TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 01/2017 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI
') TRUONG HOP KHONG AP DUNG PHAP LUAT NUCIC NGOAI TRONG QUAN HE HOP DONG CO YEU TO N U 6 C NGOAI THEO PHAP LUAT VIET NAM
TRAN TH! THU PHUONG *
Tom tdt: Bdi viit Idm ro quy dinh cua phdp lual Viel Nam vi cdc tnrong hap khong dp dyng phdp lual nude ngoai trong quan he hgp dong cd yiu td nude ngoai irong^ su doi sdnh vdi phdp ludi cua mot s6 qudc gia tren the gtoi; dua ra nhung nhgn xet. khuyin nghi doi vdi quy djnh ciia phdp ludt Vie!
Nam hien hdnh ve vdn de ndy.
Tic khoa: Khong dp dung; phdp lual nirdc ngoai; phdp ludt Viet Nam; quan he hgp ddng; yeu lo nude ngoai.
Nlidn bdi: 24/3/2016 Hodn thanh bien kip: 24/02/2017 Duyet ddng: 28/02/20I7
CASES WHERE THE FOREIGN LAW IS NOT APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING FOREIGN ELEMENTS UNDER THE LAW OF V E T N A M
Abstract: The paper clarifies the law of Vietnam on cases where the foreign taw is not applicable lo contraclual relationships involving foreign elements in comparision with the law of some countries in ihe world and offers comments and recommendal ions for the law of Vietnam in this regard.
Keywords: Not applicable: the foreign law. the law of Vietnam; conlractual relationship; foreign element.
Received: Mar 24"'. 2016; Editing completed: Feb 24'", 2017; Accepted for publication: Feb 25"', 20)7.
1. Phap luat dieu chinh quan he hop dong CO yeu to nuoc ngoai theo quy dinh cua phap luat Vict Nam
Theo quy dinh ciia Bp luat dan sir (sau day viet tat la BLDS) nam 2015, mot quan he dan sir dupe coi la cd yeu to nude ngoai khi dap ling mot trong cac tieu chf sau:
- Cd It nhat mot ben la ca nhan, phap nhan nude ngoai.
- Cac ben deu la cong dan Viet Nam, phdp nhan Vict Nam nhung vice xac lap, thay doi, thuc hien hay cham diit quan he do xay ra a nuoc ngoai.
* Giang vien, Trirong dai hpc thiroTig m E-mail: [email protected]
- Cac ben tham gia deu la cdng dan Viet Nam, phap nhan Viet Nam nhung ddi tupng ciia quan he dan sir do 6 nirdc ngoai.
Ap dung vao quan he hpp dong, mpt quan he hpp dong duac coi la c6 y^u td nude ngoai khi ddp irng mpt trong cac tieu chi neu tren.
Doi vai quan he hop d6ng co ylu t6 nuac ngoai, phdp luat dilu chinh duac xdc djnh Iheo nhirng nguyen tdc sau:
Trudc tien, can cir vao sir thoa thuan cua cac ben. Dilu 683 BLDS nam 2015 cho phep cdc ben dupe quyln thoa thuan lira chpn phap luat ap dung ddi vdi hap ddng, trir mpt so trudng hap lien quan dfin ddi tupng hpp dong la bat dpng san, lien quan den hop dong lao dpng, hap ddng tieu dung, hpp
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 01/2017 - NGHIEN CUV - TRAO Bdi ddng Uen quan den quyen va lpi ich hpp
phap ciJa Qgu6i thu ba.
Neu cdc ben khdng co thoa thuan, p h ^ lugt dieu chinh quan he h ^ ddng dd se la phap luat cua nude cd mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt ddi vdi hop ddng. BLDS nam 2015 neu ra mpt so cdch xac dinh phap luat cua nude cd nwi lien h$ gdn bd nhdt ddi vdi mpt s5 hpp dong cu the nhu sau:
- Ddi vdi hpp ddng mua ban hdng hoa, phdp luat cua n u a c cd mdi lien he gan bd nhdt ddi vdi hpp ddng la phap lugt cua nude nai ngudi ban cu tru neu la ca nhan hoac noi thanh Idp neu Id p h ^ nhan.
- Ddi vdi hpp ddng dich vu, phdp luat cua nude cd mdi lien he gdn bo nhat ddi voi hap ddng la phdp luat cua nude noi ngudi cung cap dich vu cu tru neu la ca nhan hodc noi thdnh lap neu Id phap nhan.
