CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2009
VE HOI NHAP KHU VIA! MY LATINH
H
ien nay. My Latinh cd 4 dang Hiep dinh mau dich khu viic (Regional Trade Agreement - RTA) dang tdn tai va boat ddng. Dd la Thi trudng chung Trung My (CACM - ra ddi nam 1960); Cdng ddng cac nUdc viing Andes, khi mdi ra ddi (1969) gpi 11 Cdng ddng cac qud'c gia Andes (CAN);Thi trUdng chung Caribbean (CARICOM - 1973); va Thi trUdng chung Nam My (MERCOSUR - 1991).
Cac thi trUdng nay ra ddi, suy cho ciing, la n h i m t a n g cUdng hdi n h a p khu viic, thiic hien tU do boa thUdng mai trong ndi bd khdi de giiip dd tieu thu san pham cho n h a u trong dieu kien canh t r a n h giiia cac nen kinh te ngay cang gay gat tren quy md toan cau nham cimg tdn tai va p h a t trien. Do vay, ngUdi ta cdn gpi cac thi trUdng n i y la cac viing mau dich tii do khu viic.
Trong thdi gian tdn tai va hoat ddng, cac thi trUdng nay khdng t r a n h khdi nhiing khd k h a n ciia kinh te thi trUdng, nhUng da vUdt qua va dan dan di vao quy dao da dinh. On dinh va t h a n h cdng hdn ca la Thi trUdng chung Nam My. Ngay sau khi ra ddi, MERCOSUR da di vao ne nep, nhd vay sau nay dUdc mdt so' nUdc xin gia nhap, trong dd cd Venezuela nam nay (2009) se trd t h a n h t h a n h vien chinh thiic cua MERCOSUR. Ba thi trUdng ra ddi trUdc MERCOSUR da cd nhiing budc tie'n ldn trong qua trinh hdi n h a p va thUdng mai hda san p h a m ndi bd khdi. 0 nhiing thi trUdng nay, cac rao can thue quan va nhieu rao can phi t h u e quan da dUdc xda bd. Miic thue chung gan nhU da ap dung ddng deu ddi vdi cac nUdc thii ba - nUdc ngoai khdi.
Th.S. Nguygn Hong Sdn Vien Nghien cUu Chdu My Nam 1991, sau khi P a n a m a gia nhap CACM, thi to chiic nay ky dinh Udc thanh lap he thd'ng hdi nhap Trung My (SICA). Nam 2000, Behz gia nhap he thd'ng SICA. Nam 1993, CACM ky dinh udc Guatemala hien dai hda thi trUdng chung Trung My. Trong cac dinh Udc khdng chi de cap de'n cac muc tieu, nguyen tac hdi nhap, ma cdn vach ra cac giai phap cu the de thiic hien nhiing muc tieu de ra. VI du, quy dinh thd'ng nha't miic thue nhap khau, thd'ng nha't nguyen t i c xae dinh gia hang de ap thue nhap khau, thd'ng nhat thii tuc giai quye't cac tranh cai va cac yeu cau ve tai phan.
Nam 1998, SICA ky hiep dinh mau dich tii do (FTA) vdi Cdng hda Dominican; n a m 1999 - vdi Chile; nam 2000 - vdi Mexico; n a m 2002 - vdi Panama; va nam 2004 - vdi My. Mdt so' nUdc d day (SICA) da ky hiep dinh mau dich tii do (FTA) tay ddi vdi cac ddi tac khu viic, n h u vdi Venezuela, Colombia, nghiem tiic ma ndi, thi viec ky ket nay la mau t h u a n vdi cac nguyen tac cua Lien minh t h u e quan.
Nam 1969, Cdng ddng Andes (CAN) ra ddi, liic nay cac nUdc Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador va Peru da ky hiep Udc Cartagena. Nam 1973, Venezuela t h a m gia hiep Udc, nhUng tdi nam 1996 lai riit ra khdi hiep Udc nay. Nam 1976, Chile riit ra khdi hiep Udc Catargena vi cho rang, miic dp tU do hda thUdng mai cua minh qua nhieu, vUdt xa miic binh quan (11% t h u e quan) ciia cac nUdc kbac trong khdi. NhUng tdi nam 2006 Chile quay lai nhap khdi nay.
