V

V ' Ton giao So 08 (146), 2015, 24-47 ROBERT P. WELLER"

CHU NGHIA TIT BAN, C O N G D O N G VA SlT T R O I D ^ Y CUA CAC N G H I THlTC THOf CUNG P H I LUAN 6 DAI LOAN

Tom t&t: Ngoi den 18 Vua a cue Bac cua Ddi Loan phdt trien tit mgt miiu tha cdc co hon thdnh mot trong nhimg dien thd lan vdo thod ky phdt trien nen kinh te thi trudng nho le a Bdi Loan trong nhung ndm 80 ciia the ky truac. Bdi viet thdo lugn su phdt trien ram rg hinh thitc ton gido ddn gian ve co Hon hien quan den cdc gid tri ton gido thay dot a Ddi Loan. Su bitng nd kinh te a Ddi Loan vd su nhdn mgnh ve cdc muc dich phi ludn ly, mang tinh cd nhdn ldm ro moi quan he mat thiet giita nghi le ton gido vd s^tphdt trien nhanh chong ciia cdc hinh thdi hinh kinh te tu bdn nho. Thd cung CO hon ndy sinh tie mgt thuc hdnh nghi le ddn gian gdn gUi vai chti nghia cd nhdn hem Id vol cgng dong vd nhimg vdn de phi ludn ly thay the mgt tap hgp nhitng phdm hgnh dgo dire chung.

Bdi viet chi ra rdng sitC ldn mgnh oia thd cung co hon d Ddi Loan bao hdm cd hai hinh thdi vita thich nghi vai he thong gja tri mdi vira khdng cie lgi vdn hod. Den thd 18 Vua ca nggi nen kinh te thj tntdng vd khich lg mgi nguai trong nen kinh te do, nhieng ngoi den ciing len dn rdng do la nen kinh te tgo dieu kien cho nhitng gid tri phi dgo diec phdt trien. Bdi viet cUng noi len rdng nhd nuac hien dgi dita vdo tinh chinh thong duy ly-quan lieu thtrc te co the ldm cho ton gido phdt trim. Nhd nude hien dgi tu no khong dii mgnh de tgo nen mot he tu tudng gid tri co the thay the cho he tu tudng ton gido.

Tu khoa: Ngoi den 18 Vua, Ddi Loan, co hon, ton gido phi ludn.

Ngdi dfn 18 Vua d cyc Bic cua Dai Loan cd difu gi dd khifn nhiing ngudi da quen thudc vdi tdn giao dan gian ciia Trung Qudc bj sdc. Tii thgp nien trudc, Ngdi dfn dugc phat trifn tir mdt ngdi mifu ven dudng thd cic cd hdn-mdt ngdi mieu khdng ai cham nom va khdng ai df y dfn

* Tac gia Chuong 6: "Capitalism, Commxmity, and the Rise of Amoral Cults in Taiwan" in trong sach Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modem States of East and Southeast Asia, do Charles F. Keyes, Laurel Kendall, Helen Hardace ldm Chti bien. Nha Xudt ban University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1994,

•vuLfciLr. vvciiei. i.^nu ngnia laoan... 25

da trd tbanh mgt trong nhung dien thd ldn d Dai Loan. Vao thdi ky cao diera (dau nhung nam 80), ngdi dfn da lam tac nghen vii kildmet dudng cao tdc ven bd bien Bac va bang tuan ngdi den thu hut hang nghin ngudi den cvuig If. Ve vin df thd ciing, ngdi den da lam dio ngugc v i tbim cbi vi pham cac tap tuc nghi le vdn cd. Cbi rieng viec trd thanh mgt bien tugng phd bien ciia ngdi dfn da tb^t khic lg; bdi nhiing ngdi dfn danb cho nhiing cd bdn nhu vay tbi khdng bao gid phat trien, md rdng dugc.

Nhung ngudi den If binh thudng khdng cham vao cic vi thin, nhung d day bg vuot ve say sua bai con chd to lam bang ddng. Binh thudng ciing le dien ra trong ngay, nhung d difn thd nay gid eao difm ciia nghi IS vao miy tieng budi sang. Hau nhu tat ca cac vi thanh Trung Qudc khac dugc thd cung dfu cd bat huong tbd, nhung d Dien tbd 18 Vua lgi cham thudc la. Mgc dii cd nhung die diem ky quae, nhung rd rang day khdng phai la mgt tdn giao mdi. Thay vao do, la sy can bang eiia cudc sdng tam linh hang ngay, sy phin inh ciia mgt difn tbd ciing cd bdn, gid day dien tbd nay lai ganh dua vdi eac difn thd khic tbd cic vj thin thinh tdn kinh.

Sv chuyen bien ciia Ngdi den 18 Vua mdt phan phan inh sy phat trifn chimg cua tdn giao Dai Loan. Sy phit trifn mgnh me gan diy ciia difn thd d Dai Loan lifn ddi dfn cac mdi quan be khdng thoii mii cua cic vuong trieu Trung Qudc va sau nay la bf may quan lifu v i thuong mai dugc the hien trong tdn giao. Ngay nay, sy can bang mdi cua tdn giao it p h i vo ciu tnic cua nd ban tai xac dinh vi tri cac gia tri cua mft sd khia canh trong nghi If tdn giao Tnmg Qudc, thgm cbi xic dinb gia tri mgt sd khia canh khac ciia nghi If tdn giao trudc day bi phu nhin. Sy tdn tai cua mdt nghi If tbd ciing cdng khai dugc coi la phi luin, mang tinh c i nhan gidng nhu vifc tbd ciing trong Ngdi dfn 18 Vua nhin manh yfu td thuong mai va canh tranh ciia tdn giao Trung Qudc, chdng lai nhiing khudn miu mang tinh quan lieu v i khong tii ban. Trudc tien "phi luan" d day la ndi dfn mgt nhgn thiic phd bifn la nhiing vi tbanh khdng quan tam dfn nhiing vin df luan ly da dugc chap nhan-cac vi thanh phu hd cho nhiing udc vgng phi dao due v i ca udc vgng dao diic. Trong khi tdi nit ra trong phan I thio luin cua LM. Lewis' vf "nhung nghi If tbd ciing phi luan" d chau Phi (Lewis 1971), thuat ngii niy cung cd the so sanh vdi vai trd ciia Chii ngbia Tu bin trong vifc bien ddi cic luan ly dao diic thdi tien Tu bin, ma thudng bi coi la phi luan hong tbdi ky do.

Nhu viy, ca Dai Loan va Nam My deu cd nhiing trudng hgp ma trong qua trinh hinh thanh mdt xa bgi thay ddi da nhin mgnh nhiing yfu td nghi

26 ngnien cuu l u i i yia

If tdn giao truyen thdng phin anh nhiing van df cua chii ngbia Tu ban phi luan va mang tinh cgnh tranh. Su phan tich cua nha nghien eiiu tdn giio Taussig giiip lim ro mgt sd khia canh ciia kinh tf tu ban d Dii Loan. Dd la tinh canh tranh, tham lam, thifu cac gia tri mang tinh cdng ddng nhu li chiing dugc tudng tugng trong thf gidi cua cac lmh bdn. Thyc ra, dieu ly giii niy se khdng hoan toan diing d Dai Loan (va ed le ciing la van df tranh lugn d Chau My La Tinh). Trudc nam 1970, Dai Loan khdng cd cac khai nifm sii dung cac gia tri kinh te. Them vao dd, cac mat khae cua tdn giao Dai Loan, tham ehi ciia cac cd hdn, ro ring la khdng dinh dang gi dfn nen kinh te. Mdi quan be giiia tdn giao va kinh te trd nfn phiic tgp hon la mgt sy phin ddi ldi thdi chdng lai nhiing hinh tbiic quan bf xa bdi.

Bai vift nay thao luan sy phat trien ram rg binh thiie tin ngudng cd hdn bifn nay lien quan dfn su bat lyc ciia chinh phii duong dai trong viec tac ddng den cac gia trj tdn giao nham tu dua ra cac he thong gia tri thay ddi rieng. Ngugc vdi tien doan ciia Weber ve sy tieu vong ciia tdn giio trong thdi ky nha nude hifn dai, nhung thay ddi gin diy d Dii Loan ndi Ifn su phat trien ram rd cac gia tri tdn giao. Nhiing thay ddi dd ndi Ifn rang mdt sd gia tri van boa bien ddi theo cbifu hudng tdt dep hon bat kf mgt nd lyc cd y tbiic nao cua chinh phu. Sir biing nd kinh te d Dii Loan va sy nhan manh vf eac muc dich phi luan, mang tinh ca nhan lam rd mdi quan be mat thift giira nghi If tdn giao v i su phat trifn nhanh chdng cua cac hinb thai hinh kinh tf tu ban nhd d Dai Loan. Su can bang tdn giao mdi nay vira phan anh lgi vua tic dgng dfn cic vin df bin sic thay ddi difn ra song song vdi sy chuyen ddi kinh tf chinh trj sau sic d Dai Loan trong vii thip ky qua.

Ddla, c^i chit v^ con chd

Den 18 Vua la mdt su bien ddi ky la cua cac quy chuin trong tdn giao din gian. Tbd ciing dan gian thdng thudng tap trung vio hai phgm tru nhin vat thd chu yfu: thin thinh va td tifn. Tu eac vj thin dit cua mft xdm dfn cic vi thin bio trg eiia c i mgt huyfn (quin), cac vi tbanh bao vf quyfn lgi cua cdng ddng va cdng ddng ed trach nhifm trdng coi cac difn thd va td chiic cic nghi If chinh. Cdn gia dinh va ddng hg thd ciing td tifn. Cudi cung, cd mgt phgm tru nira vf cae nhan vat thd ciing. Dd l i cac cd hdn hay hdn ma lang thang khdng noi nuong tira. NghTa rgng, cd hdn don gian la cic linh bdn ciia ngudi chft (gidng nhu la thin linb va to tien), nhung thugt ngu nay dae bift ndi vf ngudi chft cd ddc, ddi khat va khdng cd ai tbd cung. Nhimg ngudi chft niy cd thf la nhiing ngudi chft

tvjofin. f. weiier. (Jiu nghia tt/ban... 27 tre, chua cd gia dinb, ty tit, hoac chft ma ngudi than khdng bift. Cd bdn

ddi khi trd thanh cac vi than thanh (thdng qua vifc phong thanh). Theo Mary Douglas (1966), hg van thugc pham tni khdng ro rang, map md va nguy bifm (xem Weller 1987a: 65-66; Yu 1988). Theo Durkheim, cic nhan v§t dugc tbd ciing cd the thudc cic dgng sau: cae vi thin la quan chiic; td tien la nhiing ngudi trong ddng bg; va cd bdn la nhiing ke an xin, ke cudp, ngudi la khdng thugc mgt phgm tru tdt dep nio. Nhiing cd hdn nay la nim ngoai xa bdi v i mang tmh ca thf (Wolf 1974).