- Ddi vdi hop dong chuyen giao quyen su dung hodc chuyen nhupng quyen sd hihi tti m?, phdp ludt ciia nude cd mdi lien h? gan bd nhat ddi vdi hop ddng la p h ^ luat cua nude noi ngudi n h ^ quyen cu tni neu la ca nhan hoac ncri thanh lap neu la phap nhan.
- Ddi vai hgp ddng lao dpng, phap luat ciia nude cd mdi tiSn he gan bd n h ^ doi vdi hop ddng \k phap luat ciia nude noi ngudi lao dpng thudng xuyen thyc hien cdng viec.
Neu ngudi lao dong thuang xuyen thuc hien cdng vi$c tgi nhieu nude khac nhau hoac khdng xac dinh dupe nai ngudi lao ddng thudng xuyen thirc hien cdng viec thi phdp ludt ciia nude ed mdi lien he gan bd nhat vdi hpp ddng lao dpng la phap luat ciia nude noi nguoi su dung lao dpng cu tru ddi vdi cd nhan hoac thdnh lap ddi vdi phdp nhan.
- £>di vdi hep dong ti£u dung, fhSip lugt cua nuoc cd mdi lien he gan b o nhat dot voi hpp ddng Id (rfiip lugt cua nude noi ngiroi tieu dung.
Trong trudng hop cac b€n cd thoa thuan phap luat d i ^ diinh quan be hgp ddog c6 yeu td nuoc ngodi giiia hp thi phdp lugt duoc thoa thuan Id i ^ i ^ luat quy dinh quyen vd o ^ a vu cua cac ben tham gia quan he bop ddng, chu Ididng bao gdm quy dinh ve xac dinh phap lugt ip dung (tuc la khdng bao gdm cac quy pham phap lugt xung dot). Ngupc lgi, tnmg trudng hpp cac b§n khong cd thoa thuan, p h ^ luat dieu t ^ n h se dugc xac dinh tren co so quy i^igm phap lugt xung dot va dupe hieu bao gdm ca quy dinh ve xac dinh [diap lugt £^ dimg va quy dinh ve qpiyen, n^aa vu cua c^c b8n tham gia quan he dan su.
2. C a c tnTcng h 9 p k h o n g a p d u n g p h a p luat nirov ngoai t r o n g q u a n h e h g p dong CO yeu to nirdc ngoai
Vdi cac each xac dinh phap luat d i ^ chinh quan he hop ddng cd yeu to nude ngoai dupe neu a trSn, cd the thdy, phap lugt dieu rhinh quan he hop ddng cd yeu td nude ngodi cd the la p h ^ lugt Viet Nam hodc phap luat naac ngoai. Trong trudng hpp phap luat dugc xdc dinh la phap luat nude ngoai, BLDS nam 2015 neu rd nhihig trudng hgp phap luat nude ngoai khdng dugc ^ dung tgi Dieu 670 va Dilu 683 nhu sau:
- Khi hgu qua cua vice ip dung phdp lugt nude ngodi trai vdi cac nguyen tdc co ban ciia phap luat Viet Nam;
- Khi ndi dung cua phap lugt nude ngodi khdng xac dinh dugc mac du da dp dung cdc bien phdp cdn thilt ftieo quy dinh ciia phap ludt td tung.
59 i
T J U ' CHf L U A T H Q C S O 01/2017 NGHIEN COV - TRAO BOI
qudc te ciia Bi ciing cd quy dinh tuang tu.^^*
Thir ba, viec ap dyng phap ludt nude ngoai khdng duge trdi vdi cdc^nguyen tdc c a bdn cua phdp li4t Vidt Nam. BLDS ndm 2015 vdn giit nguyen thugt ngii "nguyfin tdc ca bdn ciia phdp lu^t Vi$t Nam" so vdi quy dinh cua BLDS ndm 2005 dk k i l m sodt viec dp dung phdp lugt nude ngodi. Neu tiidm phan hodc trpng tai nhan thay rdng hau qud cua vi?c dp dung phdp ludt nude ngodi hodc tap quan qu6c te trdi vdi cdc nguydn tdc co ban cua phdp lugt Viet Nam, phap lugt do se khong dugc ap dung, thay vdo dd Id phdp ludt Viet Nam.