Muc tieu cua cdng ddng Andes (CAN) la thanh lap lien minh thUdng mai, lien minh thue quan va phdi hdp vdi nhau
10 SO09-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY trong linh vUc giao thdng, tai chinh dau
tu va cbinh sach p h a t trien cdng nghiep.
Nam 1993, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela cung thda t h u a n thanh lap viing mau dich tU do cua minh.
Nam 1995, Peru tham gia viing nay; nam 1999, CAN ky vdi Brazil "Hiep Udc bd sung" (ACE-39); nam 2000 - ky hiep Udc nay vdi Argentina (ACE-48). Sau dd thang 12/2002 ca hai nUdc nay la bd phan hiiu cd cua thda t h u a n CAN MERCOSUR (ACE-56).
Tii n a m 1993, CAN cho My hudng quy che thUdng mai dac biet, nhUng khi dam p h a n vdi EU ve thda t h u a n k h u n g thUdng mai thi khdng cd Venezuela t h a m gia.
Sli kien ndi bat nha't trong boat ddng cua CAN la Nghi quye't 439 dupc thdng qua t h i n g 6/1998. Nghi quye't quy dinh nhUng tieu chuan va nguyen tac tU do hda thUdng mai lan n h a u - muc dicb chung la tdi n a m 2005 t h a n h lap dUpc thi trUdng chung cua khdi CAN, nhUng khdng t h a n h . Trong thdi gian nay nhieu nUdc CAN da ky hiep dinh mau dich tu do (FTA) tay ddi vdi My. Dii sao chang niia tdi n a m 1995, 4 miic t h u e quan da dUdc thd'ng nha't lam mdt, vdi miic t r u n g binh la 13,6%. TrUdc dd chi 65% mat h a n g budn b a n qua lai giiia cac nUdc trong khdi dUdc hUdng t h u e quan thd'ng nha't.
Sau khi Hdi nghi thupng dinh lan thii X, cac qud'c gia Caribbean thdng qua nhiing nguyen t i c cd ban ve qua trinh hdi nhap sau sac, triet de hdn niia, thi nam 1989 bat dau xung lUc mdi de phat trien manh thi trUdng chung Caribbean (CARICOM). Mac dii ve mat kinh te, thi trUdng chung nay chUa dat y mud'n, nhUng cac nudc trong khdi da dat nhieu ke't qua nhat dinh trong viec xay diing cac chuan miic ngoai thUdng thd'ng nha't, tao ra dUdc viing mau dich tu do (FTA), thao gd dupc phan ldn cac rao can thue quan.
Nam 1997, Dinh Udc sd 1 ra ddi, bd sung cho thda t h u a n Chaguaramas, cdng nhan FCA cd chiic nang quan ly Hpi nghi
cac nguyen thii qud'c gia va Hdi ddng bd trUdng cua cdng ddng. Ciing nam nay, cd che khu vUc Caribbean r a ddi de dam phan kinh te qud'c te, thay mat cac nUdc t h a n h vien t h a m gia ddi thoai vdi EU va dam p h a n t h a n h lap vung m a u dich tii do lien My (FTAA). Thi trUdng chung Caribbean (CARICOM) da ky hiep dinh mau dich tU do (FTA) vdi Venezuela (1992), vdi Colombia (1994) va vdi CH Dominican (1998).
Trong lien minh t h u e quan, thUdng mai khu viic nay phai ke de'n vai trd ndi trdi cua MERCOSUR ca ve m a t kinh te lan ve m a t van ddng, xiic tie'n hdi nhap khu vUc. Dau nhiing n a m 2000, MERCOSUR cd khoang 213 trieu ngUdi, tdng GDP la 1,1 nghin ty USD (70% la cua Brazil). Ngay 26/3/1991, lanh dao cac nUdc Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay va Uruguay ky thda t h u a n t h a n h lap MERCOSUR; sau dd, t h a m gia lien minh cd Chile (1996), Bolivia (1997) va Peru (2004). Nhiem vu de ra cho MERCOSUR la md rdng quy md thi trUdng qud'c gia bang each lien ke't cac thi trudng khu viic tren cd sd cdng b i n g xa hdi de phat trien kinh te.