Cd bdn duge eiing te hong mgt sd nghi If hang nam. Thinh thoang, mdt cd hdn dac bift nao do ed thf dugc thd ciing vi ed bdn lim ai dd bj dm. Thdng thudng bon, ngudi ta thd ciing ed hdn nhu la mgt nhdm cac bdn ma lang thang vio cac budi If chung sinh dugc td chiic d cae difn thd ldn vao thing bay am Ijch (xem Weller 1987a). Trong cac budi ciing te nay, difn thd thue thiy eiing thay mgt cho cdng ddng lim If ehiing sinh cung cae bdn ma lang thang dang thuang nhu la mgt binh tbiic phit tf cho cd bdn. Cd bdn thudng cd nhiing dien thd nhd rifng, d dd bg dugc Cling te vao mgt sd nghi le, hogc khi nhung ngudi ciuig If ciu mong difu gi dd dac bift. Nhiing mieu thd nhu vgy thudng dugc lip nfn khi ngudi ta phat bifn ra nhirng xac ngudi vd thira nhan, vi du nhu trong kbi lam dudng. Khi dd, ngudi ta xay dung nhiing mifu nhd va chdn xae d dd. Ndi ehung, nhung mifu tbd nay rat nhd; mifu ldn nhit cd thf chiia niia ta ngudi, va nhieu mifu thd thi nhd den miic ngudi khdng thf vio dugc.

Khdng cd mgt td cbiie bay ca nhan nao cd trach nhifm chim nom cic mifu tbd, mac du td cbiic hay ca nhan cd the ddi khi siia ehua mifu thd bj bu bdng. Cic mifu tbd kbdng cd tugng, tranh thd, nhung thudng cd bia d i v i bit huong.

Cd bdn la nbihig nhan vgt it quyen luc hon nhieu so vdi cac vi thin tbanh. Hiu nhu tit ca mgi ngudi dfu mudn dfn ciing d cac difn tbd than chii khdng phai mieu cd bdn. Cic vi tbanh ndi chung la cao thugng v i cd dao diic, mac du ciing bai hg phii ddt "tien i m phu". Da sd cac vi tbinh khdng giiip nhung ngudi cd bgc bay l i nhirng ngudi lim an phi phip nhu gai diem, cdn dd. Mgt khac, cac cd hdu thi se chip nhgn mgi ldi ciu khin. Cac dien thd thudng cd khau hifu "tat c i ldi cau khan se dip lgi".

Ci cic mifu tbd, khau bifu dugc nit ngan nggn la "Iu leng Kong", cd ngbia la "Thanh Phu bg tit ca ldi Cau khan". Du cho nhieu loai ngudi den Cling bai d cac mieu tbd nay thudc ting ldp thap ciia xa bgi, nhiing ngudi ma eie eo bdn dgc biet mudn giiip do bdi cudc ddi ciia bg va cua

28 Nghien ciiu Tdn giao. S68 - 2015 cic cd hdn ciing cd nhieu net tuong ddng. Cd le cd bang nghin cac mieu tbd nhu viy d Dii Loan, vi chiing nhd va khdng dugc td ehiic tdt, nen viec thdng kf la khdng thf dugc. Chiing hiem kbi trd thanh mgt ngdi dfn cd vi thf cao ban bin chit vdn dT cfia chiing - dugc dung d canh dudng va tbinh thoang mdi cd ngudi den ciing le.

D^n 18 Vua

Dfn tan gin day, Den 18 Vua van cbi la mgt mifu thd cd hdn nhd.

Thudng cac mifu thd nhd dd, kbdng cd van ban ghi chep vf lich sii hinh thinh va phat trifn. Gan day, kbi nhifu ngudi den thd ciing da lim niy sinh cac cau chuyen vf ngudn gde cua mieu tbd nay. Tat ca mgi ngudi deu thdng nhat ve mdt sd dac difm co bin ciia cau chuyen. Ngdi den nim d cue Bic ciia Dai Loan, mdt viing bifn dinb ca. CJ mgt thdi diem nao do, cd le khoang mdt the k^ trudc (theo mdt dj ban vao the ky XVII), mgt thuyen dinh ca bi trdi dgt vao bd. Thuyen bj hu bdng ngng, chac la do bj bao d ngoii bien Dii Loan. Tren thuyen cd mudi bay xac ngudi va mgt con cbd cdn sdng sdt. Nhung ngudi dinh c i tren bd kbdng bift nhiing thi thf nay li ai. Hg tifn hanh nhiing tbii tuc ma chay can thiet: bg chdn cac thi thf d mdt bai tha ma trfn mdt vach niii nhin ra bien va dung Ifn mdt mifu tbd nhd nhu bao mieu tbd khae. Con chd khifn eho cau chuyen niy khac ddi cbiit so vdi nhirng di ban khac. Nd mdt muc trung thanh vdi cic dng chii. Theo mdt sd dj ban, nd mudn nhay xudng md vdi ebii, nd da nbjn ddi cho dfn khi chft trudc ngdi mg va dugc ehdn ciing vdi ebii. Con chd niy da trd tbinh ddi tugng tbii 18 ciia Den 18 Vua.

Nhiing ngudi cung eip thdng tin d vung nay cdn nhd mifu thd vao nhung nam 50-60 dan gian cbi ed mgt bia da va mft bat huong. Ngdi mg cd v i bd hoang den noi nd kbdng cdn hinb dgng la mdt ngdi mg ma cbi la mgt gd dat nhd. Bd dgi bien phdng tiiinh thoang dfn thap huang d dd va mdt ba gii (biy gid cd tin ddn la ba ta phit tai) tiiinh tiioang dfn dgn dep.

Thgm chi nd thudc hang tiiip trong sd cic mifu cd bdn. Dfn 18 Vua khi dd kbdng ed gi die bift, quan trgng va kbdng cd nhifu ngudi dfn ciing If.

Su chuyfn bifn ciia mifu tiid vio diu nhiing nam 70 kbi Dii Loan bit diu xay dyng nhi may difn nguyfn rtt d gin ngdi mg. Vifc xay dyng nhi may yfu ciu dio bdi vach niii nhm ra bifn va trong qua trinh tifn hinh tiii Dfn 18 Vua bj san lap. 6 Dai Loan trong qui trinh xiy dung ggp hii cdt, khu xay dung thudng cd vin df vf dudng am v i cdng nhan xay dyng phai cimg If. Khu xay dung niy khdng pbii la ngoai If. Theo mgt sd ngudi cung cap thdng tin, cd rit nhifu tai nan v i tham chi ed mdt sd ngudi chet.

Robert P. Weller. Chu nghia tUt)an... 29 Theo mdt cau chuyen, mdt sy cd dang chii y xay ra kbi can tryc dang dinb

san ui ngdi mg dd thi ty nhien bi ehet may kbdng ro nguyfn do. Mgt loat eae vu tai nan va van de vdi can true khien ebo vifc xiy dung bi hoan lgi.

Nhiing ngudi cdng nhan v i din dia phucmg mudn giii ngdi md, cdn chinh phii tbi mudn cdng trinh duge xiy dung nhanh chdng.

Cudi cung chmh phii va nhiing ngudi quin ly xay dung nha may quyft dinb "tdn trgng phong tue dia phuang" bang each xiy dung lgi ngdi mifu.

Viec xay dung lai mieu da khifn cho viec chuyen bien ciia mieu thd ca ve binh dang va van df tam linh thanh mdt difn thd cd bdn ldn. Hg da lam chinh phii phai lam theo yeu ciu eiia hg. Difu quan trgng, hg lam dieu nay trudc bang ngan cdng nhan den tii khap nai tren hdn dao va vi vgy da tgo difu kien cho mdt tin ngudng trd nen phd bien, lan rgng chua tirng cd.

Viec xay dyng lai ngdi mieu ed mgt sd difm dae bift do xuit phat tir ngudn gde mifu cd hdn, die thu cua vifc xiy dung lai va su tbfu dft dieu ky la mgt each sang tao cua ngudi din. Ngdi den to gap nhifu lin so vdi mieu cd hdn binh thudng nhung van cd mdt sd tranh thd nhu d eac mieu cd hdn. Die bift, ngdi dfn mdi Ididng cd mii bifn cong nhd ra va mai trang tri boa van. Ngdi dfn kbdng cd vi than d cira v i ciing khdng cd ciia.

Mgi ngudi ddi khi ggi ngdi dfn nay li "ngdi den 3 biic tudng" vi ehiing khdng cd biic tudng phia tmdc. Dieu quan trgng bing diu, mifu tbd van la mdt dia diem quan trgng df ngudi dan dfn thd ciing. Ngdi den cd mdt trong nhirng yfu td quan trgng cua vifc tbd ciing cic vi tbinh - ed tugng than lam bang gd. 0 ntra ben trii cua ngdi dfn, phia trfn eao cd mdt ban tbd gidng nhu nhung dien thd khic. Tugng thin treo d buc tudng phia sau, trudc cd mdt cai bin de dat dd tbd ciing va bai bat huong. Cbi cd mdt biie tranh nhac nhd ve bin chat cua mifu tbd cd hdn trong than dien niy l i cd mdt vj than khac. Nfu quan sat ky se phat hien ra rang cd mdt biie tranh khac ngoai tranh thd 17 ngudi danb ca va mdt con chd. Dd Ii biic tranh thin Tbd Cdng. Than d dd df giir eac cd bdn vao nen nep.

Hinh tugng ve than tbanh nhan mgnh rang day la nhiing cd bdn cyc ky linh tbieng, nhung ngdi den kbdng be giau ngudn gdc cua nd la tbd cd bdn.