Cdc nguyen tdc ca ban cda phdp ludt Viet Nam Id t6ng hgp cac nguyen tdc'ca bdn dupe quy dinh trong Hiin phdp, cac bd luat vd lugt nhu BLDS, Bp luat Mnh su, Bd ludt hang hdi, Ludt thuong mai, Lugt hdn nhan vd gia dinh... Tat ca cdc nguydn tdc ndy tgo n6n nin tang cua he thdng quy pham phdp luat Viet Nam, nhdm bdo ve trgt tu cdng cpng, bdo vS, gin giii vd phdt trien nhiing gid di tot dep cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Vi du: Dilu 3 BLDS nam 2015 neu ro cac nguySn tdc co bdn ciia phdp luat ddn su Id bao dam quyln binh ddng ciia moi cd nhan, phap nhan trudc phdp luat, nguyen tdc tu do, tu nguy?n cam kit khi tham gia cdc giao dich dan su va khdng dupe xam pham den lpi fch quoc gja, ddn tpc, lgi fch cdng cdng, quyln vd lgi ich hgp phdp ciia ngudi khdc... Chfnh vi vgy, khi viec dp dung phdp ludt do cac ben thod thuan di ngugc lgi nhimg gia tri ca bdn md phap luat V i | t Nam bao ve, phdp ludt dd se hi logi triJ.
Vi?c Ididng dp dung phdp luat nude ngoai trong trudng hgp ndy dugc thuc hi#n khi p h ^ luat nude ngodi da vd dang dugc ip dyng de gjai quylt vy vi?c. Cdc nguyen tdc c a bdn ciia phdp luat Vi?t Nam dugc coi Id van an todn cho vi?c dp dung phdp ludt nude ngodi dugc dan chilu den. 6 nhieu nude trfin the gidi, van an toan dupe su dyng dudi tSn gpi Id "trat ty cdng" ('"public order" hay ' ^ b l i c poUcy" trong tiing Anh vd "ordre pubhc" trong tieng H i ^ ) .
Neu hau qua ciia vi&; dp dung phdp luat nude ngodi trai vdi trgt tu cdng, phap luat nude ngodi se bi loai bd. Khai niem " t r ^ tu cdng" thudng cd ndi hdm bao gSm nhihig quy tdc p h ^ h CO ban dugc qudc t l thira nhdn rpng rai nhu chong phdn bi.$t chung tpc, tdn giao, gjoi tfnh; nhiing quy tdc tao nSh nen tang ve bd mdy chmh tri, kinh te, xa hpi ciia mgt ddt nude (nhu c h i dp chinh tri phi tdn gido), nhiing chfnh sach quan trpng cua mpt ddt nude, ciia mdt thilt chl.*^* Dilu 6 Luat dan nhap ve BLDS Diic dua ra cdch hiiu v l trdt ty cdng bao hdm cac nguyen tdc co ban ciia phdp luat Due vd cac quyln ca bdn. Cdc quyln c a ban duge hiiu qua tiiyc tiln xet xii ciia tham phdn Diie Id cdc dilu ttr 1 din 19 trong Luat eo ban cua Cpng hod Lien bang Due (Grundgesetz) bao gdm eac quyln ca ban ve nhan phdm con ngudi, ve binh ddng giua con ngudi (ddc bi^t Id v l ^ d i tinh), cdc
(2). Bp Ml v^ tir phip qu6c te cua Bi nSm 2004, ngu6n:
http://reflex.raadvst-consetat.be/reflex/pdf/Mbbs/
2004/07/27/87708.pdf, truy cap ngSy 06/6/2016.
(3). Tim hiiu thSm vk kh^ niem "tr§t tif cdng": G. H.
Dession, "The technique of Public Order: Evolving Concepts of Criminal law", J. Buff. L Review, 1955 - 1956, pp. 20 - 47; R. De Lange, 'TTie European Public Order, Constitution Principles and Fundemental Rights", Eramus Law Review, Vol. I. N o i 2007; N. Seyedi,' 'The results of pubUc order in private mtemational law". Intematiomd Science and Investigation Journal.
3 (2) 2014, nguSn: hHp://isijounial.info/ioumals/ index.
php/ISU/articleMew/66rt), tniy c§p ngay 22/02/2017.
