ra, GV can giup dd de tre ed the lUa chpn va quyet dinh tien hanh cac hoat ddng phu hdp mang lai hieu qua.
- Hudng dan cha me tre danh gia ket qua qua trinh boat dpng cua tre qua viec xem xet tat ca eac san pha'm boat dpng cua tre dupc trUng bay.
Hau het cac trUdng mam non d nude ta hien nay deu dang trien khai cac hoat ddng giao
due cho tre theo hu'dng lich lidp theo chu de. Tuy nhien, cac npi dung trien khai ehu de eho tre tiep can chu ye'u van dUa tren nhCfng ke hoaeh do GV da xay dUng va chua'n bi tU trudc, tre chi la ngUdi tham gia vao cac boat ddng theo ke hoaeh ma GV da xac dinh tU trudc. Oieu nay cho tha'y, viee td ehUc hoat dpng giao due cho tre cua GV van chUa thUc sU dat tre vao vi tri trung tam, chua thUe sU quan tam nhieu den nhu eau va hCfng thu cua tre ma chu ye'u GV v i n la trung tam cua qua trinh giao due. Vdi each thCfc td chC/c nhu vay se khdng phat huy dupe tinh tich cUc, chu ddng va sang tao cua tre. Oe giup cho GV mam non ed the nam bat dUdc each thCfc trien khai cac boat ddng cho tre theo hudng tfch hpp chu de dung nhU tinh than va ban chat cua phUdng phap giao due nay, xin dupe cung cap mpt vai thdng tin ve phuong phap giao due theo quan diem Project - Phuang phap giao due dang dupc trien khai trong cac trUdng mam non cua nhieu nude tren the gidi va ngay eang khing djnh dupe hieu qua giao due dd'i vdi tre mam non. Chia se mpt vai thdng tin ve phUOng phap giao due nay vdi mong mudn phuang phap giao due nay se dupc GV mam non nhin nhan ve tinh hieu qua tU dd ed nhu cau tiep can, nam bat va td ehUe trien khai eho tre nham dat dupe nhumg hieu qua giao due tdt nha't ddi vdi tre em.
TAI Ll6U THAM KHAO
1. Theory and Practice of Project Approach. 0 Young Hee, Ha Sun Lyen. (2006 - Seoul, Yang So Won.
2. Engaging Children's Minds: Project Approach. Chard, S, C.(1996).
3. Projects method. Kilpatrick, W, H(1996) - New York:
Teachers College, Columbia University
4. The project approach - Approach to early childhood education (pp. 201 - 215). Katz, L, G. & Chard, S, C.(1993).
5. Projects in primari school. London: Batsford. Katz, L, G.(1993).
SUMMARY
This article discusses some issues in approaching project-based method like; concepts, purposes, character- istics of project based method; the organization process of education activities; the role of teachers and students in the project-based method.
56 KHGD so' 5 0 , thdng 11 - 2009