Ben cgnh viec xiy dyng ngdi den, mdt ngdi mg gia dugc xay Ifn trfn ngdi mg that nam d phia ben pbii ciia difn thd. Ngdi md gia nay cung ed tim quan trgng nhu la trung tam thd ciing gidng nhu ban tbd thin. Nhung ngudi sung bai ndi rang phin linh tbieng nhat la ngdi md gde, bay gid d phia dudi ting bam. Nhiing ngudi den ciing vao phia trong md bing ldi ciu thang tdi d phia sau ngdi den. Mac cho bau het mgi ngudi dfu bift vf

30 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. S58 - 2015 difu nay, vin cd tin don bip din la d phdng tdi dudi ting him cd mgt dieu gi dd bi mat ma chi cd nhiing ngudi trong eude mdi bift difu linh thifng nay. Trong con mit cua ngudi bao frg ngdi dfn, phdng tdi dd la mgt die difm ky quai va dgc dao cua ngdi dfn do viee xay dung lai da lam tang thfm tinh chit lg liing ciia cac cd hdn. Ngdi mg gdc nim ngay phia dudi ngdi mg gia, nhung la liim dit frdng gidng nhu mdt bin sao cua mg gdc.

Bia da dgt d eanh mep vach nui, nhung nay lai quay vf phia mdt biic tudng chir kbdng phai la quay ra bifn. Bat huong dit d frude bia da, nhung vi difm dac bift frong xay dung ma bit huong bi ket giua biic tudng va phin mg. Df cim huong, nhiing ngudi dfn ciing phii quy sat xudng dat bui va dya vao phin md. Day khdng thf la mdt tu the Ijch su khi ma nhung ngudi dfn Cling lgi phii bd bing diu gdi.Tbay la mgt hien tugng riy ra, bin thiu thi difu nay dudng nhu lgi phii hgp df khin Igy con cbd v i nhiing hai cot vd danh d dudi dit - nhiing difu coi la phi luan, hay vd dao diic. Sy ddi lap frong vifc Cling bii cic bdn ma vd danh that i n tugng. Binh thudng, cic cd hdn dugc ciing te frfn mat dit v i mgi ngudi den ciing diing tf le.

Ngdi dfn die biet lmh tbieng vao budi tdi, va cao difm cua vifc eiing le roi vao mdt so gid budi sang. Giong nhu viec quy If d dudi tang ham, cd mdt sy dao ldn cua mdt nghi If binh thudng nhan manh sy ddi lap giiia bin chit cua cd hdn frong Dfn 18 Vua v i cua than tbanh. Budi tdi li thdi diem cie bdn ma hogt dgng mgnh nhit, v i difu vd dao diic lai pbu hgp vdi cac hogt ddng vao budi tdi nhu gai difm, tdi pham, danh bac va nhifu hanh vi phgm phap khic. Hiu nhu vifc cung tf nhiing cd hdn khac difn ra ban ngiy. Difu nay mdt phan vi thuan tifn vi mgt phin vi an toin, bdi le con ngudi thudng franh tbdi difm cho ring cd bdn hoat dgng manh. Nhung du sao thi Dfn 18 Vua ciing dii linh thifng de ngudi ta cd the ciing te ed hdn vao tbdi diem hogt ddng manh cua chiing. Du viy, viec thd ciing d difn thd niy eiing nguy bifm. Nfu 18 Vua chap thuan ldi ciu khin, bg phai dugc dap le (thdng thudng la tifn cdng diic), nfu kbdng tai hga se xiy ra.

Nguy hifm ban ddi vdi ngudi frin mit thit la cac boat dgng d ngdi dfn vao ban dem: noi diy dugc biet dfn nhu la noi i n nau cua nhiing ke mdc tiii, an cap vi tifn. Chiing dfn ciing If va ddng tbdi kifm an.

Con cbd la tam difm mang tai tifng cho ngdi dfn. Mac du con ehd cbi dugc thf hifn frong mdt biic franh frfn ban tiid va bai biic tugng to bing cbd that diic bang ddng d phia sau ngdi mg gia va khdng cd bat huong tbd cung. Tuy nhifn con chd la trung tam cua su chii y frong nghi If.

Chif c bin d trudc ban tbd cd tugng tbd nhd (nhu d nhiing dien thd khac),

Robert P. Weller. Chu nghia tuban... 31 nhung ching la nhung chu chd nhd lam bang gdm hoac bing kim loai,

khdng ed nhung biic tugng ciia cac cd hdn. Ciia hang nhd d cgnh ciia ngdi dfn ban biia, bang rdn, sach, thgm chi bd phun Dfn 18 Vua ndi vf viec diie nhung con chd va ed nhieu biie rem freo cd hinh con chd. Difu thu vi nhat, tham cbi hi sdc neu theo chuan muc cua biu bet nhirng binh thiic tbd cimg d Trung Qude, la viec doi xu vdi bai con chd bing ddng d canh ngdi mg. Nhiing ngudi den If hao biic xoa khip ngudi con ehd de cau may. Hg cdn xoa ca vao la bua bg menh d frfn hai con vit de cau phue. Ban dfm, vao gid eao diem d ngdi den, cac con cbd dudng nhu la hi bao phii bdi cac ban tay mon frdn cua dim ngudi cben cbiic di If.

Mgi ngudi thinh thoing mdi thd tugng ciia cac con vgt d Dai Loan, nhung mon frdn con chd l i dieu bat binh thudng. Su cd mat ciia con chd, khdng phai l i nhihig con rua rat phd bien la dieu that la ddi. Trong kbi eon chd dgc biet nay tugng trung cho long trung thanh, ehd d Dai Loan ndi chung lgi gan bd mat tbift vdi tinh due kbdng frong sgch ddi vdi nhiing ngudi cd diic banh. Viee kft hgp giua long trung thanh vdi tinh due qua cac biic tugng ehd cing lim tang mdi lifn be mit tbift eua ngdi den vdi the gidi i m phii.

Chinh hinb dgng tbd eiing nhin mgnh khdng kbi Igc difu ciia ngdi dfn. Gidng nhu bit kf mdt ngdi den ldn nao, phia frfn l i nhiing bit huong to chiia diy que huong; dudi mat dit, nhung ngudi den ciing bii bd If df vdi dugc "bit huang" dit d cbd rit bit tifn. Hg kbdng cam huong, thay vio dd, bg eim thudc l i da duge chim bing each diit vao nhiing cai Id due frong mdt bit lam bang xi mang. Diy li mdt each su dung thudc la kbdng binh thudng d Dii Loan ma tdi chua tung nhin thiy trudc day. Ngudi ta dang e i bao thudc frong budi ciing chiing sinh bing nam, nhung kbdng pbii thay thf cac que huong. Hut thudc rit phd bifn frong gidi dan dng d Dai Loan. Gidng nhu d Hoa Ky, dieu nay la khdng duge, kbdng phii hgp ddi vdi phu nii, fre em, hoac ngudi theo dao. L i dieu phi bang neu dang thudc la cho than tbanh. Tinh ddi lap giiia thudc la v i buang nhin mgnh sy dao lOn frong difn tbd nay va ddi lap 18 Vua vdi than tbinh.

Mgi ngudi d ngdi den khdng thf giai thich ndi phong tue ddt thudc l i xuat bien hi dau, nhung phong tuc nay cd ve frd nfn lan rdng. He nam 1988, tdi nhin thay ngudi sii dung thude la de tbd ciing d mdt nbi hang tgi tbinh phd Tanshui d Bic Dai Loan. Nha hang nay cd mdt ban thd nhd cgnh quay thu ngan gidng nhu nhieu eo sd kinh doanh nhd khac. Mdt

32 Nghien ciiU Ton giao. So 8 - 2015 frong nhung biie tugng d fren ban tiid la tugng Phgt Deo tiii (Budai Heshang). Biie tugng khic bog mgt nhan vit beo, vui tinh cd mgt chiec tiii to dgt d fren vai, l i mgt nhan vat khdng quan frgng frong cac ban thd ciia nhifu gia dmh v i ca sd kinh doanh nhd. Tui vai dyng qua tang va tifn le, gidng nhu Santa Claus, vj tiianh phit qua ebo fre em. Tugng Phgt frdng gidng nhu nhung tugng Di Lac phd bifn va nhifu ngudi khac ndi ring diic phgt dd thyc tf la hifn thin cua Di Lac. Di Lac kbdng phai la mdt nhan vat quan frgng df tiid cung, nhimg la mgt binh hrgng tugng trung cho su giau cd df dang m i nhung ngudi sd biiu nhung co sd kinh doanh nhd d Dai Loan tiiich kifu lam giau n i y ' . Du sao, biie tugng die biet nay cd ma phinh phmh, nu eudi to, cd mdt dieu thude la dang chiy d mdm. Bing mgt each n i o dd dieu thudc i i bifn ny cudi, cii beo tdt tbanh mdt khudn miu ciia mdt thing du cdn mia mai, beo pbj. Tdi ciing nghe vf nhung ngudi mua tugng chd d Dfn 18 Vua va tbd chiing bang cich chim thudc la dat vao mdm^. Mdi quan be giua bai cich sii dyng thudc hifn nhien l i ttai ngugc, tir 18 cai xac den Di Lac l i y tudng kiem tifn bit hgp phip mgt each df dang. Ca Dfn 18 Vua lin Di Lac dugc eoi nhu la ngudn tai chinh khdng kifm ma cd va thudc la nhac nhd mgi ngudi li su giau cd kbdng thich dang la tai sin thit diic.

Khu vuc eiia Difn thd tao difu kifn cho viee kifm tien bit hgp phip.

Mgi ngudi mieu ta ngdi dfn liic nao ciing l i noi kiem an ciia bgn du cdn, gai difm, cd bgc va nhiing ke lam an bit hgp phap. Nhiing ke mdc tui thudng xuyfn cd mat d Difn thd khdng ehi df kiem an d cho ddng ngudi, ma bg cdn ciing If. Nhdm ngudi nay cd mdi quan be khang kbit vdi cac mifu cd hdn. Nhiing vi thin khac khdng dfm xia tdi ldi cau khan ciia hg.

Mac dil, canh tugng vf nhiing ke ngoii vdng phip luat niy pbu bgp vdi bau kbdng Idii chung ciia difn thd, frfn thyc tf lai kbdng pbii. Dan giin, cd qua nhifu ngudi d dien thd bi hgn chf tifp can dugc vdi cie hogt dfng d the gidi dudi dit. Thfm vao dd, nhung biic tugng, franh tbd, bua mua d Den 18 vua frang tri cie ban thd va xe d td eua nhieu nhin vit ndi tifng d Dii Bac. Viec frang tri niy eiing rat phd bifn frong gidi lai xe taxi va nhiing doanh nhan nhd cd ngudn thu nhap chinh dang. Ban quan ly difn tbd cho rang nhiing ngudi dfn ciing d dfn la nhiing ngudi thudc cic ting ldp khac nhau. Do vgy, nhieu ngudi dan thudng bay lui dfn Dfn 18 Vua, nhifu bon la nhirng ke cdn do, danb bac. Hg dfn bdi sy bip din d phin difn thd dudi dit. Hg nhin thiy nhu cau tbift thuc cua bg dugc dap iing bdi difn tbd khdng qua ciu ne ve cic vin df dao diic.

