M O T S 6 V A N
Bl If LUAN V^ CHfNH SACH
QUAN L ? ROIRO TRONG
S A N X U A T C ATRA
P h a m Bao Diftfng*
Ha Thi T h a n h Mai**
Tuy dddc ghi nhdn Id mdt trong nhUng ngdnh mdi nhgn cua ndng nghiip Viet Nam, sdn xudt vd che bien cd tra dang phdi ddi mat vdi nhiiu thdch thdc, dd Id cdc rui ro. Trong bdi cdnh Viet Nam chUa cd chinh sdch dgc thii vi qudn ly rui ro trong sdn xud't cd tra, viec he thd'ng hoa cdc vdn di ly lugn se gdp phdn ldm nin tdng cho cdc quye't dinh chink sdch cua Chinh phd vd cdc Bd, Ngdnh. Bdi viet ndy ldm ro khdi niem vi rui ro, qudn ly rui ro vd chinh sdch qudn ly rui ro trong sdn xud't cd tra. Ben cgnh dd, bdi viit chi ra: cdn thiit phdi sa dung tiep can tdng the vd tiep can ngdnh hdng trong chinh sdch qudn ly rui ro trong sdn xudt cd tra. Tren cd sd van dung kinh nghiem cua the gidi trong qudn ly rui ro dd'i vdi sdn xudt ndng nghiep, bdi viet khuyen nghi 10 cdng cu qudn ly rui ro trong sdn xudt cd tra bao gdm: quy hogch cd sd hg tdng phuc vu sdn xudt; cung edp dich vu khuyen ngU; qudn ly chdt lUdng ddu vdo; ddu ra; kiem sodt dich binh; tdng cUdng cung edp thong tin thi trudng; duy tri sU on dinh cua gid cd; tgo lap vd phdt trien thi trudng bdo hiem ndng nghiep; cUu trd nhdn dgo; ddn nd, hd trd tin dung, gidm thui'; xdy dUng he thdng thu nhgn thdng tin vd cdnh bdo rui ro.
TQ khoa: Quan ly rui ro, chinh sach quan ly rui ro, san xufi't cfl tra
1. Mdf d a u Bdn canh nhQng t h a n h tUu dflng ghi San xua't vfi che' bie'n ca t?a la mot trong " h a n , s i n xufi't ca t r a dang phai ddi mat vdi nhiing nganh mui nhgn cua nong nghidp khdng it cac thfich thiJc, do Ifi cfic rui ro.
Viet Nam. Gia tri xua't k h ^ u ciia ca t r a n a m Hidn tUOng 30% didn tich h a m nudi ca tra 2011 dat 1,805 ty USD, chid'm 31.1% td'ng DBSCL lam vao tinh t r a n g "treo hSm" nam gia tri xua't khSu ngfinh thuy san". Nganh 2010 Ifi mdt vi du dien hinh ve" riii ro gifi ca'.
san xua't va chd' bid'n ca t r a dang phfit trien Ben canh do, ngUdi san xufi't ca tra thudng het siic m a n h me. Td'c dd t a n g trudng binh xuyen phai hiing chiu cac riii ro khac nhu quan giai doan 1998-2007 Ifi 68%/nam ve" rui ro do thien tai, dich bdnh, do nhiing thay kim ngach xufi't k h a u ^. Nhfin thiic dugc t i m j j ' , ^g- t i j | che, do fip dung ky thufit khdng quan trgng cua san xua't cfi tra, nfim 2010, pj^^ ^^^ r^j ^o ^ 1 t j j chinh- tin dung va rui san pham ca t r a da dugc Chinh phu dua vfio ^^ ^ | ^^.^ ngUdi.
nhdm san ph^m chi^n lUdc cua Vidt Nam ^ ^ {413IVPCP-KTN ngdy 19/0112010). » * ? " " ^ ^ <=''ila cd nghien ciiu nao vd rui
ro vfi q u a n ly r u i ro trong san xufi't ca tra.
• Phsirn Bao Duong, TiSn si, Khoa Kinh te v4 Phat triSn Nong thon, D?i hpc Nong nghidp H» Npi.
•• Hi Thi Tlianh Mai, Thac sT, Khoa Kinh tl v4 Phit trifo Nong thon, Dai hoc Nong nghiSp H4 Noi.
'Theo http://vnecononiyvn/201202020957I0P0CI9/xuat-khau-ca-tra-co-the-dat-2-ty-usd-trong-nani-2012.htm
^ B6 NN&PTNT, B4o cdo Quy hoach ph4t triln sSn xudt vi tieu thu cS fra ving Dong bang s6ng Ciiu Long Akn nam 2010, dinh huSng den nSm 2020, thing 9/2008.