61
TAP CHi LUAT HOC 5 0 01/2017 NGHIEN CIJV - TRAO BOI
quyln va ty do ca ban khac ciia con ngudi dupe thira nhan bdi cac nude chau Au.*"' Neu viec ap dung phap luat nude ngoai dan den hau qua rd rang trai vdi cac nguyen tac ca ban cua phap luat Diic hoac trai vdi cac quyen ca ban thi luat dd se bi loai trir.*^' Ddi vdi Lien minh chau Au, khai niem trat tu cong thudng duoc sir dung de chi nhimg quy dinh nen tang cua Hiep udc thanh lap Cpng ddng chau Au.' ' Tuy nhien, viec sir dung "trat tu cdng", hay noi mpt each khac la bao luu trat lu cong, nham loai trir viec dp dung phap luat nude ngoai la rat han che. Bdi khi dp dung trudng hop nay, cac quoc gia se phdi doi mat vdi nhung van de phat sinh trong quan he doi ngoai voi qudc gia cd lien quan. Viec ap dung "trat tir cdng" cung cd the lam anh hudng den hinh anh ciia quoc gia trong quan he kinh te quoc te, dac biet la trong con mat ciia cac nha dau lu nude ngoai. Thirc lien ap dung cua Phap cho thay cac tham phdn Phap het sire can nhac khi ap dung "iral lir cong", ke ca trong cac quan he dan sir. Vi du, cdc Iham phan ciia Toa pha an Phap cho rdng mpt dao luat nude ngoai cam quan he hon nhan thuc te se khong vi pham trat tu cong,"' Tuy nhien, dao luat nay se vi pham (4), Lual CO ban cua Cong hoa Lien bang Dilc. nguon:
hllps://www.bundestag.de/blob/]89762/ro568757877 61 Ib3c434039d29ala822/loi_fondamcnlale-dala pdf, imy cap ngay 04/5/2016
(5), Lual dan nhap BLDS Due, nguon http://jaibase- fr/docUE/Allemagne/DIPFrench PDF, truy cap ngay 04/5/2016
(6) Case C-295/04 Manfredi (2006) ECR, 1-6619, doan 31 Theo do, Toa an chau Au cho rang cac diC'u 81, 82 ciia Hiep iroc thanh lap Cong dong chau Au thuoc ve linh vuc cong, phai duoc ap dung true ti^p bm cac tea an quoc gia.
(7)- Ban an cua Toa dan su. Toa pha an, ngay 10/5/2006
trat tu cdng n i u tre em sinh ra iCr hdn nhan nay cd qudc tich Phap hoac cu tru tai Phap.'^' De gidi ban viec loai trir phap luat nude ngoai, tham phan Phap va cac nha nghien cihi luat con phan loai khai niem trat tu cdng thanh "trat tu cdng trong nude" ("ordre public interne") va "trat ly cdng qudc tl"
("ordre public international"). Theo dd, khai niem "trat tu cdng quoc te" dugc hieu la long hgp nhiing nguyen tac ciia cong If dugc thira nhan cd gia trj quoc te rong rai nhu cac quyen co ban cua con ngudi, quyen nhan pham, ben canh cac quy pham bao ve va cung CO che do chi'nh tri phap li cua Cong hoa Phap.''"'' Phap lual nude ngoai chi cd the bi loai trir khi vi pham trat tu c5ng quoc le.
Tu phdp quoc te cua Trung Qudc cung co quy djnh ve trat tu cong lai Dieu 5. Cu ihe, Dieu 5 Lual ap dung ddi vdi quan he dan sir cd yeu to nuac ngoai nam 2010 cua Trung Quoc quy dinh se khong ap dung phap lual nude ngoai khi viec ap dung phap luat nude ngoai lam thiet hai den lgi fch xa hgi va cong cpng ciia Cong hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa.
Viec sir dung "trat tu cdng" cd the dugc (Cass, civ, Ire, 10 mai 2006), ngu6n: hitp,//www.
legifrance gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=^JUR]TE XT000007051872, truy cap ngay 04/5/2016 (8). Ban an ciia Toa dan sir. Toa pha an, ngay 10/02/1993 (Cass, civ, Ire. 10 fevner 1993), ngu6n: hup://www, legifrance gouv.fr/arnchJunJudi.do''idTexte=JURJTE XT000007029998. truy cap ngay 16/3/2016.
(9) Xem them cac ban an ciia thim phan Phap: Cass Civ. 25 mai 1948 Lalour, ngudn: hltp://www.interju rLsnet.eu/hlml/dip/civl_25_05_48.pdf. truy cap ngay 16/3/2016; Cass, civ. Ire, 17 fevner 2004, ngu6n:
http://www.legifrance.goiJV fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTe x!e=JURITEXT000007047082, iruy cap ngay 07-9/2015;
Cass, civ. Ire, 17 avril 1953, nguon: http7/www.inter jurisnet.eu/html/dip/civl_17_04_1953.pdf, Iruy cap ngay 16/3/2016;
62
TAP C H l L U A T H O C S 6 01/2017 NGHIEN CIJV - TRAO Bdi
coi 1& khSu h$u kilm ddi vdi vific ap dung p h ^ luat nude ngoM dugrc xdc dinh. Goi 1^
hau kilm vi khau kilm sodt nSy dugc thyc hien khi phdp luat nude ngo&i da dugc xdc dinh vd dang duge su dyng dl gidi quylt vy viec. Khi dd, niu co quan cd thim quyln giai quyet tranh chdp tih$n thiy rdng vi?c dp dung phdp ludt nude ngodi de giai quylt vu viec sg 1dm tdn hgi dSn nhihig gid tri thilt yeu, nhihig nguyen tdc phap li ca ban cua dit nude minh hodc nhimg gia tri dugc cdng dong quoc te thira nhdn, phap luat nude ngodi dd se bi loai bd. Khdu hau kilm cdn dugc sii dyng de kiem sodt ca nhihig trudng hop ma h? th6ng phdp luat quoc gia chua cd
^ d y lieu hodc khdng quy dinh rd. Khi dd, cac thdm phan cd the siJr dyng "trdt ty cdng"
de bao ve nhihig lgi fch thilt ylu cua xa hdi, cua dat nude hoac eua cd cdng ddng quIc tl.