Kooert P. Weller. Chu nghia tUban... 33

Nh&ng tin ngirong liSn quan

Den 18 Vua li mdt trudng hgp ngogi If, nhung du sao nd cung bat nguon tir mdt khudn mau chung cua thdi ky bdi sinh vi phat trien tdn giao bat dau khoang hai tiiap ky frudc d Dai Loan. Theo thdng kf, sy chuyfn ddi dudng nhu dien ra vao dau nam 1970. Giai doan nay cd mdt tim quan frgng vi la tbdi ky diu cua sy phat trifn nfn kinh tf dOe lap d Dai Loan. Nhiing con sd ma chinh pbu dua ra ve mgt loat cac difn thd li kbdng chinh xae; nhieu dien thd khdng dang ky chinh thitc, vi nhieu difn thd khac, dgc biet la cac mifu tbd nhd tbd tbd cdng hay cac mifu cd bdn la qua nhd de cd thf tien banh mdt each dfu dan cae eude dieu fra H mi, ky luong han. Dii vifc thdng kf kbd khan, thi ciing khdng thf cd mgt eon sd cd dinh tir nam nay qua nam khac, va sd lieu cua chinh pbii ehi ra khuynh hudng phat trifn tir trudc dfn nay cbi mang tinh tuong ddi. Sau khi giim tu tii frong nhiing nim qua tinh tii giai doan cudi cua cugc xam chifm Nb|,t Ban nim 1945, sd lugng difn thd vi sd difn tbd tinh theo dau ngudi tang len dang ke khoing sau nhung nam 70. Sd lugng nhung dien tiid dang ky tang frr 2.930 nam 1956 dfn 6.251 nam 1980, tang gin 113

%. Sd difn thd fren dau ngudi tang 18% vao cimg mgt Ibdi gian, sd lugng tang vgt bit diu khoang nam 1972 (Qu va Yao 1986:647)^

Tdn giio dan gian khdng phat trifn mdt each ddng dfu. Mdt sd dac diem nay ciia tdn giao dan gian phat trien bon nhiing die difm khae. Tir khoang nam 1970 nhung ITnh vuc tdn giao dan gian phit trifn trudc bet la nhung van df ci nhan frong cac nghi le hon la nhiing vin de gia dinh, cgng ddng. Nghi If td tien va nhung dien tbd tbinh ldn phat trifn theo each rieng ciia chiing, edn nhung noi tbd cae vj than thanh mi cac dng ddng/ba ddng nhip ddng, hoac thd cimg cd hdn tbi lai theo mdt chieu hudng phat trien die bift.

Ong dong ba ddng la nhung ngudi xem bdi, khuyen bao, chua benh khi nhap ddng tCc lau da phd bien d Dai Loan. Mgt sd dien thd ldn cd cic dng ddng bi dong biu ddng, nhung da sd hg cd difn thd rifng, khdng dang ky vi lap difn thd tai gia. Hg len ddng vdi nhung muc dich thift tiiuc: chiia bfnh, tim kiem dd vat bj mit, phin doan kinh doanh tbanh cdng bay that bgi v.v... Hg khdng doai hoai nhifu tdi nhung van df quan tam cua cgng ddng nhu d cac difn thd than ldn. Tiem nang sinh lgi do nhifu ngudi cd nhu ciu len ddng da khifn cho mdt sd lugng dng ddng bi ddng kbdng binh If d eac dien tbd ldn ma lap difn tai gia vi nhu vay bg da lim tang len ding kf cac difn tbd thin tu gia.

34 Nghien culi Ton gi^o. SdS - 2015 Ddng tbdi nhieu than thanh xuat hifn d cic difn tbd tu nhan. Nhimg difn tbd eiia cdng ddng thudng tbd mgt than chinh va cd nhieu tugng thd.

Nhung vj tiiin khac d ban tbd pbu hogc d mgt vi tri thip so vdi ban tiid chinh. Nhifu vi thin khac nhau frong cac difn thd cua dng ddng ba ddng, cd khoang 40-50 thin frong difn tbd cang nhan manh cbiic ning thyc tien ctia viec thd ciing nay. Mdi mgt vi than cd cbiic nang rieng, nen nhung difn tiid cd thf dap iing nhu eiu cua nhifu ngudi, gidng nhu la mgt cita bing md rgng quiy ban dd gdm df dap irng nhu cau ciia nhieu khich hang(Li 1988: 11-13).

Cd bdn la mdt tin nguong phat trifn manh khac va nghi le thd ciing cd bdn thgm cbi gan bd chat che vdi nhirng nhu cau mang tinh thue tf vi ca nhan. Cd hdn ludn ludn the hien nhung mdi quan tSm vugt Ifn frfn ca ranh gidi bmh thudng mang tinh cgng ddng, gia dinh va bang xdm. Gidng nhu nhiing bdn ma lang thang kbdng ngudi thd cung, cd bdn kbdng ed eic mdi quan he xa hgi ldn. Nfu mdt ai do se thd ciing hg, thi bg kbdng pbii !a nhung bdn ma lang thang nira. Vdi ude vgng dugc tbd ciing, cd hdn se phu bd cho bat kf ldi eau nao df dap lgi mgt chiit sir kinh frgng. Chinh ban than nhiing dd tbd ciing cung c i nhan hda eie ed bdn.Vi dy, d cie tif c tbanh ldn td chirc hang nam, cac que buang duge cam vio dd If; cac cd bdn kbdng cd bit hucmg rieng nhu cac vj than tiiinh va td tien''. Nhung dng ddng ba ddng va cic cd hdn c i hai dfu nhin mgnh xu hudng thuc dyng va ca nhan frong sy phit trifn mgnh cua tdn giao dan gian d Dai Loan (Li 1988).

Chinh Dfn 18 Vua la bien tugng mdi day nhit ciia cic nghi If nhu viy. It nhit cd 3 mifu tbd frd thanh ngdi dfn tbd thanh tmdc Dfn 18 Vua va bifn tugng nay da frd nfn phd bifn frong khoing 20 nam frd lai day, Nhirng mifu khac cd xu hudng frd thanh dien thd ldn khdng bj dio lon hoan toan nhu d Dfn 18 Vua, nhung chu yfu la ed sy thay ddi md mi ciia cac cd hdn va vifc sin sang dap img cac nhu ciu phi luan.

Vifc phit trifn va sy chuyfn hda nhifu mifu tbd cd bdn kbdng phai la mdi. Mgt sd cic difn tbd biy gid la cac difn tbd eic vj thin ciing bit d^u ttr cie mifu tbd ed bdn, ma sy chuyfn bifn ciia ehiing bit ngudn hi tinh tbieng (Harrell 1974). Gidng nhu cac difn tiid cd ddng ngudi tdi ciu cing, ngudn goc vf cac cd bdn se din dan phai md di. Su phat ttifn cac difn tiid ed bdn frong bai tiiap IQ- qua, du sao eung khac bift frong viec giii dugc mdi gan bd khang kbit vdi thf gidi cae cd bon. Cac ngdi md chifm uu thf, cic If vit phii bgp vdi cac ed bon, ciu tnic cic difn tbd gidng cac mifu tiid (khdng cd mai cong, khdng cd cae vi thin dung d cua), va nhimg nhan vat

Robert P. Weller. Chu nghia tUban... 35

duge tbd ciing dac bift hanh phuc vi dap iing eac yfu cau ma cac vj than khac tir chdi. Sy thay ddi ca ban la nhung ngdi den niy vin giu nhiing dgc tinh cua cac ed hdn, khdng pbii li nhung dgo diic chinh thdng ma cae ngdi den phii cd de frd thanh difn thd cac vj thin.

Cae dien thd cd hdn niy da phat trien kha manh me nhung mit can ddi frong bai thip ky qua. Cae cd bdn eiing ddng vai frd quan frgng frong viec choi xd sd bat bgp phap lan tran d Dai Loan ttong vai nam qua. Xd sd cd nhieu loai, nhung ngudi din lai thich logi "Mgi ngudi banh phiie".

"Mgi ngudi banh phiic" vdn dya vao xd sd qudc gia ciia Dai Loan, chgn 3 con sd eua giii bay (giai cudi). Trong hinb thitc ban diu ciia xd sd "Mgi ngudi hgnh phiic", ngudi ta dinh hai sd cudi cua giai biy. Ai ciing ed thf td chirc cae diem choi sd de bang each phd td cic td rod, cd cac d danh sd tir 00 den 99. Sd lugng danb sd df idiic nhau d cac diem ghi va cd the danb bi vai dd la den mgt sd tien ldn. Khi cd dii sd df danh (khoing it nhit 50 ngudi danb) tbi diem ghi se ngiing cho ghi. Nfu khdng cd dii ngudi dinb hoac khdng cd ai thing, thi ngudi ghi sd df se tra lai tit ca tien; neu mdt bay nhifu ngudi thing thi ngudi ghi sd de se lay 10 phan ttam va chia so fren cdn lgi cho nhung ngudi thing^. Nhiing ngudi danh sd df cd thf danh d nhieu chd va ed thf dinb nhieu sd d radt diem ghi de. Nhiing ngudi ghi sd df ed thf ghi d nhifu difm ghi. Dieu nay din dfn hien tugng nay sinh eac chuyen gia ghi sd de, ma ngudi ghi sd de ldn nhat ed thf Ifn tdi ban 7 trieu dd la Dai Loan (ban mdt nua trifu do la My).