S6'47(5+liffil)12) OUAN LY KINH IE E l
^ ^ 3 HBHi^M niru TRAD lltfl MQT S6 VAN DE LV LUAN V £ CHfNH SACH...
san phfl'm chiln lUpc eua ndng nghiep Viet Nam. Do vfly, viec nghien cQu mot each en he thdng vo rui ro vfl chinh sach quan Iy tiii ro trong san xufl't ca tra Ifl hd'L sQr crin (.hidt.
Tren ed sd nghien cQu tdng quan vfl lu;
thd'ng chinh sach trong san xufl't en Ifa.
nghien cQu dUdc thUc hien nham muc Liru xay dUng cO scf ly luan Iflm nen tang cho ci\c de xua't chinh sach vc quan ly riii ro trong san xufl't Cfi tra.
Day Ifl nghien cQu tdng quan. (';'ic thdng tm dUdc thu thflp Ifl cae thong Lin da dUi;le cong bo' tQ cflc bflo eao cua Bo Ndng nghidp vfl Phat trien ndng thon hen quan dd'n rui ro trong san xufl't ca tra, cac nghien cQu trong nude va qud'c te' v l rui ro vfl quan ly rui ro trong nong nghiep ndi chung, trong san xufl't ea tra noi ridng, he thong ehinh sflch cua Chinh phu vfl Bo Nong nghiep v l quan ly rui ro trong san xufl't cfl tra. Cac thong tin tren dUdc thu thflp qua cac trang Web cua Bo Xong nghidp vfl cac tap chi khoa hoe.
2. M o t so' k h a i n i e m v e r u i r o va q u a n ly r u i r o t r o n g s a n x u a t cfl t r a
u. Khdi niem rui ro trong sdn xud't cd tra
Khfli nidm ve rui ro c i n phai duoc Iflm ro boi mot khai nidm dung se la t i l n de cho nhQng tid'p can chinh sflch dung.
De Iflm sang to khai nidm v l rui ro.
Knight (1921) vfl F r a n k Ellis (1993) da phan biet hai khai nidm: rui ro (risk) va sU khdng chflc chfln (uncertainty). Rui ro Ifl tinh trang trong do cflc bid'n co" c6 the xay ra vfl sac xua't xay ra cac bien eo' dd da dUdc bid't cdn sU khdng chflc chfln Ifl tinh t r a n g xay ra cac bid'n cd' ma xac sufl't xufl't hien bie'n cd' khong duoc bid't trUdc. Tuy nhidn, nhQng hoc gia phe phfln quan diem nfly cho rflng sU p h a n biet nfly chUa thoa dang bcfi trong thQc te, sac xufl't xufl't hidn cac bid'n co rfl't it khi do
lUdng dUi;)c, sac xufl't xufl't hidn bid'n cd' phu thuoc vflo k>^ vong eua tQng ca nhan (Moschini and Hennesy 2001). Theo H a r d a k e r vfl cong sQ (2004) sQ khdng chflc chfln nhfl'n m a n h "kid'n thQc khdng hofln hao" (imperfect knowledge) con rui ro Ifl tinh t r ^ n g xay ra cac h$u qua kinh te x^u khong iQdng trUde (exposures to uncertain unfavourable economic consequences). Theo OECD (2009) q u a n diem cua H a r d a k e r dUdc da sd^hpc gia tfln thflnh.
F r a n k Ellis (1993) cho rflng cflc quan didm ve rui ro hien nay da thay doi so vdi trUdc kia. Cflc nghidn cQu trUde day v l rui ro nhfl'n manh: rui ro m a n g tinh khflch quan (objective matter) trong khi cac nghidn cdu g^n day Iflp lufln rflng riii ro mang tinh chu quan (subjective matter). Rui ro mang tinh khach quan, ndi each khflc, eon ngUdi bang kien thQc cua minh cd the tinh toan dUdc sac xufl't xay r a cflc sU kidn khdng chflc chfln.
Rui ro mang tinh chu quan hflm y moi ea n h a n khflc n h a u cd the sd cd ky vong hay n i l m tin khflc n h a u ve sac xufl't xay ra cflc sU kidn khong chflc chfln. NhU vdy, rdi ro mang tinh chd quan cdn bao hdm nhdn thitc cda cdc cd nhdn trade mdt sU kien khdng chdc chdn.
Tuy vfly. cd t h e thfl'y. rui ro va khong chflc chfln Ifl h a i thuflt ngQ khd phfln dinh rach roi bdi trong rui ro cung chQa dQng sU khdng chflc chfln va h l u n h u tfl't ca sU khong chflc chfln d i u hflm y rui ro.
Trdn cd sci cac q u a n diem ve rui ro neu tren, rui ro trong s a n xufl't cfl tra cd the dUdc dinh nghia nhU sau: rui ro trong sdn xudt cd tra Id tinh trgng xdy cdc bie'n cd'gdy hgu qud xdu ddi vdi sdn xud't cd tra. Rui ro trong sdn xudt cd tra mang tinh chd quan, tac Id rui ro phu thudc vdo nhdn thUc cua cdc cd nhdn ve khd ndng xdy ra cdc bii'n cd.
