NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT
NHU CAU XAY DUNG CHE DjNH HUY VIEC NUOI CON NUOI TRONG PHAP LUAT VIET NAM
Ngd Thanh Hutmg*
* TS. Khoa Luat, Oai hoc Quoc Gia Ha Noi.
Thong tin bai viet;
Tic khoa: Huy nuoi con nu6i, c h i m diit nuoi con nu6i.
Lich su bdi viet:
Nhan bai Bien tap Duyet bai
: 10/02/2020 : 22/02/2020 : 26/02/2020
Tom tat:
Huy viSc nuoi con nuoi l i m quan hS nuoi con nu6i khong dugc tiep tpc duy tri. Tuy nhign, khac voi cac can cii cham diet vi^c nu6i con nuoi, buy viec nuoi con nuoi dugc ap dyng khi viec nuoi con nuoi bi vo hieu. Tiic la, viec nuoi con nuoi dugrc xac djnh la bat hgp phap va khong CO gia tri phap ly ngay tii khi xac lap. Dudi goc dg lich sii va luat so sanh, co the thay buy vi^c nuoi con nuoi da dugc ghi nhan.
Tuy nhien, phap luat Vi?t N a m lai kh6ng quy dinh v6 huy vi?c nuoi con nuoi neu vi pham cac dieu kien luat dinh. Do do, bai viet t§.p trung nghien cim ban chdt phap ly, phan tich nguy6n ly cua huy viec nuoi con nuoi; tu do lam sang to nhu cau xay dung che dinh buy viec nuoi con nuoi trong phap luat Viet Nam va dua ra mot so kien nghi.
Article Infomation:
Keywords: Adoption cancelation, adoption tennination
Article History:
Received Edited Approved
10 Feb. 2020 22 Feb. 2020 26 Feb, 2020
Abstract:
Adoption cancelation leads to the adoption relationship is not maintained. However, unlike the legal ground for adoption tennination, the adoption cancellation is applied once the adoption is concluded as invalid. That is, the adoption is determined to be illegal and has no legal validity from the time of establishment. From historical perspective and comparative law, it can be undestood that cancellation of adoption has been recorded. However, the Vietnamese law does not provide anyprovisions on cancellation of adoption in case of legal violations. This article is focused on discussions on the legal nature, analysis of the principle of adoption cancellation, thereby provides clear need to develop legal provisions on adoption cancellation in the Vietnamese law and as well as recommendations for related issues.
1. Ban chat phap ly cua nudi con nudi De hieu ro cdc vdn de lien quan den huy viec nudi con nudi, phai xuat phdt tu tinh chdt phdp ly cua nudi con nudi. Theo quan diera cua chiing tdi, nudi con nudi la mdt hanh vi phdp ly.
v i ly thuyit, hdnh vi phdp ly la su biiu thi y chi cua con ngudi nham tao ra nhung he qua phap ly, cdn sir kien phdp Iy la nhiing hien tugng md quy pham phdp ludt gdn cho nd nhiing he qua phdp ly nam ngodi y chi ciia cae ben lien quan'. Nudi con nudi la mdt
1 Jacques GHESTIN, Gilles GOUBEAUX et Muriel FABRE-MAGNAN, Traite de droit civil - hitroduction generale, Ted., Paris, L.G.D.J., 1994, tr.l37; Nicole CATALA, La nature juridique du payment Paris, L.G.D.J., 1961, tr.26; Gerard CORNU, Vocabulaire juridique, 2 ed., Paris, PUF, 1990, Cac tu "Acte", "fait"
18
"volonte".NGHI£N cthi
LAP PHAP_ / So 5(405)-T3/2020
hanh vi phap ly vi nd xuat phdt true tiep tir y chi ciia cdc ben ttong quan he nudi con nudi.
Trong tradng hgp, con nudi chua thdnh nien thi nhan con nudi Id rapt hdnh vi phdp ly don phuang. Tuy nhien, di ddm bdo lgi ich ciia ngudi dugc rihan lam eon nudi, khi chua du nang lire hdnh vi dan su de bay td y chi cua minh thi budc phdi cd su dong y eua ngudi dai dien eua ngudi dugc nhan lam con nudi.