Viec td cbiic cac diem ghi sd de df ding vi kbdng ed mgt co quan trung tam dieu banh khifn ebinh pbu kbdng thf kifm soit duge. Cac quan cbiic ed gang thay ddi xd sd qudc gia (eudi ciing lai bd), nhimg ngudi din ludn tim dugc nhirng hinb tbiie mdi df choi. Nhieu frd choi bay gid lgi cd mdi lifn quan dfn xd sd Hdng Kdng; tham chi cac xe buyt di tour ciing choi, dung bai sd cudi cua bifn sd ciia xe di qua. Nam 1987 theo bao cao ciia cdng an (Jian 1987: 1) danb gia khoang 3 trifu ngudi danb sd de. Hg thudng danh nhifu tien, va mdt frong nhiing ly do df thu biit sy quan tam la sd tien chai vugt ca vdn dau tu d Dai Loan nhiing nam gin day. Kbi gia nhan cdng ting, nhieu ngudi sg diu tu va cac cdng ty can nhieu nhan edng va bg kbdng ed kba nang diu tu vao cac nganh edng nghifp ddi hdi nhifu vdn va eiing kbdng ed ca hdi va kien thitc df diu tu d nude ngoii. So vdi tbanh edng ldn eiia nganh xuat khau Dii Loan, giua nhung nam 80 ddi vdi mdt sd ngudi khdng cd lya ehgn nao khi dT ban tbi dau tu kbdng hieu qua vao dat dai, cd phieu. Xd

36 Nghien cuU Ton giao. So 8 - 2015' sd bat hgp phap nhu la mgt binh thiie dau tu, mao hiem bon nhung cd nhifu lgi nhugn bon nhi^u ddi vdi ngudi thing eude va tbii vi hon nhifu so vdi viec dau tu.

Gidng nhu nhirng nhi d i u tu tdt, nhieu ngudi chai sd df "Mgi ngudi banh phuc" ed ging giam riii ro bang each doan sd tning thudng. Sd dugc giii thudng dy doan trudc tii hai ngudn: eae vi than tbanh dua ra nhung ggi y mgt each gian tifp vf cac con sd (vi dy, thdng qua cac hinh khdi do khdi huong tao ra), hogc hg cd the tryc tifp ed duge eon sd do bing vifc Ifn ddng. Nhu la mgt quy tic, cac dien tbd than dang kinh bon khdng thf lam gi dugc vdi cae boat ddng bit bgp phap nhu vgy.

Trii lai, ngudi ta se ciu cic ed hdn hay nhung vi tbanh khdng cd quyfn lyc la nhung than thyc sy khdng pbii hgp vdi khudn miu chuin muc cua hf thdng quan lifu nhu la thd cdng Taizi Ye (mdt diia fre frd thanh tbinh). Sun Wukong (ndi tifng d Phuang Tiy nhu l i mgt con Khi tinh quai), hay Ji Gong (mgt vi su thich an thit va udng rugru) (Hu 1986).

Nhiing mifu thd cd hdn nhd va ldn thim ehi eang cd nhieu lifn quan bon dfn vifc choi sd df va cang cd nhieu mdi quan tim ban vdi nhung cai chft vd thira nhin. Ngudi ta d c i dem d bai tha ma hy vgng rang se cd thf mo thiy eon sd tning thudng. Va the la mgt cau chuyfn tmyfn tung rdng rai la ngudi ta dfn nhiing cho cd tai ngn giao thdng df nhin xem nhiing ngudi bi nan nam gidng con sd miy, hoae liy sd ciia bifn so xe bai gap ngn. Nhimg vi thin cua cgng ddng tbi chic bin tii choi cung cip eic thdng tin nhu vay v i cd thf dua ra nhung con sd sai df trimg phat nhiing ngudi cau xin viee chai xd sd. Cbi cd cac vj thin bift be cong he thdng, die bift la cae ed hdn se dap iing cac yeu cau nay nhim giiip dd ebo cac boat ddng bat hgp phap.

Kft qua la nhiing budi hau ddng d cac difn tu gia tang Ifn va nhiing dien tiid cd bdn ldn biing nd xet vf mat kinh tf ^. Nhirng ngdi dfn doan cic sd tiling giii tiiudng rit ma hd, df xuit 3 dfn 4 con sd diing cgnh nhau tao tbinh 9-16 sd cd bai con sd. Vdi mdi mdt sd tbi cd 3 ca bgi thing va cang nhifu sd dugc mgi ngudi phdng doan do nhm khdi hucmg v i nfn chay tiii vifc ghi df tiling rat cao. Tbfm vio do, nhung ngudi tning giii phai tg If, die bift la do eac cd bdn giiip. Cae cd bdn dap lgi ldi ciu xin ciia bg cbi khi nao hg dang If, v i ngudi tiling giii phai dfn mifu thd cdng diic bing tifn mat, v ^ g , hogc td ehiic tiinh dien ea kich, miia rdi, thoat y vii, hay chieu phim d tiirdc difn tiid. Mgt sd difn tiid ed bdn ed bi 10 dfn 20 budi bifu difn miia rdi frong danh sieh xfp hang (Hu 1986). Ngugc lgi, nhung difn

Robert P. Weller. Chu nghia tWban... 37 tbd it ngudi den tbi gap pbii nhiing bau qua fram frgng. Phan anh ciia bao

chi mieu ta tranh tbd ciia tbd cdng bj xe nat frdi vao bd sdng, bien nhien dd la ket qua eua nhiing ngudi di eiu eung tire gian (Hu 1986). Gidng nhu d thuong trudng ed kba nang tbang va cd kha nang bgi cho ca ddi bfn, nhiing ldi eiu khan frd thanh hien thye dugc eoi frgng hon e i l i nhirng gia trj truyen thdng, hoac mdi quan bf xa hgi.

Lgi Igc va Dao diic

20 nam gin day Dai Loan chiing kien sy thinh hanh ciia mOt loat cac tin nguong va nghi If bao gdm thd cimg cd bdn, thd chd, v i su dung thudc la ttong viec thd ciing, ngudi len ddng d dien tu gia, xd sd bat hgp phip. Chii de ben ket nhiing hifn tugng tdn giao nay la khai nifm chung ve phi luin, mgt binh thii thyc dyng va co hep lgi ich gia dinh, cgng ddng den nhu cau v i mong mudn ea nhin.

Sy tip trung vao lgi ich cua c i nhin len fren mdi quan bf x i bgi va cgng ddng ddi lap vdi dao dire chinh thdng cua eie vi thin thanh va td tien. Con ngudi ed le so sanh eae vj than vdi gidi quan chiic, nhung bg nghT ve hg nhu la nhiing quan chirc hoan hao tdt hem nhieu so vdi nhiing quan lieu de tien va tham nhiing cua eic trieu dgi sau niy (vi frong chimg mue nio dd, den thdi bifn dgi)... Cic vi thin la ngudi dire do, ban tai ban Ige kbdng tbien vi (Ahem 1981a:99). Chi phi phuc vy cho 18 Vua ddi lap lai binh anh nay cua dao diic truyen thdng.

Giai quyet cac van df vdi cd bdn khdng cin pbii phi luan theo kieu cua Trung CJude; ngudi ta cd thf cau xin cd hdn tucmg ty nhu cau xm cic vi thanh. Sy Ichac nhau la cac cd hdn dip img eic nhu ciu vf kinh tf, ttong khi dd cac vi thanh yeu ciu phii l i luin ly dao dire va it khi phai ta If. Mdi lien hf vf khia eanh vat chat ciia Dfn 18 Vua vdi nhiing ke mdc tiii, sy ddi lap cie nghi le d dudi ting bim vdi thf gidi trin thf, nhiing con chd v i mdi lien be ciia chung vdi bua, tinh due, va tham cbi la Di Lac day da ngam dieu thudc ttfn mifng cang Iam cho hifn tugng thd ciing d Dien thd nay bi tai tifng. Viee thd ciing khdng he pbii bgp vdi dgo diie ebinh thdng ciia nha nude ma nhirng dgo diic nay la chd dua ebinh cua cac difn thd thanh hoang. Nd cung khdng phuc hdi lgi nhung gii trj Khdng giao hay Phat giao gidng nhu nhifu tdn giio mdi d Dai Loan (Xem Jordan va Overmyer 1986). Tbfm vao niia, vifc tbd eung cbi phuc vu nhu cau ca nhan. Dinb nghTa vf thd ciing cic ed bdn diing d sy tdn tai eua hg tich ra khdi bat ke mgt mdi quan be xa bdi binh thudng nao. Ciu xin cie ed hdn dfu mang tinh ca nhan: vi lgi Igc chai xd sd hay danh bge,

38 Nghien culi Tdn giao. S68 - 2015 hogc cau tii eiu ldc ttong kinh doanh (vi cimg khdng nhit thift la nhung viec lam hgp phap).

Chang ed eai gi thyc sy mdi me ttong nhiing van de ciing If vi lgi Igc bay vi ban than bg frong tdn giao Trung Qude, nhung dii sao difu gi da khien cho vifc thd ciing nay frd nfn sdi dgng d Dai Loan frong hai thap ky qua? Tdi se chiing minh rang eau fra ldi cho cau bdi nay nim ca d su kifm soit nhihig gia tri xa hgi cua chinh phu lin d su die biet frong qui trinh chuyfn hda cua nfn kinh tf Dai Loan.

Thoi h v tat xau v^ Chinh phu

Gin day, tdn giao Dii Loan ldn manh mdt phin lien quan dfn sy thit bai ciia ebinh phu hogc cua bat ke mgt nhdm nao khac tbinh cdng frong vifc dua ra nhiing gia tri mdi. Nhiing van de nhu sy tien bd frong tdn giao theo Weber, nhiing gia trj dan sy, qudc gia mdi se thay thf tdn giao (vi du, Geertz 1973b; Bellah 1965: 202-203) kbdng bao gid xiy ra d Dii Loan. Difu niy die bift diing vao thdi gian sau kbi cai chft cua Jian Jingguo (Chian Chmg-kuo) vai nam.

Sy tiianh edng ciia phat tiifn kinh te d Dai Loan dae bift lim sang to nhung van de vf gii tii: thj trudng tu ban thudng thf bifn la mdt hifn tugng phi dao dire frong khi dd bang hda dugc tinh theo gia trj ddng tifn va khdng hf ed mgt mdi lifn be nio vdi be thdng quan be xa hgi.

Nhifu chinh tri gia, tir nhimg ngudi theo frao luu chmh thdng dfn nhiing nha mdi trudng, gidi bao tbii mdi cd gang chdng lai sy mit mat cac gia frj cgng ddng. Chinh phu ciia Qudc din Dang Dai Loan ciing khdng pbii ngogi If, bg hy vgng bfnh vyc tinh chinh thdng va bifn Dii Loan tbanh mdt nai df bio luu van hda Trung Qude khdi bi anh hudng bdi ehil nghTa Cgng san. Phuong tifn tiniyfn thdng dugc kifm soit chat che v i nhiing tifng ndi mang tinh phf phin ndi chung bj eoi la ndi loan.