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MOT S6 VAN D £ LV LUAN yg CHINH SACH .. HGHigN CIJ^ TRAO Dfll i W l l
b. Phdn loai rui ro trong sdn xudt cd tra
Theo nguyen n h a n gay r a rui ro, trdn cd sd he thd'ng hoa eflc nghien cQu ciia Hurne (2000), Musser va Patrick (2001), Ramaswami va cong sU (2003), OECD (2008) va ap dung trong d i i u kidn san xufl't ca tra tai Viet Nam, cac rui ro trong san xufl't ca tra bao gom:
Rui ro do thien nhidn Ifl rui ro gay ra do nhQng tac dong xfl'u cua thidn nhidn nhU lu lut, h a n hfln, giong bao.
Rui ro dich bdnh Ifl riii ro do nhQng tflc dong xfl'u khi dich benh phflt sinh mfl khong ludng trUde dUde.
Rui ro thi trUdng Ifl riii ro do nhQng thay ddi khong bid't trUdc v l cung cau hflng boa trdn thi trUdng gay ndn nhQng bid'n dong ba't ldi ciia gia ca, bao gom ca gifl ea dau vflo vfl gifl ca d a u ra.
Rui ro ky thuflt la rui ro gay nen tQ viec ap dung cflc tie'n bo ky t h u a t khong phu hdp.
Rui ro tfli chinh tin dung la cac rui ro do cac thay dd'i bfl't loi ve tfli chinh vfl tin dung nhQ lai sufl't t h a y doi, vd nd, he thd'ng tin dung bi k h u n g hoang
- Rui ro the chd' la cac rui ro do cac thay dd'i ve t h i chd' gay tac dgng xa'u de'n nganh san xua't ca tra nhQ t h a y doi chinh sflch dfl't dai, chinh sflch q u a n ly moi trUdng, cac quy dinh v l quan ly san xufl^t vfl tieu t h u cfl tra.
Rui ro con ngUdi den tQ cac hflnh vi mang tinh ca n h a n hoac do sQc khoe hi a n h hQcing hbi o'm dau, bdnh tflt.
Dieu dang iQu y Ifl mot sd' loai rui ro t r e n lien quan den n h a u . Rui ro thien nhien nhQ lu lut cd t h i d i n dd'n r u i ro do dich benh vi lu lut se lam cho b e n h dich p h a t tan n h a n h hdn. Rui ro do sQc khde cung cd t h i d i n
ddn rui ro tai chinh, rui ro ky thuflt. Nd'u ngUdi san xua't gap cflc cu sd'c v l sQc khoe rfl't ed the se khong c6 dieu kien ap dung cac ky thuflt phQ hdp hoac do bdnh tflt nen ehi phi y td' trd thflnh gflnh nang vfl diin dd'n cac rui ro v l tfli chinh. Riii ro thi trUcfng ed the Ifl mot trong cae nguyen n h a n gay r a rui ro ve tfli chinh tin dung. Vi du, gifl ca nguyen lieu sut giam dd'n mQc khong bu dflp dUdc gia thflnh rfl't cd t h i gia tflng nguy cd vd nd ngfln h a n g hoac mfl't kha nflng t h a n h tofln cua eflc cd sd san xufl't. Vi vdy, trong qudn ly riii ro cdn nhdn dgng mdl liin he giUa cdc logi rui ro nhdm ngdn chdn tdc ddng mang tinh hi thd'ng, gidm thiiu thiit hgi
c. Khdi niem qudn ly rui ro, chinh sdch qudn ly rui ro trong sdn xud't cd tra
Theo Hardaker va eac cong sU (1997) :
"qudn ly rui ro Id sii dp dung cd he thd'ng cdc chinh sdch qudn ly, cdc nguyen tdc vd hdnh ddng trong dinh dgng, phdn tich, ddnh gid, xa ly, vd gidm sdt rui ro nhdm gidm thiiu thiet hgi vd tdi da hda cdc cd hgi.". OECD (2009) eho rflng: "qudn ly rui ro Id hi thdng cdc bien phdp cua cdc nhdn vd cdc td chUc nhdm gidm thieu, hgn che vd kiem sodt rui ro".
TQ khai nidm v l quan ly rui ro trong ndng nghiep noi chung, quan ly rui ro vfl chinh sflch quan ly rui ro trong san xufl't cfl tra c6 the dUdc dinh nghia nhU sau: Qudn ly rdi ro trong sdn xudt cd tra Id hi thdng cdc chu trUdng, hdnh ddng cua chinh phu, hdnh dgng cua cdc tdc nhdn tham gia ngdnh sdn xudt cd tra nham kiem sodt, gidm thiiu rui ro.