Ngoai bao luu trdt ty cdng cgng, phdp lugt nhieu nude trSn the gidi cdn sir dung them khau tien kiem de kiem sodt viec dp dung phap luat nude ngoai. Theo dd, phdp luat nude ngodi se khdng duge dp dung trong trudng hgp ca quan cd tham quyln gidi quylt vy viec nhan thay rdng mdt sd quy pham quan trgng cua phap luat nude nai cd toa an hoac nude cd lien quan phdi dugc dp dung ngay, tmdc khi xdc djnh phdp luat dilu chinh vy vi|e.
Khau kiem sodt nay dugc thyc hien thdng qua viec sir dung cdc quy dinh mang tfnh bat huge ap dung, hay cdn dugc ggi bdng thuat ngu: "luat canh sat" (tiing Phdp la
"lois de police" hay "lois d'apphcation immediate", tiing Anh Id "mandatory rules"
hodc "super mandatory rules").''"' Cac quy
(10). Xem thSm c^c nghiSn ciiu ve cSc quy pham 5p
pham bat bu0c dp dung ndy dugc dat ra nhim bdo ve cac lgi fch thiet yeu cua mot qu6c gia. Vf dy, Dilu X.33 Bg ludt kinh tl Bi quy djnh: "Giai doan tiin hgp dong aia thod thuan hgp tdc kinh doanh thuoc phgm vi diiu chinh cua lugt Bi va thuQc thdm quyin cua tod dn Bi, khi chu thi nhdn quyen thuc hiin hogt dgng kinh te chu yiu & Bi"
Day Id quy dinh bdt budc dp dyng theo phdp luat cua Bi.*"' An 1? cua Phdp ciing xep m^t sd quy phgm phdp lugt ve bao v? quyen tdc gia, ve bii thudng thiet hai cho nan nhan ciia hdnh vi vi phgm phdp ludt... Id cdc quy pham bdt huge dp dung.*'^'
Theo cdch hieu eiia Lien minh chau Au, cdc quy phgm bat huge dp dyng dugc hieu Id cdc quy phgm md sy tuan thu chung dugc Coi Id thiet yeu de bao ve cdc lgi fch cdng ciia-qudc gia, nhu td chiic chfnh tri, xd hgi hodc kinh tl, dugc dp dung ddi vdi tdt ca cdc trudng hop thudc vdo pham vi dilu chinh ciia quy phgm, bdt kl lugt dugc lua chgn hodc dugc xac dirfli Id luat ndo (Dilu 9 Quy dinh cua Nghi v^en vd Hgi ding chau Au vl luat dp dyng ddi vdi jnghia vy cua hgp ddng
dyng bat bugc hay luSt canh sat: M, R. Baniassadi,
"Do mandatory rules of public law limit choice of law in International commercial arbitration", Berkeley Journal of International law, vol 10, 1992, nguon:
http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edU/cgi/viewcontent.c gi?article=l 118&context=bjil, truy c$p ngiy 04/5/2016;
A. Barraclough v i J. Waincymer, "Mandatory rules of law in international commercial arbitration", Melbourne Journal oflnlemational law, vol, 6, 2005.
(11). P.Demolin, "Le caractfere impfiratif et de la loi de police des dispositions l^gales", ngufln: htlp://www.
droitbeIge.be/fiches_detaii.asp?idcat=16&id=752, truy cap ng^y 04/5/2016.
(12). Xem them dn If cila Phdp, ngu6n: https://www.
courdecassadon.fr/jurisprudence_2/chambrcs_mixtes_27 40/guerin _avocat_l 1032.hunl, uuy c§p ngky 04/5/2016.