CJ day, su ddng •y cda ngudi dai dien cua ngudi dugc nhdn lam eon nudi khdng cd tinh chdt nhu ttong quan he hgp ddng tang cho tdi san. Bdi le, eon nudi khdng the la ddi tugng dugc tang cho vd muc dich cua su ddng y ndy khdng vi lgi ich cua ngudi nhdn con nudi rad phai xuat phat tii lgi ich cua n ^ d i dugc nhan lara eon nudi. Ngugc lai, neu ngudi duge nhan ldm con nudi da thanh ni6n thi viec nhan con nudi ttong tradng hgp nay cd ban chat Id su thod thuan (khe udc) ciia cdc ben ttong viec xac lap quan he cha me con. Su thod thudn ndy hudng tdi su rang bupc cac quyen vd nghia vu cua cha me con giua ngudi dugc nhdn lam con nudi vdi ngudi nhdn con nudi, nhiing ngudi khdng cd mdi quan he huyet thdng vdi nhau nhu cha me con rudt, nhimg ngudi nhdn con nudi dugc xem nhu cha me eiia ngudi dugc nhan nudi dii khdng sinh ra ngudi dugc nhdn nudi;
ngudi dugc nhan nudi, ve phan minh, coi ngudi nhdn con nudi nhu cha me mdt^. Nhu vdy, viec nudi con nudi chi cd the duge xac lap do su bay td y chi cua ngudi nhdn nudi va ngudi dugc nudi hoac ngudi dai dien cua ngudi dugc nudi trong khudn khd thu tuc nudi con nudi tien hdnh dudi s\r giam sat cua Nhd nudc^.
Nudi con nudi Id ragt ttong nhiing nen tdng quan ttgng eiia phdt trien xa hdi. Vi vdy, quan he nudi con nudi ludn dugc dieu chinh bdi eac quy dinh chat che. Cdc ben trong quan he nudi con nudi budc phai tuan thu
NHA NU6C VA PHAP LUAT ddy du cdc quy dinh nay Tuy nhien, khdng ai cd the ep bugc ragt ngudi tham gia vao quan he nudi con nudi neu diiu ndy khdng xuat phdt tu y chi t\r nguyen ciia ngudi dd.
Mat khac, neu cho rang nhgn con nudi khdng phai la ragt hanh vi phap ly vi cac ben ttong quan he nudi con riudi khdng thi thod thuan dugc nhiing vdn di liSn quan din nhan thdn thi day la radt quan niem khdng phu hgp.
Bdi le, quan he nudi con nudi khdng chi ldm phat sinh cdc van de lien quan din nhdn than ma cdn bao gdra cdc quan he tdi sdn.
De nhan dinh ban chdt phdp ly cua radt quan h? phap ludt ndi chung va quan h$ nudi con nudi ndi rieng phdi xuat phdt tu ngudn gdc hinh thanh cua nd. Nudi con nudi bat ngudn tir hdnh vi nhan con nudi, neu khdng cd hanh vi ndy thi khdng the xudt hien quan he nudi con nudi. Dieu nay cd nghTa, quan he nudi con nudi dugc xdc lap khi vd chi khi cd su tuyen bd y chi ve viec rang bupc cdc quyen va nghia vu cua eha me con giiia cac ben ttong quan he nudi con nudi thdng qua viec thuc hien cdc thii tuc nudi con nudi vd dugc Nhd nudc cdng nhan.
2. Nguyen ly cua huy vifc nuoi con nudi Nguyen ly ciia huy viec nudi con nudi bdt ngudn tir ly thuyit vB hanh vi phdp ly vi nhdn con nudi la mdt hdnh vi phap ly. Theo ly thuyit nay thi cdn phdn tach hai van de:
Mdt Id, su vi pham dieu kien xdc lap hieu lire cua hdnh vi phdp ly dan tdi tuyen bd hdnh vi phdp ly vd hieu vd dp dung che tai buy. Hai la, xii ly vi pham nghiem ttgng hanh vi phdp ly cd hdu qua la chdm diit hanh vi phap ly.
Nhu vdy, niu cd su vi pham quy dinh cua phdp ludt vi nudi con nudi lara cho viec nudi con nudi bi vd hieu thi hau qua ciia nd la buy viec nudi con nudi.
Ap dung ly thuyit vi hanh vi phap ly, viec nudi con nudi bi vd hieu khi xdy ra mdt trong cac vi pham vi: (i) su ung thuan ttong
2 Nguyln Nggc Dien, Binh luan khoa hgc Luat Hon nhan va gia dinh Viet Nam, Nxb. Tre thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tr.l97.
3 Nguyen Nggc Dien, Bhih luan khoa hoc Luat Hon nhan va gia dinh Viet Nam, Tldd, tr. 197.
V NOH'^M e""* I 1Q S6 5(405) - T 3 / 2 0 2 0 ^ |_^p p | | A P ' *
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT
thifc hien theo dung quy dinh^K Tuy timg trudng hgp cu t h i , viec nudi con nudi cdn cd the bi hiiy khi vi pham cdc diiu kien nudi con nudi'^.