Chinh sdch qudn ly riii ro trong sdn xudt cd tra Id tap hdp cdc chu trddng, hdnh ddng cua Chinh phu. nhdm kiem sodt, gidm thieu rui ro trong sdn xudt cd tra.
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^ilJ^]ll^NGHlfeH ClifU TRAO odl MOT S 6 VAN D E Ly LUAN yg CHlNH SACH...
3. S u c a n thie't c u a vide b a n hflnh c h i n h s a c h q u a n ly r i i i r o t r o n g s a n xua't c a t r a
Theo Tran Dinh Thao vfl cong sU (2010), sU can thidp eua chinh phu trong quan ly rui ro Ifl h i t sQc c i n thie't khi cflc chid'n lUdc quan ly rui ro cua ea nhfln vfl thi trUdng khdng cd hieu qua hoflc khdng dap Qng dQ^e.
Cac chid'n lU(?c cua nong dfin eung nhU sU dieu tid't cua thi trUdng d i u cd t h i bi vd hi^u trUde cflc n i i ro t h a m khde nhU t h a m hoa thidn nhidn, eflc rui ro mang tinh he thong nhu suy thoai kinh te tofln e l u . Trong trUdng hdp nfly, sU can thiep eua Chinh phu Ifl vo eung quan trong nhflm giam thidu nguy cd xay ra cac rui ro, giam thidu thiet hai, ho trd eac ca n h a n bi td'n thfl't, dam bao an sinh xa hoi...
Chinh phu can thiep vflo quan ly rui ro trong san xufl't cfl tra thong qua vide ban hflnh he thong chinh sflch v l quan ly rui ro trong san xufl't ca tra. Tuy vfly, trdn thUe te, Viet Nam chUa cd chinh sflch ridng ve quan ly rui ro trong san xua't cfl tra. Mot so'chinh sflch da ban hflnh d l cflp de'n bidn phflp Qng pho vdi mot so' rui ro cu the eua ngflnh chfln nudi, nudi t r i n g thuy san ndi chung mfl chUa hudng tdi cflc bien phap quan ly cho he thd'ng cflc rui ro cua ngflnh san xufl't cfl tra.
Trong bdi canh san xufl't ca tra - ngflnh san xufl't mui nhon eua thuy san dang phai d i i mat vdi khdng it cac rui ro, viec ban hflnh mot chinh sach quan ly rui ro trong san xufl't ca tra mang tinh tofln dien, he thd'ng trcf nen bet sQc bQc thid't. Chinh saeh dQdc ban hflnh vfl thQc thi se gop p h a n kiem soat rui ro, giam thieu cac thidt hai tQ cae bie'n c6' cho ngudi san xufl't, cac ddn vi che bien, xufl't kh^u vfl eac tac nhfln khac t h a m gia nganh san xufl't ca tra, gdp p h i n phflt trien b i n vQng san xufl't ca tra.
4. Cflc phi^tfng p h A p t i e p c a n c u a c h i n h s&ch q u a n ly r u i r o t r o n g s a n xua't c a t r a
w. Tiep can tdng the (holistic approach) Tid'p efln to'ng t h i dUde OECD k h u y i n eao trong quan 1^ rui ro cua san xufl't nong nghidp ndi chung.
Chinh sich c^a Chinh phu
Nguon: OECD, 2009 Theo OECD, he thd'ng q u a n ly rui ro bao gom 3 ye'u to Ifl nguon rui ro, chinh sach cua Chinh phu, chid'n iQdc eua ndng dan. Cflc yd'u to' nfly cd mdi q u a n he da c h i i u vdi nhau.
Chflng h ? n , chinh sach cua Chinh phu trong quan ly rui ro se tflc dong de'n chiln lUdc cua nong d a n vfl tflc dpng d i n nguon rui ro. Vi du, cflc chinh sflch hQu hieu cua Chinh phu v l bao h i i m ndng nghidp cd the se kich thich sQ phflt t r i l n cua thi trQdng bao h i i m , kich thich ngQdi san xufl't sQ dung cac dich vu bao h i i m vfl khi rui ro xay r a thi tac ddng cua chung de'n san xufl't se bi giam thidu.