63
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 01/2017 NGHIEN CUV- TRAO BOI ngay 17/6/2008, goi tk la Quy cha Rome 1)."^'
Dieu 18 Luat lien b a n j ve tir phap quoc te cua Thuy Sy"''' neu ro cac quy pham bat buoc ap dung cua phap luat Thuy Sy se dircrc ton trpng, dit luat duoc dan chieu den la luat nao. Trung Quoc cung co quy dinh ve quy pham bat bupc ap dung tai Dieu 4 Luat ve quan he dan sir co yeu to niroc ngoai. Cu the, theo quy dinh tai Dieu 4, mpt quan he dan sir CO yeu to nuoc ngoiii thupc pham vi dieu chinh ciia quy pham bat bupc ap dung ciia phap luat Cpng hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa, quy pham do se dupe ap dung ngay tiic khic."'' Tuong tu, DiSu 20 Bp luat vk tu phap quoc te ciia Bi neu ro, cac quy dinh ciia Bp luat nay khong lam anh huong dSn pham vi dieu chinh ciia cac quy pham bat bupc ap dung hoac trat tu cong ctia Bi ddi vai quan he quoc te do, bat k l luat dupe din chilu den."" Ngoai ra, DiSu 20 Bp luat vS Tu phiip quoc te ciia Bi con neu ra kha nang ton trpng quy pham bat buoc ap dung hoac trat tu cong cpng ciia phap luat qu6c gia khac ma vu viec CO m6i lien he gin bo, nSu theo quy djnh cua phap luat qu6c gia do cac quy pham niiy phai dupe ap dung, bit ki phap luat dupe din chic-u den. Diju 3 BLDS Cpng hoa Phap cung ghi nhan true tilp gia trj ciia cac quy pham ap dung bit buoc d6i voi tit ca cac chu the sing tren lanh t h i Phap."" Toa (13) Nguon- hup//eur-lex.europa Bu/LexUnServ/Lex UriServ.do?uri=OJ;L 2008:177-0006:0016:rr PDF, Iruy cap ngay 16/3/2016
(14) Xem chu itiich 1.
IM). Luat ve lual ap dung cho quan he din su co yju 16 nuoc ngoiu ciia Trung Quoc nam 2010, ngudn- hup //wwM- »ipo inl/wipolex/en/iexl jsp?file_id=2066 II, iruy cap ngay 04/5/2016.
(16) Xem chii ihich 2.
(17). Diau 3 BLDS Phap, „gu6n htlps://»ww,legi
64
an Phap trong Ban an so 260 ngay 30/11/2007, da coi Luat s6 31/12/1975 c i a Phap dieu chinh ve hpp dong thau lai cong tiinh nha 6 la luat chiia dimg quy pham bat bupc ap dung can cu vao Diiu 3 BLDS Phap va Diiu 3, Diiu 7 Cong ucrc Rome nam 1980 vi luat ap dung cho nghia vu ciia hop dong, dii phap luat cac ben thoii thuan lira chpn la luat ciia Dtic."^' Toil cong If ciia Lien minh chau Au, trong ban an ngay 17/10/2013, cung dua ra quan diem ve viec ap dung luat canh sat (lois de police) hen quan den nguoi dai dien thuong mai doc lap. Toa an da khong cong nhan phap luat do cac ben thoa thuan de ap dung phap luat ciia nuoc noi co toa an, khi toa an nuoc nay thay rang viec ap dung phap luat cua nuoc minh la cap thiet de bao ve quyin va ioi fch hop phap cua nguoi dai dien thuong mai.""
Thirc ra, "quy pham bit bupc ap dung"
cung CO nhiem vu bao ve giing nhu "trat tu cong cong". Tuy nhien, viec sit dung hai france.gouv.fr/affichCode do;jsessionid^50707971C 570B093492EF6E2E9C36D6B.tpdilal9v_l?idSeclio nTA=LEGISCTA000006089696&cidTexle=LEGITE XT000006070721&daleTexIe=201606]3, u-uy cjp ngiiy 06/6/2016.
(18). Xem chi ti^t quyen dinh ciia Tea pha an Phap Irong ban an s6 260 ngay 30/11/2007 gitta Cong li Aginlis va cac Cong ti khac voi Cong ti san xuil Basel! Phap, nguon: https-//www.courdecassalion fr/junsprudence_2/chambres_mixles_2740/an-e(_n_l 1020 hlml, miy cSp nghy 04/5/2016. Xem ihem cdc quyet dinh ciia Toa an Phap ve lual canh sal, ngu6n:
hllps-//www legifrance gouv.fr/africhJuriJudi.do7oM Acuon=rechJuriJudi&idTexle=JURITEXT000026486 066&faslReqId=7l 1496763&faslPos=l, Iruy cap ngiiy 04/5/2016.