Tir tiirdng bgc dfn ea quan lip phip, ngudi ta dfu tiiiy nhiing no luc nhim day manh mgt he thdng gia hi vf ldng hifu tiiao, dd la mdt h?

tiidng ttong dd eon cai the hifn ldng tdn kinh, ed bifu vdi cha m?, dgo ly vg ehdng eiing nhu sy tdn ttgng eua cdng dan vdi chinh pbii.

Thap nifn tiirdc, dgc bift mdt vai nam gin day, chmh phii ndi ldng vifc kifm soat cugc sdng tinh thin cua ngudi din. Giong nhu d Ddng Au, sy cdi md da chi ra nhihig gia hi ehinh thdng eu ndng can thf nao. Nhifu tifng ndi v i chinh kifn thay thf cho cai cu don difu. Md bmh ciia Pbilipin va cua Han Qude cang lim cho ngudi dan cim thiy cin phai

Robert P. Weller. Chu nghia tUban... 39 nghi ngd chinh quyfn. Sy bdn loan vi phgm phip quyen cang lam cho

ngudi dan ed cam giac la chinh phu kbdng cdn thyc sy thf bifn mgt each rd rang bat ke gia tn truyen thdng nao.

Cbcfi sd de Tdt cd mgi nguai deu hgnh phiic l i mdt vi du nhd cua viee ndi long kiem soat eua chinh phu. Ben canh viec doan eon sd tning thudng thdng qua nghi If tdn giao, edn ed chuyen l i cd the cd sy can thiep the tuc ddi vdi nhung ai biet each chai xd sd ra sao. Thanh vifn cua bang maphia Bamboo da lifn quan den vifc gift Jian Nan, mgt bgc gia ngudi My gdc Hoa viet vf tifu sir Jiang Jingguo vi dng cho rang nhiing thanh vien eua gia dinh Jiang cam thay hi de dga ve mat ebinh tri. Theo ehuyen nay tbi khi mgi ngudi bift vf viee bi de dog dd, cic thanh vifn cua chinh pbu da tra gii eho sy im lang ciia cdng chimg bang viec in frfn bao mgt sy ctii din ma hda gdm 2 con sd cudi cung ciia sd trung thudng trudc ktii quay xd sd. Nhiing ngudi nao bift giii ma tbi se giau to.

"Phuang phap bao chi" nay cd dugc eon sd tning tiiudng cd thf sinh vdi phuong phap tam linb rit phd bifn frong edng chimg. Difu niy eang ehiing td khdng cd niem tm hoan toan vao ldng trung thyc cua ebinh phu, v i thuc ra quay xd sd duge dua len truyen hinb va dT nhifn la eon sd tning thudng la sd bit ky nao (Qu 1987: 30-31).

Cac no lyc dvdi sir kiem soat

Gan day nhiing thay ddi chinh tri thyc sy da bi de nen, nhung nhiing y tudng va gia tri khdng bao gid ehl dya vao mgt minh cac ding phii chinh tri, va nghi If tdn giao la mdt frong nhiing liiih vyc m i chinh phii kiem soat rat it. Tdi da thao lugn d dau do (Weller 1987b) nhiing nd luc kiem soit tbd Cling da that bgi, tham cbi kbi chinh pbu sin sing ban de lam viee niy. Van df dac bift khd eho ehinh phu hifn thdi vi do la chinh pbu the tyc va cam kft trudc cdng chiing l i ed nhiing gia tri tu do nhu la ty do tdn giao. Khdng gidng vifc kiem soit cua chinh pbu vf giio dye, ttyfn thdng dgi chiing, bay chinh tri, chinh pbu cd rat it su kiem soat tryc tifp cd hudng dan ve tdn giio. Khdng cd thii bic frong gidi thay eiing ma ed thf bit budc cd nhiing khudn mau giii thich mgt cich die biet vf thd cung va giao dieu, hay bat ke mdt van bin thyc su nio de tmyfn ba nhiing giio difu. Ddng thdi, eai gia phai fra ve mat ebinh tri df thf hifn tin nguong dan gian thi lai qua dit vi chinh phii thf tue khdng thiy tdn giao nhu l i mdt sy de dga thye su. Kbdng difu gi ed thf khifn chinh pbu ngiing giai thich vf mdt vin df ciing If, ttai lai chinh phii ludn cd nhifu tbanh cdng frong vifc niy.

40 Nghien ciiu Tdn giao. So 8 - 2015 Sy phit trifn thanh cdng rye ra eua Dfn 18 vua va sy thifu v ^ g nhiing ngudn tu lieu lifn quan khien nd ttd tbanh mdt bien tugng co nhifu ly giai mau tiiuin nhau vf lich su va ngudn gdc. Dj ban giai thich rd rang nhit ddi vdi ebinh phu la vd ea kich tten tmyfn binh phit vao thdi difm cao ttao ndi tifng cua ngdi dfn. Trong sd tit ca cac phuang tifn thdng tin dai chiing d Dai Loan, tivi la mgt phuang tien duge kifm soit cSn than nhit. Trong kbi nhifu td b i o dam froi nay ldc vao nhiing nam gin day, cbi cd ba kfnh tivi dugc kifm soat chat che. Vd ca kich kf vf lich sir thinh lap ngdi dfn dya vio giac ma eua nha san xuat Zhang Zongrong, mgt de tii ciia Ngdi dfn (Xem Zhang 1985). Theo vd ea kich, 17 xac chft frdi dat vao bd bifn la nhiing ngudi trung thinh vdi nhi Minh d Phiic Kifn, chay ttdn sang Dai Loan vao the ky XVIl df ttdn quan doi cua nbi Thanh va tham gia vao cugc ehifn cua Koxinga d Dai Loan. Ho da bi ehet frong mgt fran bao.

Mae dii hoan toan Ididng cd cii lieu lich sir nao cua cau chuyen va mgt ly do nao do nghi ngd vf thdi gian difn ra cau chuyen, nhung ngdi dfn vin ed lgi thf vf mat chinh frj. Cau chuyfn vf nhiing ngudi tmng thanh vdi nha Minh chay sang Dai Loan tao nfn mdt an du cd lgi cho vj thf cua Dai Loan frong tbdi diem bifn tai, tiic la chinh phii da tdn thd Koxinga nhu mgt nhin vat anh himg dia phuang thanh mdt ngudi tmng thinh vdi td qudc.

Dgc bift ngay nay, chinh phii khdng cd kha nang eiing nhu khdng mong mudn loai bd bet nhiing ldi giai thich vf Ijch sii cua ngdi dfn. Su thanh cdng ldn lao vf mat kinh tf cua ngdi den da lam niy suih nhieu ciu chuyfn canh franh nhau ve ngdi dfn bfn canh nhung eau chuyfn dugc bin dfn d phan tmdc. Mdt difu quan frgng cua nhiing cau chuyen nay la bd phim xuat hifn vio tbdi difm ngdi dfn dang d dinb difm ciia sy n6i tifng. Bg phim da iing hg nhiing difu tai tifng cua Ngdi d6nl8 Vua, ung hd nhung tay cd bac, viee edi quin ao cua nhiing ngudi qua dudng vd tgi frong mdt canh dudi nhau va tham chi cdn giiip dd ke dam chft ngudi bo chay, sau dd nan nhan da am anh cac thanh vien cua gia dinb cila ke gift ngudi. Bg phim df cap dfn nhiing gidi hgn ciia xa hgi Dai Loan vf tinh due, quyfn dugc cdi frin mgt phin frong gidi ban cho phep. Nfu bg phim phan anh mgt phin nd lyc ciia tu bin boa thinh cdng vf mat kinh tf cua ngdi dfn, thi nd lyc dd hoan toan la nhirng hinh anh tiiam lam v i phi luan cua ngdi dfn ma bd phim ca nggi.

Robert P. Weller. Chu nghia tUban... 41 Ban chat phi tip tnmg ciia nghi If dan gian d Dai Loan can frd bat ke ai

cd y dinh kiem soat thyc sy nhung ciu ehuyen vf lich sii ngdi den. Kft qua la ed nhieu di bin, tat ca deu l i thii yfu so vdi cac hogt ddng mang tinh thyc dung frong chinh ngdi dfn. Khdng cd cau chuyfn giai thich nao frong sd nay nhan dugc sy uu tifn ciia chinh phu, nhung dieu dd thf hien sy khdng dong nhit ve gia trj. Nfu cd mdt cai gi dd, ma Dfn 18 Vua ttong thye tf da khing dinh sy thifu vang nhiing gia frj dugc chia se frong xa hdi, thi chac dd la thieu cac gii trj Khdng tir. Neu sy thieu ving dd gay nen bdi sy chuyfn bien xa bgi nhanh ttong vai thap nifn cudi v i die biet v i nhiing nam gan diy, tbi nd dugc chinh phii bd sung tiifm, du ebo ebinh phil phai cd gang nhifu lin. Trong khi hang thap ky kifm soat chit ehe thdng tin va giao due nham xda bd nhifu tieng ndi chinh tri khac nhau, thi ehiing ciing lay di tinh ehmh tiidng ciia chinh pbu. Ngudi ta cd le khdng biet nhiing dj ban khac vf the gidi, nhung hg bift ring mdt dj ban ma bg dugc bift bj gd cong theo nhung mue dieh cu the. Sy tha ldng vf mat chinh tri ttong vai nam ttd lgi day, su md cua ebo nhifu tifng ndi tgo nfn sy bdn dgn cua cic eau chuyfn giai thich ve Ijch sir cua Dfn 18 Vua.

Tdn giao, die bift la dudi sy kiem soat khdng chat che ve mat chinh trj va gidi thay eung, dae bift d Tmng Qudc, cho phep nhieu ly giii khac nhau ve bifn tugng tbd cung. Dieu nay cdn diing ban ddi vdi mgt tdn giio Igm dyng thai qua nhu Dfn 18 vua ma d dd khdng cd quyfn lyc rd ring nao df ap dgt cho mdt sy giii thich vf ngdi dfn v i vifc eiing If ty nd lam phit sinh nhung eo hdi nay sinh nhifu nghi If phirc bgp.

Nh^ nird^c va gia tri

Dai Loan ddi dau vdi tinh thf nghjch ly eiia mgt chinh phu quyfn lyc frong tbdi bifn dgi, ehimg kifn sy ttoi day ciia nhiing gia trj tdn giao m i chinh phil khdng hoan toan img bg. Dfn 18 Vua tbaeh thire nhiing dy doin mdi ciia Weber vf su ra di cua tdn giao thay vi nhung be tu tudng dan sinh, chu ngbia dan tgc.