Mat khac, chinh sflch quan ly rui ro cua Chinh phu hi tflc dong bdi chien lUdc cua nong d a n vfl nguon rui ro. Dua vflo dflnh gia mQc do rui ro vfl c h i l n iQdc cua ndng dan, Chinh phii b a n hflnh chinh sach n h a m khflc phuc hay hofln thien cflc c h i l n lUdc nay. SU t h a y dd'i cua mdt yd'u td' se dfln den sQ thay doi cua cac yeu to" cdn l^i. S Q p h a n h i i gifla cac yeu to" trong h$ thSng se dfln den sQ diiu
E S OUAN Lt KINH TE SGi 47 (5+6/2012)
MOT S 6 yAN DE L ? LUAN v g CHfNH SACH... NGHIEN cuu TRAO DOI
rm
chinh dong thdi cua cac yd'u to' nfly. Vide sQ dung cflc cdng cu, eflc bidn phflp quan ly rui ro hi quyd't dinh bdi ca hd thd'ng bao gom ban cha't eua cflc loai riii ro, mdi lien quan giQa cflc loai rui ro vdi nhau, hflnh dong eiia ndng dan, sU d i i u t i l t cua thi trUdng vfl hflnh dong cua chinh phu. Vi vdy, khi xdy dung chinh sdch qudn ly rui ro, khdng the tach rdi chinh sack cua Chinh phu vdi chii'n lUdc cua ndng ddn vd ngudn rui ro md phdi xem xet chdng trong mdi quan he tdc dgng dan xen Idn nhau.
Tiip can tdng the trong qudn ly rdi ro trong sdn xudt cd tra se cho phep cdc nhd hogch dinh chinh sdch vi qudn ly rui ro nhin nhdn chinh sdch qudn ly rui ro trong mdi quan hi da chiiu giaa chinh sdch cda Chinh phu, chii'n lUdc cua ndng ddn vd nguon rui ro.
b. Tiep can ngdnh hdng
San phflm cfl t r a vQa dUdc tieu dung trong nUdc vQa dUdc xufl't kh^u. Co rfl't nhidu tflc n h a n la cac mflt xich t h a m gia vao vide nuoi, che' bid'n, tieu thu, xufl't kh^u ca tra. Rui ro vfl chid'n lUdc quan ly rui ro ciia cflc tac n h a n Ifl khflc nhau. Nd'u mot khau trong mflt xich nfly quan ly riii ro khdng tot se anh hudng dd'n rui ro cua tofln bo chuoi.
Vi vfly, quan ly r u i ro trong san xufl't cfl tra chi thUc sU dat hidu qua khi ta't ca cac tac n h a n t h a m gia vflo ehudi ngflnh hflng d i u cd chien lUdc p h u hdp de quan ly rui ro. SQ dung tid'p can ngflnh h a n g trong chinh saeh quan ly n i i ro trong san xua't ea tra se cho phep cac nhfl hoach dinh chinh sach xem x^t chien lUdc q u a n ly rui ro cua tijfng tflc nhfin trong ehudi ngflnh h a n g (tQ ngUdi cung cfl'p nguydn lieu d a u vflo, ngUdi nudi, cac cd sd che bid'n, xufl't kh^u) d l p h a t hidn cac mat xich yeu vfl md'i lien he dan xen giQa cac chid'n iQdc q u a n ly r u i ro cua cae tac nhfin vdi n h a u . Tiep can n g a n h hflng trong chinh
sach quan ly rui ro trong san xufl't ca tra cung cho phdp danh gifl dQdc tac ddng cua chinh sach quan ly rui ro cua Chi'nh phu dd'i vdi tQng tae nhan, TQ do, Chinh phu cd can thidp phu hpp nhflm nang eao hieu qua cua chid'n lUdc quan ly rui ro cua cac tac nhan hoac d i i u chinh chinh sflch nhflm md rpng dp,pho rpng cua chinh sflch tdi nhQng dd'i tUdng chUa dUdc hudng ldi tQ chinh sach quan ly riii ro.
5. K i n h n g h i e m c u a t h e gidi v l q u a n ly r u i r o t r o n g n o n g n g h i e p
Chinh phii cflc nude da lUa chpn hd thong cae cong cu quan ly rui ro khflc nhau dUa trdn mue tieu ciia tQng Chi'nh phu, dieu kien tQ nhidn, kinh te'-xa hdi cu t h i cua moi vung, mdi qud'c gia, dac diem cua san xua't nong nghidp, trinh dp, dieu kidn cua ndng .dan.
Nhin ehung, eac nQdc cd tiem lUc v l kinh td' t h u d n g d a n h mpt p h i n ngan sach dang kd cho cflc cdng cu m a n g tinh trd cfl'p n h a m giam thidu thidt hai tQ eflc rui ro ed hflu qua Idn nhU My, Uc. Tuy nhien, cflc cdng cu m a n g t i n h trd cfl'p tao r a g a n h n a n g tfli chinh cho cac Chinh phu, Iflm meo md t h i trQdng, t a n g tinh y nai cua ngUcfi h u d n g ldi, Iflm giam an sinh xfl hpi.
Vi vfly, xu hudng chung Ifl cac nUdc chuydn d i n vide sQ d u n g cac cdng cu mang t i n h trd cfl'p sang cac cdng cu tao Ifip thi trudng n h u p h a t t r i l n thi trUdng bao h i i m , cung cfl'p thdng tin thi trUdng vfl cae edng cu nhflm n a n g cao n a n g lUc quan ly rui ro cho ndng hp t h o n g qua dflo tao v l kid'n thQc q u a n ly rui ro, nghien cQu vfl cung cfl'p thdng tin r u i ro cho ndng ho. Vide sQ dung cac cdng cu nfly se t a n g cudng sU chu dong cua ndng hd t r o n g dd'i pho r u i ro, giam bdt g a n h nflng tfli chinh cho chinh phu, nfing cao hidu qua ciia cae chid'n iQdc quan ly r u i ro cua Chinh phu.