MER(:OSUR r a ddi de day m a n h p h a t trien k i n h te viing N a m ban cau t r e n cd sd xda bd cac rao can t h u e quan va phi t h u e q u a n ; tU do t r a o ddi h a n g hda dich vu va cac v a t . t u d a n h cho san xua't, phuc vu ddi sd'ng va xua't khau, thd'ng nha't thue' quan; ap dung chi'nh sach thUdng mai thd'ng n h a t ddi vdi cac nudc thii ba, phoi hpp chinh sach kinh te VI md va lien n g a n h , ke ca tai chinh;
hai hda l u a t p h a p k i n h te thUdng mai giiia cac nudc t h a n h vien.
N a m 1995, s a u 4 n a m r a ddi, che dp t h u e q u a n thd'ng nha't cd hieu lUc; 88%
m a t h a n g giao l u u ndi bd khdi dUdc hudng miic t h u e q u a n thd'ng nha't;
lupng h a n g hda giao luu tii 8% (1991) t a n g len 2 1 % (1995). Dd la ke't qua td't budc dau cua MERCOSUR.
Sau khi M E R C O S U R ra ddi, mdt loat cac van b a n p h a p quy bd sung dUdc ban h a n h n h u Dinh Udc Colombia (1994);
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2009 11 Dinh Udc Ouro Preto ve thdng nha't miic
thue mua ban mia dudng va dtd (1994);
Dinh Udc bao ve canh t r a n h , cdng b i n g va lanh m a n h (1996); Dinh Udc Montevideo xda bd gdm cac rao can thUdng mai (1997). Trong thdi gian nay, MERCOSUR ciing da t h a n h lap dupc cac cd quan quan ly ve mat chinh sach (nhu Hdi ddng thi trUdng chung) va ve mat kinh te' (nhu Uy ban thUdng mai va xay diing thd'ng nha't, D i i n dan tU van xa hpi - kinh te gidi thieu cac van de cdng ddng cac doanh nghiep quan tam), cac nhdm cdng n h a n va uy ban cac van de kinh te - xa hdi.
Nam 2005, Hdi ddng trpng tai bat dau boat ddng; mdt loat hiep dinh bd sung trong linh viic ndng nghiep, nang lupng, giao thdng van tai dUdc ban hanh; hdi n h a p dUdc ap dung ca vao linb vUc cbinb tri, giao due, van hda, phap luat. Giao lUu h a n g hda ndi bd MERCOSUR tii 3 ty USD (1991) tang len 30 ty USD (2006).
Nam 1996, MERCOSUR ky hiep dinh tay ddi vdi Bolivia, nam 2005 - ky hiep dinh k h u n g vdi cac nUdc Andes v l hiep dinh thUdng mai tii do (FTA) vdi Peru. Nam 2002, ky FTA vdi -Mexico (Hiep dinh k h u n g ACE54 va Hiep dinh khu viic che tao dtd - ACE55); nam 2004 - ky FTA vdi An Dp va Nam Phi, MERCOSUR dang trong qua trinh dam phan vdi EU. Trong thdi gian sap tdi Venezuela dii kien trd t h a n h t h a n h vien day du ciia MERCOSUR.
Mac dii lien minh thUdng mai the hien day du nha't cac nguyen tac cua mau dich tii do, la hinh thiic chu yeu ciia tu do hda mau dich khu viic My Latinh, nhUng van la cac hiep dinh thUdng mai tii do (FTA) song phUdng, da phUdng ciia khu viic nay. Hiep dinh mau dich tU do B i c My (NAFTA) dang la muc tieu chinh ciia cac FTA khu viic My Latinh. Kinh nghiem tich liiy dUdc trong qua trinh thiic thi Hiep dinh NAFTA ludn dUdc cac nUdc Trung va
Nam ban cau van dung soan thao FTA cua khu viic minh, the hien rd net nha't trong cac cupc dam p h a n giiia My vdi Peru va vdi Colombia ve FTA tay ddi.