Mdt ciu fra ldi cho mdi lifn kft ciia mgt ebinh phu ldn mgnh hifn nay vdi cac nghi le tdn giao ed le nim d dau dd frong y tudng eua Weber.

Trong sd 3 tbii ly tudng nhat ciia quyfn lyc l i bifn dgi, duy Iy, quan lifu thi quan lieu it dya vao eic gia tri dugc chia se nhat ngoii vifc tuan thii cac quy djnh eiia difu luat (Weber 1978: 217-225)... Tdn giio d Dai Loan va nhung qudc gia hifn dai khac ldn mgnh phin anh sy can thift phii tim kiem mgt tap hgp y nghTa ma nhiing ehinh pbu nay khdng thf cd dugc, phan ldn la vi tinh ehinh thdng eiia bg kbdng cdn dya vio mgt tap

42 Nghign cijli Ton giao. So 8 - 2015 hgp nhimg gia tti tiiiyfn thdng. Mgt each ngu y, nhifu gia tii tifp tyc duge ehia sf, nhung chiing la san phim do ehmh phii can tbifp chii khdng phai do toin thf xa bdi tao nen.

Kinh tk va ban s^c

Sy tiiifu ving mgt hf thdng gia trj ciia nbi nude va nhirng ly giii de dai vf hien tugng eung If cimg vdi nhung kha nang tao nen mgt khdng gian die thu cho Den 18 Vua: edng dong thay thf ea nhan, thin thanh thay thf cd hon v i can bg thay thf bgn cd bgc va edn do. Vai ttd eiia nha nude da lam dugc rit it de giai thich vi sao bien tugng ciing If d day dgc biet. Ly do diing ding sau sy ttdi dgy ciia tdn giao dae thu niy nim d sy thay ddi ldn vf kinh tf va xa hdi frong vai nim gan diy.

Dfn 18 Vua v i nghi If lifn quan mang tinh ca nhin va thyc dyng.

Gidng nhu vifc tbd cac cd hdn, nhung nghi le tbd ciing niy kbdng ed mdi lifn be tdi cgng ddng nhu la nhung hinh thiic m i thin thanh lam. Cac cd hdn kbdng dugc nhan sy giiip do cd hf thdng ciia cgng ddng, ciing khdng cd cic nghi If bdi bit ky mgt cgng ddng nio. Tham cbi thudc la cho 18 Vua (gidng nhu nhung que huong cim vao dd l l frong nghi If cd hdn td ehiic hing nam) mang tinh c i nhan so vdi nhiing ddng huong to va nhifu khdi bdc Ifn tir bat buang diing kieu dugc dimg thip nhang cho than thanh. Sy ldn manh d cae dien tbd ciia dng ddng ba ddng la mdt xu hudng ehil dgo khac ttong sy ttdi day eua nghi If tdn giao. Nhirng difn thd nhu vgy phyc vy ca nhin hon l i edng ddng va mdt sd lugng ldn cic vi thanh ttong nhung dien tbd nay cho phep nhifu nhu cau c i nhan dugc thda min (Li 1988:11-13). Nhung difn thd thin thanh kbdng dfn ndi tdi tf ttong vdng hai thgp ky qua d Dai Loan, nhung su phit hifn thue sy ldn manh lgi d nhung tin ngudng mang tinh ca nhin. Trong tdn giio, tinh ca nhan chu ngbia ldn mgnh biu nhu vao eiing tbdi difm chu nghTa tu ban dya chil yfu vao cac doanh nghifp nhd d Dai Loan phit trifn manh. Mdi quan he ciia ca nhan vdi thj tmdng tij ban cimg vdi sy tan vo nhifu mfi quan he cdng dong dugc bift dfn dac bift ttr khi cd quan difm ciia Mac vf chil nghTa hang hda va ciia Durkheim vf vd td cbiic. LTnh vyc phit tiien manh trong tdn giio dan gian cd mdi bfn bf true tifp vdi sy thay ddi kinh tf ttong 20 nam qua.

Mdi lifn be giua kinh te va tin ngudng thd ed hdn eiing ngu y ring tiianh cdng vf mgt tai ehinh tiiit thudng va ed tham nhung. Vii ngudi eung eip tiidng tin mifu t i sy thanh edng niy nhu la mOt khia egnh mdi ddi vdi pinancai, nghTa den la "giau cd bat chmh (biased)" va vdn l i mft

Robert P. Weller. Chu nghia tUban... 43 thuit ngu mang tinh tam linb. Dgc biet, thuat ngy dd de cap den sy giau

cd khdng phai ty lam ra ciia cai, ma do tieh luy tii dinh bge, chai so de hay do cau cung Di Lie (la mgt nhan vat ma mgt ngudi cung cap tiidng tin df cap den nhu l i Thin Ciia Bit ebinh (Biased). Sy thjnh banh gan day xuat phat mdt phin tii nfn kinh tf thye tf ciia tbi tmdng. Bit ke thi tmdng nao eung ed phin that thudng v i kbdng doan tmdc dugc, dae biet ddi vdi cae doanh nghifp va nhirng nbi diu tu nhd m i bg da tgo nfn sy phat trien kinh tf mgnh me d Dai Loan. Tinh bmh thit la tdi tf vio eudi nhiing nam 80 vi nhifu ngudi cam thay ring nhung doanh nghifp nhd can nhieu cdng nhan khdng cdn lam an cd lai d Dai Loan, va hg eiing khdng thiy ed nhieu kha nang kha quan. Ket qui la ngudi dan dau tu tuong ddi kbdng cd hifu qua tap trung d nhiing ITnh vyc nhu thi trudng chiing khoan, bit dgng sin, chai sd de bit bgp phap. Kifm tifn do ket qui lao dgng cyc nhgc, quyft dinh sic sao it ban l i do may man, tham lam va quan he. Khia canh kbdng the doin tmdc dugc ciia kinh tf ludn ludn nam d tinh bat thudng nay, nhung nd frd nfn rd ban do kbiing hoang niem tin gan day frong lirih vyc kinh te.

Nhung boat ddng mang tinh luan ly cua Dfn 18 Vua ciing vdi vifc phyc vu ebo nhu eau ca nhan va thyc dyng thf bifn la mdt noi ma d dd thinh cdng it ed hen quan tdi mdi quan hf xa hgi bon la mdi quan tam ciia ca nhan v i sy canh tranh giua cac tbanh vien frong cdng ddng. Mdt dogn cua bg phim Dfn 18 Vua mieu ta vifc dinh bae da minh hoa dieu niy. Mdt tay danh bae tte ein kiem nhifu tifn mgt cich nhanh chdng va da eiu 18 Vua giiip do. Cae vi Vua dap lgi ldi eiu khan bang each chi din anh ta xem mdt cudn sach mifu t i each sir dung day rdn eiia fre mdi sinh nhu la bua chu. Cd ldi canh bio ring viee sic dung diy rdn nhu viy se vTnb vifn Iam bdng eude ddi ciia diia fre. That la thuan tifn khi cd vg fre ciia ga danb bgc viia mdi sinh con gai, ga lifn an frdm diy rdn mac cho ngudi vg phin iing va con gii khde tham thift. Sich luge dd da giup bin tbinh cdng rye ro (ngogi trii diia be da khdng duge de cap tifp frong bg phim). Gidng nhu trudng hgp nia tifn ciia Colombia, 18 Vua se edng bifn thgm chi ca luan ly gia dinh vi lgi ldc ea nhan.

Vifc tdn giao, dae biet nghi If tbd cung cd hdn bifn thinh hang boi nhin manh ban lgi Igc ca nhan len fren lgi ich cdng ddng hay luan ly gia duih. Chil nghia bing boa khdng phai la difu mdi frong tdn giao Trung Qude, d dd cac ngdi den ddi bdi ngudi dan phai cdng diie, ban cac dieh vy, va mgi ngudi ddt tien ma cho eae vi than tbanh. Vifc tiid

44 Nghien CCTU Ton giao. So 8 - 2015

Cling nay du sao ciing da thuc day ddng lyc kiem lgi tdi dinh diem mdi.

Dfn 18 Vua dem lai nhifu difu may m i n trong vai nam gin diy. Trong kbi thu nhip ehinh la cdng diic ma ngudi dan gdp tg tbanh, ngdi den Cling liy tifn do xe, ban ve sir dung nha vf sinh. Tmyen thdng bifn dai da bd sung mdt cbifu canh mdi ebo viee kiem lgi nhuan cua ngdi dfn:

Nhimg tiidng tin ndng bdi, vd ca kich nhieu tap tren tmyen binh, bo phim vf ngdi den nhu la qua tang cho ngdi den cung nhu cho phuang tien thdng tin dai ehiing. Mgt ngdi den gii (theo mdt tin ddn la chi nhinh mdi eua ngdi dfn d Cao Hung) nhin manh them ve each sinh ldi eua tbii kinh doanh nay. Bat kf ai nhac den ngdi dfn gia cung phai ndi dfn long tham Iam d dd. Mgi ngudi ebo la ngdi dfn tbieng, nhung tinh thifng khdng ngu y ring vifc quin ly ngdi den ed dgng co bdi bat kf difu gi khac ngoai viec kifm lgi nhugn. Nhiing ngudi Ifn ddng cung ngay cang nhifu va hg bift rang frang thai khi thanh nhap cd thf la gia tgo va difn tbd ciia ngudi Ifn ddng nhu la mdt tbii kinh doanh gidng nhu bat kf nhiing nghf kinh doanh khae. Dgng eo kifm ldi ciia hg khdng pbii l i mdi. Nhiing hoat ddng nhu viy rit phd bien.

Kft luSn

Tin ngudng tiid ed bdn d Dai Loan tiiinh banh frong su bifn ebuyfn eua bdn dao tbanh mgt nbi nude hifn dai v i mdt nfn kinh te tu bin, ddng thdi khing djnh con ngudi hieu va trai nghiem sy chuyen bifn do ra sao, Dfn 18 Vua ggi ra mgt sd qua tiinh tuang bgp rdng ban. Tbii nhit, nha nude hifn dai dya vao tinh ehinh thong duy ly - quan lieu tiiyc te cd thf lam cho tdn giio phit trien. Dieu nay ddi lap vdi sy tifn doan tmdc day vf sy tieu vong cua tdn giao. Nha nude hien dai tij nd khdng d vi thf du manh df tao nfn mdt be hr tudng gia trj - mdt be tiidng gii tri cd tiif tiiay tiif eho hf tu tudng tdn giao. Nhi nude thf tiic cd nhiing vin df tham cbi cin dfn tdn giio df giii quyft nhirng vin df nhu y nghTa cua cai chft bay sy doi bai.