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6. Khuye'n nghi ve cac cong cu cua chinh sach quan ly riii ro trong san xuat ca tra
Quy hogch cd sd hg tdng phuc vu sdn xudt cd tra Ifl bion phflp c i n thie't nhflm Qng phd vdi riii ro. Quy ho^ch vung nuoi gdp p h i n kiem soat hieu qua 6 nhilm mdi trQdng vfl sQ Ifiy lan cua dich bdnh ca tra, U\o dieu kidn thufln ldi cho viec dau tQ cd sd ha t i n g tflp trung cho vung nudi, giam thidt hai do lu lut.
Quy hoach vung san xufl't cfl tra e^n phu hpp vdi dac dicm vfl lpi thd' cua tQng vung sinh thai, nhflm khai thac tdi da tiem nflng cua tQng vung sinh thai, dam bao phflt Liien b i n vQng, an toan sinh hpc vfl bao vd mdi trQdng.
Ben eanh do, can co chinh sach quy hoach cac cd sd che' bie'n va cung Qng thQc fln chfln nudi, vung san xufl't nguyen lieu, ben cang, kho chuyen dung nhflp khflu nguyen lieu thQc fln chan nudi. Quy hoach, to' chQc he thong che' bid'n theo hudng cdng nghidp gfln vdi vung chan nuoi hflng hoa, ve sinh thu y, an tofln thUc pham va xQ ly mdi trUdng.
Cung cap dich vu khuyin ngU cho ngUbi nuoi se gop phan n a n g cao hieu qua cua cac bien phap ky thufit trong quan ly rui ro cua ngudi nuoi. Nghidn cQu cua Tru C. Le and France Cheong, (2009) v l Do ludng mQc dp rui ro vfl hidu qua ciia chien iQdc quan ly rui ro trong trang trai nuoi ca da trdn Viet Nam da chi ra quan ly t r a n g trai vfl cac bidn phflp ky thuflt dQdc coi Ifl cflc chie'n iQpc hieu qua hdn cac chie'n iQdc khae trong quan ly riii ro.
Thong qua t h a m gia cac ho^t dong khuye'n ngQ, ngudi san xufl't n a n g cao k i l n thQc ve quan ly dich benh, quan ly nguon giong, thQc an, ao nuoi, ky thuflt tha ca, ky thuflt chflm sdc. Cac kien thQc nfly se tflng cQdng nang lUe cua ngudi nudi trong vide r a quye't dinh trong quan ly rui ro v l ky thuflt, rui ro do dich benh.
Cac can thidp ciia Chinh phu trong qudn
ly chdt lUdng ddu vdo nhU nguon gidng, thUc dn cho cd, thudc thu y se Iflm rui ro ky thuflt, riii ro dich b^nh va cae loai rui ro cd md'i lidn h§ vdi eac riii ro trdn nhU rui ro thi trUdng vfl riii ro tfli ehinh tin d u n g cua ngudi chfln nuoi dxicfc giam t h i l u . Vide b a n hanh cac quy dinh, che tfli phu hdp v l quan ly hoat dpng kinh doanh, san xufi't giong, thQc fln gia sue, thudc t h u y, cac tieu chufln v l chat iQdng eung nhQ hd trd phflt trien, nghien cQu cac lo^i d i u vflo ed chfi't iQdng tot Ifl hit sQc c i n thiet. Cflc can thidp chinh sach nfly se gdp p h i n nfing cao hidu qua cua edng tac quan Iy dich bdnh, n a n g cao ehfl't lUdng san phfLm ca nguyen lidu, tQ dd giup ngUdi nuoi, cac cd sd chd' bien h a n chl^ dQdc cae thidt hai ve gia ea.
Qudn ly dich benh vd cung edp dich vu thd y la cdng cu gdp ph^n giam thidu cac riii ro ve dich benh trong san xufl't cfl tra. Vide cung cfl'p eflc dich vu t h u y cho ngUdi san xufl't Ifl bet sQc c i n thie't nhflm ngfln chan vfl phdng ngQa, giam thieu nguy cd Ifiy lan ciia benh dich, giam t h i l u cac thiet hai v l kinh te. Quan ly dich bdnh bao gom cac npi dung; theo doi vfl dflnh gia tinh hinh benh dich, eong bo dich bdnh, khoanh vung cd dich, kidm soat vide van chuyen san phSim, con giong tQ viing dich ra bdn ngofli vfl ngUdc lai, cung cfl'p dich vu thii y cho ngudi san xufl't nhflm ngan chan sU phat t n e n ciia dich bdnh.