(19) Xem chi liel quyel dinh cua T o i cong If u-ong vu viec United Antwerp Maritime Agencies (Unamar) NV contre Navigation Maritime Bulgare, ngu6n:
hup//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-conlenl/FR/rXT/?un=
CELEX%3A620I2CJOI 84, truy cap ngiiy 04/5/2016
TA? CHi LUAT HOC S 6 01/2017 NGHIEN CtrU - TRAO BOI diuat ng& khdc nhau nay la nMm phan biSt
hai thoi diem thirc hien Idem soat d6i voi phap luat nuac ngo^ duoc dan chieu den.
Neu nhu bao luu tr^ tu cong dugc siJr dung d^ loai trCr phdp lu^it nuoc ngoM da dugc xac dinh va sii dung d£ giai quyet vu viec, thJ vi?c su dung quy pham bat bu6c dp dung dugc thuc hien truofc thai diem xdc dinh phap luat dp dung, nham loai trir viec p h ^ luat nuoc ngoai, bat ke phdp luat do dugc cdc b8n thoa thuan hodc dugc dan chieu den boi cdc quy pham ximg dot phdp luat
Can phan biet cdc quy pham bdt bupc dp dyng trong quan he c6 yeu to nuoc ngoai v6i cdc quy phEim bat bugc dp dung trong cdc quan he trong nuofc. Cdc quy pham bdt bugc dp dung trong quan he trong nuac co ngi hdm bao trum cdc quy pham bat bugc dp • dyng trong quan he c6 yeu to nude ngoai. C6 the lay mgt so vi du ve cdc quy pham bat bugc dp dung ctia Vi?t Nam trong ITnh vuc so huu tri tue nhu quyen nhSn than doi vdi tdc phdm dugc bao h6 v6 ban (Dieu 27 Lu^t so huu tri tue nam 2005, s'Cra doi, bo sung ndm 2009 cua Viet Nam); trong ITnh vuc lao dgng nhu quyen dugc bao hg lao dgng, dugc lam viec trong dieu ki?n bao dam ve an toan lao dOng, ve sinh lao dgng cua nguai lao dgng (Dieu 5 Bg luat lao dgng nam 2012);
quyen doi voi nguai tieu dung dugc bdo dam an todn tinh mang, siic khoe, tai sdn, quyen, lgi ich hgp phdp khdc khi tham gia giao dich, su dung hang hod, dich vu do to chuc, cd nhan kinh doanh hang hod, dich vu cung cap (Dieu 8 Luat bdo ve quyen lgi nguai ti6u dung nam 2010)... Nhiing quy pham nay khong chi mang tinh bdt bugc trong quan he trong nuoc md c6n mang tinh bat huge a tdm
qufic tl, dugc ghi nhan trong cac c6ng uoc qu6c xi hodc dugc phdp luat cdc quoc gia tr6n thi gioi c6ng nh$n. Neu mgt quy pham dugc coi Id bdt buOc dp dung trong quan he CO ylu t6 nuoc ngoai thi chdc chdn se bdt bu6c ap dung trong quan be trong nu6c. Tuy nhien, mgt quy pham bdt bugc dp dung doi voi quan he trong nuac se khfing nhdt thiet dugc coi la quy pham bdt bu6c dp dung doi voi quan he co ylu to nuoc ngoai. Lay vi du vl mgt so quy dinh c6 the dirge coi la bdt bugc dp dung ciia Viet Nam nhu: Theo quy dinh cua phdp luat Viet Nam, hgp dong d^i li thuong mai bdt bugc phai dugc xdc lap duoi hinh thiic van ban (Dilu 168 Luat thuang nmi nam 2005). Tuy nhiSn, neu phdp luat ddn chilu din Id phdp ludt nuac khdc thi quy dinh nay khong bdt bugc dp dung doi voi quan he gifla cdc bSn. Ngugc lai, doi vdi hgp dong c6 doi tugng la nha 6 tai Viet Nam, dii phap ludt dugc din chi^u din la phdp ludt nuoc ndo thi cdc thdm phdn ciia Viet Nam cimg se chi dp dung phdp luat Viet Nam de dieu chinh viec chuyen giao quyen so hiiu cdn nhd. Luat nha o nam 2014 cua Viet Nam CO the dugc coi la luat chiia dimg quy pham mang tinh bdt bugc dp dung dii voi cac giao dich nhd a tai Viet Nam, dugc dp dung bit ke phap luat nuac ngoai dugc dan chilu din.