Mat khac, dudi gdc do lich sii, hiiy viec nudi con nudi khdng phdi la mdt c h i dinh xa la. Che dinh ndy da dugc quy dinh ttong cdc dao ludt trade day. Chdng ban, Bd Hodng Viet Hd Luat (cdn ggi Id Bd Ddn luat Trung) cd de cap den buy viec nudi con nudi; n i u viec nudi con nudi nhdra raiic dich ban con vd hdu qud la ngudi nhdn con nudi khdng t h i yeu cau cha me de ciia con nudi hoan ttd lai nhung tdi vat hay tien da nhdn khi viec nudi con nudi bi buy ttong quy dinh tai Diiu 203 nhu sau: "tic ndy ve sau, khdng ai duac gid ldm khi u&c con nudi md ky thuc dem bdn con, su bdn con Id mpt dieu ludt hinh da nghiem cdm vd dinh phgt. Vd neu trong luc ldm khe u&c nudi con nudi, ngu&i dimg nudi cd cho cha me de dira con nudi nhirng tdi vdt gi hay mdt sd tien gi, den sau ndy, cd tiiu huy viec nudi con nudi ngu&i dy, ngu&i dimg nudi cdng khdng bao gi& duac bdt cha me dica con nudi dien hodn"^^, Suy luan ra, theo Bd Ddn ludt Trang thi ttong tradng hgp ndy viee vi pham dieu cdm da ldm viec nudi con nudi bi vd hieu va ddn den viec nudi eon nudi bi buy. Ngoai ra, buy viec nudi eon nudi cung dugc coi la giai phdp cho cac trudng hgp viec nudi con nudi bi vd hieu theo Luat Gia dinh (2-1-1959) dudi thdi ky cbinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem (Luat Gia dinh). Theo dd, ttong cudn Viet Nam Dan luat luge khdo, Quyen I, tdc gid Vii Van Mau khi ndi ve nudi con nudi theo Ludt Gia dmh cd viet "su chdm diet nghia dudng cd thi cd hai hinh thicc: su trudt bdi vd su tieu huy "'*.
Diei... ^ -r,- ^::. i_. .Jc_..:•. - ; , £ ^ ': yun.
de cdp ttong cudn Dan lu|it, Quyen 1 nhu sau: "cd hai cdch de tieu huy hieu qud cua nghia dudng la tieu huy vi khe udc nghia dudng vd hiiu vd truat bai nghia du&ng vi ly do dn & vd nghia "^^.
Cd t h i khdng dinh, vi?c xay dung che dinh buy nudi con nudi Id cdn thiet. Ch6 djiih buy viec nudi con nudi giup lap di su thieu hut cua phap ludt lien quan d i n vdn de vd hi$u eua viSc nudi con nudi. Nd hodn toan phii hgp vdi bdn chdt phap ly ciia nudi con nudi va tao nen ddng bd giiia Luat Nudi con nudi vdi Bd ludt Ddn su vd Ludt Hdn nhdn va gia dmh Viet Nam.
4. M$t so kiin nghi
Che dinh nudi con nudi cd y nghia rat quan ttpng. Vi vdy, d i ddm bdo quan he nudi con nudi dien ra Idnh manh, tu nguySn, binh dang, bdo ddra quyen vd lgi ich hgp phdp cua ngudi nhan con nudi, ngudi con nudi, ddm bdo khdng ttai phdp luat va thuan phong my tuc, phap luat Viet Nam cdn bd sung quy dinh lien quan den buy viee nudi con nudi.
Theo quan diem cua chung tdi, kbi thiit k i quy dinh ve buy viec nudi con nudi can dp dung cdc Iy thuyet ve hanh vi phdp ly vd quan tdm tdi nhung v ^ d i sau:
Thir nhdt, lien quan den cdc can cii huy viec nudi con nudi. Ve ly thuyet, hiiy viee nudi con nudi la hau qud cua su vd hieu cua viec nudi con nudi. Bdi vay, huy viec nudi con nudi neu cd mdt ttong cdc can cu nhu sau:
- Cd su vi pham mdt ttong nhiing dieu kien ddi vdi ngudi nhdn con nudi. Cu the:
ngudi nhdn con nudi khdng cd nang luc hdnh
15 Xem Dieu 802 va Dieu 739 Bg luat Dan su Nhat Ban.
16 Xem Di6u 804 dSn 806 Bo luat Dan su Nhat Ban.
17 DiSu 203 Bo Hoang Viet Ho Luat (Bg Dan luat Trung).
18 Vu Van Mau, Viet Nam dan luat iugc khao, Quyen I - Gia dinh, xuat ban Bg Qui
tr.316. : gia Giio due, nam 1962,
LAP P H A P _ / So 5(405) - T3/2020
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT vi ddn s\r; ngudi nh|in con nudi chSnh lech
so vdi con nudi dudi 20 tudi; ngudi nhan con nudi khdng cd diSu ki?n kinh te, sue khoe, chd d di ddm bao vi?c chara sde, nudi dudng, gido dvic con nudi.