Cung edp thdng tin thi trUdng cho eac tac nhfin t h a m gia ngflnh san xufi't ca tra se giup cac tac nhfin nay Qng phd td't hdn v6i cac rui ro v l thi trudng trong boi canh san xufl't ca tra t h u d n g xuydn phai ddi mflt vdi loai rui ro nfly. Vide cung cfl'p thong tin thi trQdng se giup ngUdi san xua't, chd' bien, tieu t h u xay dUng kd' hoach san xufl't kinh doanh cua minh, Qng d u n g cac quy t r i n h ky thuflt thich hdp de san xufi't cac san p h a m phu hdp vdi ydu c i u thi trUdng, thuc d^y tidu thu,
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giam chi phi giao dich, h a n che k h a nflng bi do'i tflc dp gifl.
Duy tri sii dn dinh cua gid cd la bien phap Qng phd vdi cac rui ro v l thi trudng.
Viec Chinh phu lap quy binh d'n gifl, quy dinh gifl t r i n , gia sfln se h a n chd' cflc tac dpng tieu cUc do sU bid'n dpng gia ca trdn thi trUdng dd'i vdi cac tflc n h a n t h a m gia ngflnh san xufl't ca tra.
Kiim sodt chdt lUdng sdn phdm Ifl cdng cu hQu hidu de Qng phd vdi rui ro v l thi trudng.
San ph^m ca t r a chii yd'u phuc vu xua't kh^u.
Cac nUdc nhap kh^u ea tra deu cd quy dinh ve kid'm soat ehfl't lUpng san ph^m vfl vd sinh an tofln thQc ph^m ddi vdi cfl tra. Do dd, d l xufl't khflu dUdc, san phflm cfl tra phai dap Qng cac ydu cau qud'c te' ve ehfi't lUdng san pham vfl vd sinh an tofln thUc phSim. Vide ban h a n h cflc quy dinh v l kiem soat ehfl't lUdng san pham, cflc tieu chuan ehfl't lUdng, cfl'p chQng nhan v l chfi't iQdng san ph^m cho eflc ddn vi san xufi't, che' bie'n, cung cfl'p thdng tin cho cflc tac nhfin t h a m gia san xufi't, che bie'n v l cac ydu c i u ky thuflt cua nUdc nhfip kh^u la cac bidn p h a p hQu hidu trong kiem soat ehfl't lUdng san p h a m nhflm han chd' cac rui ro thi trUdng.
Bdo hiem ndng nghiip la mpt eong eu hQu hieu trong khac phuc rui ro cho san xufl't nong nghiep noi chung, san xufl't ca tra ndi ridng.
Tuy nhidn, c i n luu y rflng bao hidm ndng nghidp dupe trd cfi'p bdi Chinh phu se gfiy ra ganh nang tfli chinh cho qudc gia, lam mfl't can bflng cung eau bao h i i m trdn thi trUdng, gay ndn tfim ly y lai vflo trd cfl'p vfl Iflm giam an sinh xa hpi. Vi vfly, thay vi trd cfl'p, Chinh phu c i n thuc hien cac giai phap thue day sU phat trien cua thi trUdng bao hiem, thao gd eac khiem k h u y l t ciia thi trQdng thong qua ban hflnh cac quy dinh, the c h i cho sQ phat trien cua thi trQdng, tao mdi trQdng canh tranh lanh m a n h giQa cac cdng ty bao hiim.
thid't lap cflc cd che trao doi thong tin giQa nong dan, cdng ty bao hiem, cdng chung vfl cflc nhfl d i u t u t u nhan, khuye'n khich hdp tac eong tu trong linh vUe bao hiem.
Cdu trd nhdn dgo la cong cu thudng dUpc Chinh phu thUc bien nhflm khflc phuc n h a n h cflc thidt hai tQ cac tham hpa, khi chie'n lupc cua cae cfl n h a n vfl sU diiu tid't cua thi trudng trong quan ly rui ro khdng phat huy tac dung. CQu trd nhan dao se giup cac ca nhfin hi ton thUdng giam bdt cac mfi't mat vfl phuc hoi sau cu sdc.
Ddn nd, hd trd tin dung, gidm thue la cflc bien phap cd the dUdc sQ dung nhflm giam bdt cac thidt h a i cho ngUdi san xufl't, cflc ddn vi chd' bid'n, xufl't khflu ea tra khi cflc ddn vi nfly gap phai cae riii ro mang tinh he thd'ng, cd p h a m vi a n h hudng Idn, gfiy hau qua nghiem trpng. Chang han, khi khiing hoang kinh td' tofln c i u cd the tac dpng Idn dd'n n h i i u ddn vi cung cfl'p d i u vflo, ngUdi san xufl't, cac cdng ty che' bien vfl xufl't kh^u, chinh phu ed the sQ dung cflc eong cu tren cho cflc tflc n h a n nfly dd thuc dfly san xua't, giam bdt cflc thiet hai tQ khung hoang, giam bdt cac chenh lech v l thu nhflp vfl tai phan bo eflc nguon lUe trong xa hdi.