Cac quy phgm dp dung bdt huge trong quan he co ylu t l nuac ngoai thuong c6 ngi ham rat han che. Cdc thdm phdn Phdp ndi rieng ciing nhu cua Lien minh chau Au ndi chung diu giai thich va dp dung chat che cdc quy pham dp dung bdt bugc nay.*^''* Vi du, tai
(20). Viec xac dinh lu§t canh sat va vi?c ap dyng lu^t c4nh s5t trong cac &n 1? ciia cSc iok 5n P h ^ va cua Toa cong h' chSu Au: Com.. 28 November 2000, 65
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 01/2017 NGHltN CJJV - TRAO Bdi ban an ngay 28/11/2000, Phong ±uong mai,
Toa pha an cua Ph^p da cho ring Lugt s6 25/6/1991 ciia Phap ve quan he giiia c^c dai dien thuong mai vk ben giao dai dien kh6ng ph^ 1^ luat bat bupc dp dung trong quan he hpp dong qu6c te khi cac ben tho4 thu^n lu^t ip dyng la luSt ctia bang New York. Do v|y, ben dai di$n khang thS yeu ciu boi thu6ng doi v6i viec chin dijt quan hS dai dien theo quy dinh cua luat niy, khi luat cCia bang New York khong co quy dinh vd vin de d6.
Qua phSn tich, so sanh neu tiBn, c6 thS thay, quy dinh hien hanh cua BLDS cila ViSt Nam vi ca ban phil hgp vcri thong le qu6c tL Tuy nhien, de co thS gitip tu phap qu6c te Viet Nam phil hgp hon niia trong bdi canh hOi nhap qudc te cung nhu thong 1? tu phap qu6c te a nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi, BLDS nam 2015 nen b6 sung tfong Dieu 670 truong hop khong ap dung ph^p luSt nuoc ngoai dugc dan chi& dfa khi co quy ph?m mang tinh bit bu6c ap dung cua Viet Nam.
Quy dinh nay se giiip cho viec ki^m soat pMp luSt nuoc ngoai dugrc hieu qua hon. Boi n6u chi th\ic hien khau kiem soat ap dung phap luat nuoc ngoai nhu quy dinh hien nay, toa an Viet Nam se phai mit them thM gian, cong Stic trong viec tim hiiu cac quy dinh ciia phap lujt nuoc ngoai ma khong the ap dung luon phap luSt Viet Nam khi xet thiy phap luat Viet Nam trong hoan canh niy phai dugc ap dung ngay, Chi sau khi da thu thjp, nghien cim phap luat nuoc ngoai va
nguSn: lmps.//www.legitTa„ce.8ouv.fr/afncUuriJudi do?idTexle=JUR]TEXT000007043437- C I C E 23 N o y e m t o 1999, „gu6„: http://eur-lex e'uropa.eu/legal- con.entTO/TXT/HTMU7uri=CELEX:61996CID369&
trom=FR,
66
thay iSng viec ap dung phap lu^t nu6c ngoli U trai vdri cac nguyen tic co ban ciia phap lujt Viet Nam, toi an Vidt Nam mod kh6ng ap dung phap ludt do ntla. Vdy, thay vi phai dgi den th6i didm nay, nen chang quy dinh them khau tidn ki6m, loai trir viec ip dyng phap lujt nuoc ngoai khi x^t thiy quy dinh phap luat ctia Viet Nam phai dugc ap dyng ngay trong hoan canh do. Ciing mpt kit qui la khang ap dung phap luat nude ngoli, nhung viec quy dinh them khau kilm soat thang qua cac quy pham bit budc ap dyng se giiip cho toa an Viet Nam cd thi giai quylt dupe vu viec mgt cich hieu qua hon,/.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. A Barraclough va J. Waincymer, "Mandatoiy i
rules of law in international commercial arbitration", Melbourne Journal of International law, vol, 6, 2005.
2. G. H. Dession, "The technique of Public Order: Evolving Concepts of Criminal law", 5. Buff. L. Review, 1955 - 1956.
3. M, R. Baniassadi, "Do mandatory rules of pubhc law limit choice of law in intemational commercial arbitration", Berkeley Journal of Intemational law, vol 10, 1992.
4. N. Seyedi, "The results of public order in private intemational law", Intemational Science and Imestigation Journal, 3 (2) 2014, 5. P. Demolin, "Le caractere imp&atif et de
la loi de police des dispositions ligales", ngu^n: http://www.droitbelge.be/fiches_ j detail.asp?idcat=16&id=752. i 6. R. De Lange, "The European PubUc Order,
Constitation Principles and Fundemental | Rights", Eramus Law Review, Vol. 1, No 1,2007.