- Cd su vi pham dieu kien ddi vdi ngudi dugc nhan ldm con nudi. Chang han, ngudi dugc nhdn lam eon nudi tten 16 tudi nhung khong thugc tradng hgp dugc cha dugng, me ki hoac cd, di, chu, bdc, can rapt nhdn lam con nudi; da dugc nhan lam con nudi vd quan he nudi con nudi nay chua chara diit.
- Khdng cd su ddng y cua cac ben vi viec cho nhdn nudi con nudi.
- Vi pham cac hanh vi cam tai Diiu 13 Luat Nudi con nudi.
- Cd sir vi pham trinh tu, thu tuc dang ky viec nuoi con nudi.
Quan he nudi con nudi cd tinh chdt dac biet nen khdng phdi mgi tradng hgp vd hieu deu dan tdi hdu qud buy vifc nudi con nudi.
Chang han, Bp luat Dan sir cua Nhat Ban quy dinh: ngu&i nhdn con nudi phdi la ngu&i chua thdnh nien. Neu ngu&i nhdn con nudi chua thdnh nien thi cd thi yeu cdu Tod dn huy viec nudi con nudi. Viec nudi con nudi vdn duac cong nhgn niu ngu&i nhdn con nuoi dd qua sdu thdng ke tir ngdy thdnh niin hogc ngu&i con nudi chdp nhgn viec nudi con nudf^. Nhu vay, viec tuyen bd buy viec nudi con nudi cdn dugc gidi quyet ragt cdch mem mdng, linh hoat de ddra bao quyen vd lgi ich hgp phdp cua cac ben.
Thu hai. ve thdm quyin vd quyen yiu cau huy viec nudi con nudi: Theo quy dinh ciia phdp luat nudi con nudi hien nay, Tod dn la ca quan giai quyet viec chara dut nudi eon nuoi. Tuang tu nhu quan he hdn nhan, nudi con nudi Id mgt quan he xa hdi cd y nghia quan ttgng. Do do, di ddm bao quyin vd lgi
ieh hgp phap ciia eac ben ttong quan he nudi con nudi, lgi ich cua cdng ddng thi buy viec nudi con nudi ciing phdi do Toa an thuc hien.
Ve quyen yeu cdu buy viec nudi con nudi, so vdi phap luat Nhat Bdn ngudi dugc nh^n ldm con nudi khdng bi gidi ban vi do tudi, tni tradng hgp Id ngudi cao tudi, Ludt Nudi con nudi Viet Nam quy dinh ngudi dugc nhdn lam con nudi la tte em (tu 16 tudi ttd xudng), ngoai le cd tradng hgp tu du 16 tudi den 18 tudi. Do dd, de bao ve quyin vd lgi ich hgp phap cua ngudi con nudi thi phap ludt can quy dinh nhieu chu thi cd quyin yeu cdu huy viec nudi con nudi. Cdc chu the cd qujen yeu cdu huy nen ddng nhdt vdi chu the cd quyen yeu cdu chdm dut viec nudi con nudi. Dd cd the la con nudi, cha me de, ngudi giara hd cua con nudi hoae ca quan lao ddng thuang binh va xa hdi vd hgi lien hiep phu nii.
Thic ba, ve hau qud phdp ly cua huy viec nudi con nudi: Ve ly thuyet, quan he nudi con nudi bi hiiy bd thi cac ben khdng cdn rang huge vdi nhau ttong mdi quan he cha me con, duang nhien ngudi nhan con nudi vd ngudi con nudi ciing khdng phai thuc hi6n cdc nghia vu cdp dudng, nudi dudng, gidra hd vdi tu each la cha me va con. Ngoai ra, ngudi con nudi cdn se dugc Idy lai hg, ten raa ngudi eon nudi mang trudc khi viec nudi con nudi dugc xdc lap. Mat khac, hieu lire ciia hiiy viec nudi con nudi la viec nudi con nudi khdng cd gia tri phdp ly. Do dd, ciing can suy xet cac van de lien quan den quyen kit hdn giiia nhiing ngudi bi hiiy viec nudi con nudi; vdn di hodn tta nhiing lgi ich md cac ben nhdn dugc do xdc lap viec nudi con nudi; hay vdn de gidi quyet quan he hgp ddng vdi ngudi thii ba do buy viec nudi con nudi hoae neu viec nudi con nudi dugc xdc lap nhIra muc dich true lgi thi cd dat ra vdn de bdi hodn... •
19 Nguyln Quang Quynh, Dan luat, Quy6n I, xuat t 20 Xem Diiu 804 Luat Dan s\r Nhat Ban.
n Vien Dai hgc Can Tho, nam 1967, tr.459.
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