Die bift tii khi eii chft eiia Tudng Gidi Thach va Tudng Kinh Qudc, Dai Loan dua rit it vio sy frung thanh eua c i nhan doi vdi nha cim quyen uy tin, hay chip nhan nhiing gia tii trong quyfn lyc tiiiyfn thdng.

Nhiing quan diem dugc cdng ehiing chia se rgng rai frong chuyen chai xf sd hay vifc lam lgi cho bgn cdn do cbi la vin df nhd. Sy tham nhung frong nhiing nim cim quyfn cua Tudng mdi l i vin df ldn va da lim tinh hinh tdi tf ban. Tit ca difu nay da tgo difu kifn cho tdn giao din gian hfi sinh ttong bai thgp ky qua va sy phat tiifn dge bift thjnh hanh eua nghi If thd cd hdn vai nam frd lgi day.

KODert P. Welter. Chu nghia tUban... 45 Trong kbi ehmh phu ed le khdng thf tao nfn bf tu tudng gii frj thf ti^c

thay the ebo tdn giao, sy thay ddi ldn lao frong nfn kinh tf va xa hdi ndi ehung xac dinh lai cac gia tii bang each tuang ddi ngim ngam va vd thiie. Trung Qude cd nhifu kinh nghifm vdi nfn kinh tf thuong mgi.

Dieu niy dgc biet diing d Dai Loan ma nfn kinh tf cua bg hudng tdi xuit khau hon mgt the ky nay. Sy chifm ddng cua Nhit Ban tao cho nhifu ngudi Dai Loan cd kinh nghiem lim cdng nhan frong nfn kinh tf bing hoa. Thdi ky chii nghTa Dan tgc da cho phep nhifu ngudi frd thanh cac nha kinh doanh nhd. Sy canh franh lanh mgnh ttong thi tmdng ciing vdi tat ca nhiing lgi ldc ciia cbii ngbia ca nhan va thyc dyng da frd thanh mdt anh hudng ldn ban ddi vdi bf thdng gia tri frong hai thap ky qua. Sy khdng chac ehan ve mat kinh tf cua nhiing nara gin day khi nfn kmh doanh nhd can nhieu lao dgng va cd ve kbdng cdn kifm dugc lgi nhuin nua da day manh tinh canh franh v i su khdng tien doin duge eua tbi tmdng. Thd ciing ed bdn vd luan ly cbi la mdt each giai quyft nhung tinh hudng bat dn niy. Tbd eung nay sinh tu mgt thye hanh nghi If dan gian gin giil nhat vdi chu nghTa c i nhan ban la vdi cgng ddng, thyc dung thay the hang hoa gia dinh, cdng ddng va thj tmdng khdng doan tmdc duge va nhung van de vd luan ly thay thf mdt tap bgp nhiing pham hgnh dao diie duge mgi ngudi chia se'.

Tdn giao dan gian ttong nbi nude hifn dgi dugc rad rdng ciing ggi ra tinh khai quit hoi vf tinh bien chiing giiia cac hinh thai xa hgi v i tdn giao. Kinh nghiem kinh tf eiia hai thap ky qua, dgc bift la su khdng an toan mgt each tucmg ddi frong vai nam frd lai day da be cong thue hinh nghi If tmyfn thdng theo xu hudng mdi. Ddng thdi, nhiing thyc hanh nghi If nay da tgo cho ngudi dan Dai Loan mdt each thiic df nhin ra nhiing frai nghiem mdi cua hg. Su phit trifn nghi le cd hdn da ting bdc chii nghTa ca nhan v i long tham lam ma thue ra nhiing van df e i nhan va ldng tham ludn ludn la mgt khuynh hudng ngim ngam cua tdn giio;

cae cd bdn ludn l i nbimg nhan vat it quan ttgng nhat dugc thd eiing va nfu thin thinh va td tifn nhan If tifn giiy, thi thd eiing thin thanh kbdng bao gid l i mdt nghi If mifn phi phue vu. Tdn giao din gian gidng nhu kinh tf cua cac trifu dai sau niy bao gdm mang tinh quan lieu va it dugc kifm soat.

P h a i tich sy thay ddi cua mdt nghi le se thay tdn giao bifn ddi thich nghi vdi hf thdng gii tri mdi hoac tdn giao ttd thanh mdt hinb thiic khang ey lgi van boa... Sy ldn manh cua tbd ciing cd bdn d Dii Loan thyc tf

4g Nghien cun i on giao. bo 8 - ^ui5

bao ham c i bai hmh tbii vira tiiich nghi vdi he thdng g i i tti mdi vira khang cy lai van hda. Dfn 18 Vua ca nggi nfn kinh tf tbi tiTidng va khich If mgi ngudi ttong nfn kmh tf dd, nhung ngdi den eiing len an rang do la nfn kinh te gidng nhu con tbii vd dao diic vdi rang nanh va mdng vudt.

Ca hai hinh tiiai ttfn cd mdt Ijch sii liu ddi d Trung Quoc, dfu phan inh va giup tao nen sy phat tiifn kinh tf ciia Dai Loan gin day. Diing la nhung hinh tiiai nay da chi ra su tifp nhin van boa, tai tao lai vifc tiid Cling frong hai thap ky qua frong ddi thoai vdi su thay ddi kinh te nhanh chdng. Sy phong pbii ciia tiiye hanh nghi If bi giim thifu chi bing mgt ldi nhgn xft dan gian vf nfn kmh tf tbi khdng tiif n i m duge mgi kha nang cd thf xay ra. Thd eiing cd hdn phat tiifn manh gan bd chat che vdi su thay ddi kinh tf, nhung khdng ed sy cgng smh mat tiiift giira chu ngbia hi ban va tdn giao d diy. Sy phat tift cua cai x i u xa tdi te v i long tham lam vd day bao ti^i nhung ngdi dfn mdi nay thye tf da phf phan chu nghia tu ban, nhung cung ggi ra mgt su tiep nhan nd. Sy thay ddi nay mdt phin tao nfn mdt cii bich eho sy phat tiifn frong tuong lai./.

Nguyen Thi Hien dich.

CHU THICH:

1 BiSu tuong thucmg thd rap.NhiSu nguoi dan hinh/w (siic khoe) vao quay thu tien vao dip nam mdi. Tranh in each dieu nhijng d6ng tien co ciing kha pho bien.

2 Mft ngudi cung c3p thong tm noi rang thu6c la chay het thudng ductc diing de nhap hdn vao dei xian (thSn bat), m^t t i m Ouija trong do c63 lop df dat mgt cai bat. Bat chuySn dpng qua mot to' giSy in cac vi thanh.C6 hon thudng tac d^ng vao cai bat va noichung la mOt loai miiu c6 hon khong thieng, c6 the giiip cung cap thfing tin \h con s6 triing thudng va nhiing viec tuong tu.

3 Mac du ca Phat giao va Dao giao cung phat trien, mot kieu mau hoan toto khac trd nen thinh hanh doi voi cac chi nhanh ciia Co Doc giao (xem Qu va Yao 1986).

4 Xem phan tich dSy du hon trong cong trinh cua Weller (1987a: 60-74).O nhiing dip khic, bao gom thd ciing d cac mieu co hon nho, nhiing ngudi thd ciing s6 dimg mpt bat huong chung.

5 Co nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau ve chii dfi nay.Xem chi tiet b cong trinh cua Qu 1987-21-31.

6 Trong cong trinh nghiSn cmi quan trpng nghi l l nay a vung Taichung, Hu T'ai-h (1986) dua ra bang chiing la mpt s6 nhiing dien thd tham gia vao Hpi D ^ giao tang gap 3 ISn vao nam 1986 so vdi muc tang hang nam 6 nam vk truoc va con so cac dien thd ciia ong dong ba dong dang ky tang 4 \h\. Tuong tu, s6 cac dien thd Ji Gong dang ky chinh thiic tang tir 12 dfin 120 15n vao nam 1981 dSn 1986.

Tac gia cung_ dua ra nhieu vi du cac m\ku thd co hdn trd nen dac biet ndi tiSng, ddi khi len dfin 10 nghm ngudi d6n cau vao ciing mpt thdi dilm.Mpt dien thd th&

nhiing ngudi bi kfit an tu hinh trong thdi Nhat chiSm d6ng.Nhiing ngudi n^y dupe Cling thjt cho, thudc la, cau-tat ca bj coi la hoi phi luan.

KODerc K. weiier. Uiu nghia tUban...

7 Co mft xu hudng ton giao khac phat trifin m^nh ttong hien tupng ton giao mang tinh d^odiic ve than giang biit. Milling nghi le nay sii dung nhimg ngudi len dong df viet thanh van bdn, thudng la nhung vSn bdn cd. Gidng nhu sy tim kiSm "gia trj truyen thong" 6 M^, nhiing nghi Id nay cung cip mft so gia tri hko thii ve mat chinh tri va lac hau ve difn m^io.Trong khi hifn tugng t h ^ giang but cung cap nhiing thay doi ciia cac gii tri thuong trudng, thd cung cd hdn ung hf nhung gia tri nay nhu la su ban thudng va dong thdi phf ph4n cac gia trj niy 1^ phi luan.

Abstract

CAPITALISM, COMMUNITY, AND THE RISE OF AMORAL CULTS IN TAIWAN

The Eighteen Kings temple at the northem tip of Taiwan has grown from a shrine for unworsbiped ghosts. It has become one of the largest shrines in the period of development of the small-scale economic market in Taiwan in the 1980s. This article discussed on the rise of a popular ritual of unworsbiped ghosts related to the changes of religious values in Taiwan. This article emphasized the development of the economy, the amoral purpose of individuals in the relationship between religious rituals and the rapid expansion of economic forms of the small-scale capitalism.

The cult of unworsbiped ghosts originated from a fraditional folk-ritual which was closer individuals than community, the amoral issue replaced a set of common moral viriues.

This article indicated that the cult of unworsbiped ghosts in Taiwan encompassed the adaptation to the new value system as well as the resistance to culture. The Eighteen Kings temple praised the economic market foreneouraging people, however, it also condemned that tiie economy facilitated the development of the unethical values. The article also mentioned that the modem State based on the rational bureaucratic orthodoxy which made the expansion of religion. The modem state was not powerful enough to create a valuable ideology that can replace the religious ideology.

Keywords: Eighteen Kings temple, Taiwan, unworsbiped ghosts, amoral cult.