Xdy dUng hi thdng thu nhdn thdng tin vd cdnh bdo rui ro se gdp p h i n cung cfi'p cac cd sd dQ lidu cho vide danh gifl, do ludng riii ro, dong thdi Iflm cho thdng tin v l riii ro cd the de'n dUdc ddng dao cong chung, cac thflnh phan kinh t l t h a m gia vflo ehudi ngflnh hflng. Ben canh dd, vide dUdc tiip can vdi n g u i n thdng tin v l rui ro se giiip cflc ea nhan, to' chQc nfing cao nhfln thQc ve rui ro, cd chie'n iQdc vfl kd' hoach phu hdp dd Qng phd vdi cac rui ro. Trong vide xfiy dUng he thd'ng t h u nhfln thdng tin va canh bflo rui ro, Chinh phu c i n cd cd che khuyd'n khich cac ca nhfin, to' chQc cung ca'p, chia se thdng tin lien quan dd'n rui ro.
SA'47 (5+6/2012) OOANLYKINHTE E S
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7. K e t l u a n
Trdn cd sd he thd'ng hda cflc nghien cQu ve n i i ro trong san xufl't ndng nghidp ndi ehung, mpt so' khfli nidm lien quan d i n rui ro, quan ly rui ro, ehinh sflch quan ly rui ro vfl phan loai n i i ro trong san xufi't cfl tra da dupc lam rd. Theo nguyen nhfin gfiy r a riii ro, rui ro trong san xufl't ca tra bao gom: rui ro thien nhidn, dich benh, gia ca, tfli chinh tin dung, the che' vfl rui ro con ngUdi.
Su can thidp ciia Chinh phu trong quan ly riii ro trong san xufl't cfl tra Ifl hdt sQc c i n thie't Trong bd'i eanh san xufi't cfi tra dang phai dd'i mflt vdi khdng it cac riii ro, vide ban hflnh mpt chinh sflch quan ly rui ro trong san xufl't ca tra mang tinh tofln didn, hd thd'ng se gdp p h i n tao nen sQ p h a t trien b i n vQng cua ngflnh san xufi't ca tra.
Chinh sach quan ly riii ro trong san xufl't ea tra c i n dUdc tie'p cfin theo hUdng tiep efln tong the vfl tie'p cfin ngflnh hang. Tid'p cfin tong the se cho phdp cac nhfl hoach dinh chinh sach v l quan ly riii ro nhin nhfln chinh saeh quan ly rui ro trong moi quan hd da chieu giQa chinh sach eua Chinh phu, chie'n lUdc cua ndng dfin vfl nguon rui ro.
Tie'p can ngflnh hflng se cho phdp xem xdt chien lUdc quan ly rui ro cua tQng tflc n h a n trong ehudi de p h a t hien cae mfit xich yd'u vfl mdi lien he dan xen giQa cae chien iQdc quan ly rui ro ciia cac tac n h a n vdi nhau. TQ do, Chinh phu co can thiep phu hdp nhflm nang cao hidu qua cua chid'n iQdc quan ly riii ro cua cae tac n h a n hoac d i i u chinh pham vi anh hudng eua chinh sach.
Vide tim h i i u kinh nghiem t h i gidi trong quan ly rui ro trong san xufi't ndng nghiep se giup cac n h a hoach dinh chinh sach r u t r a cae bfli hpc cho quan ly riii ro trong san xufi't ca tra d Vidt Nam. Co mpt xu hudng rd ndt la eac nudc dang chuyen dan viec sQ dung
cac cdng cu m a n g tinh tr^ cfl'p s a n g cflc cdng cu t^o Iflp thi t r u d n g vfl cac cdng eu nhflm nfing cao nflng lUc q u a n ly rui ro cho ngUdi san xufi't nhflm tfing cUdng sU chu dpng cua ngUdi san xufl't trong doi phd rui ro.
Cae cdng cu cua chinh sach q u a n 1;^ rui ro trong san xufi't ca t r a ndn bao gom: quy hoach cd sd ha t i n g phuc vu san xufl't, cung cfi'p dich vu k h u y i n ngU, q u a n ly chfi't lUdng d i u vflo, d i u ra, k i l m soat dich bdnh, tflng cUdng cung cfi'p thdng tin thi trudng, duy tri sU on dinh cua gia ca, tao Iflp vfl phflt triln thi trudng bao hiem ndng nghidp, cQu trd n h a n dao, d a n n^, ho trd tin dung, giam thud', xfiy dQng h? thd'ng t h u nhfin thdng tin vfl canh bao riii ro.
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