Ndi dung cua NAFTA ve bao ve quyen sd hiiu tri tue, dieu chinh dau tU, budn ban dich vu va giai quye't cac van de t r a n h cai dUdc diing lam cd sd khi b i t tay vao dam phan, va chi sau khi thda t h u a n tren cd sd ke't hpp vdi cac dieu kien cu the cua nUdc ddi t i c . thi cac FTA khu viic mdi r a ddi.
0 day, Mexico dan dau cac nUdc My Latinh trong viec hinh t h a n h he thd'ng FTA khu viic, van dung kinh nghiem cua NAFTA vao hoan canh cu the nUdc minh. T h i n g 9/1991, Mexico ky hiep dinh mau dich tii do tiing phan vdi Chile, liic dau - bao h a m viec budn ban hang hda, sau dd md rdng sang cac linh viic, nghia la FTA toan bd. T h i n g
11/1992, 5 nudc Trung My (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras va Nicaragua) da ky vdi Mexico hiep dinh khung ve vUng mau dich tU do v l cac nguyen tac dam p h a n thUdng mai tay ddi vdi tUng nUdc. Tren cd sd thda t h u a n k h u n g nay, t h i n g 4/1994 Mexico ky vdi Costa Rica hiep dinh mau dich tii do (FTA) tay ddi. Thiic chat, day la hiep dinh dau tien kieu NAFTA, mac dii theo sd dd truyen thd'ng, nd dUdc thda t h u a n theo dieu 25 cua dinh Udc Montevideo ve Hiep hdi lien ket My Latinh (ALADI - 1980). Sau 10 nam, 95% mat h a n g Costa Rica lUu thdng tren thi trUdng Mexico va 97% mat h a n g Mexico luu thdng tren thi trUdng Costarica dUdc mien thue.
Nam 1994, Bolivia, nUdc dau tien cua cdng ddng Andes, ky hiep dinh tU do thUdng mai vdi Mexico. Ngay sau dd, 97% mat hang Mexico xuat sang Bolivia va 99% mat hang Bolivia xua't sang Mexico dupc mien thue. Tie'p theo cac hiep dinh tUdng tU cung dUdc Mexico ky vdi ba nUdc viing tam giae BIc My (la Guatemala, El Salvador va Honduras),
12 SO09-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY nam 2002 - ky vdi Brazil, nam 2003 - ky
vdi Uruguay.
Nam 2000, Mexico la nUdc My Latinh dau tien ky FTA vdi cac nUdc ngoai chau luc. Noi gUdng Mexico, mdt sd' nUdc My Latinh kbac ciing ky FTA vdi cac nUdc ngoai My Latinh. Ke ca cac FTA ky ndi bd My Latinh va vdi cac nUdc ngoai, hien nay k h u vUc nay cd tren 80 FTA va dang tich cUc t h a m gia dam phan thUdng mai da phUdng vdi nhieu khu vUc.
Kbac vdi cac hiep dinh thUdng mai thdi GATT (chi n h a m giam boac xda bd cac rao can t h u e quan), cac hiep dinh thdi WTO (sau n a m 1995), la hiep dinh kieu mdi hoan toan, gdm ca viec xae dinh xua't xii cua h a n g hda thda t h u a n t h u e quan, bao ve canh t r a n h cdng b i n g , trong sang, dieu chinh boat ddng dau tu, budn ban dich vu, bao ve sd hUu tri tue, cd che giai quye't cac van de t r a n h chap, che tai va van de n h a dau t u nUdc ngoai tie'p can thi trUdng chiing khoan...
Nhdm hiep dinh m a u dich k h u vUc 3 (Regional T r a d e Agreement) gdm 5 hiep dinh thUdng mai Uu dai ddn phUdng va 32 hiep dinh thUdng mai tU do hCfu b a n (FTA - Ltd.). Kbac vdi hiep dinh mau dich tU do toan dien (FTA) Hiep dinh m a u dich tU do hUu b a n (FTA - Ltd.), t h u d n g chi b a n che cac rao can t h u e q u a n .
Hiep dinh Uu dai ddn phUdng cd nghia la d hiep dinh nay, cac nUdc p h a t trien hdn thudng mien giam t h u e n h a p khau cac mat h a n g cua nUdc cham p h a t trien hdn. Nguyen t i c nay dUdc de ra n h i m bd sung cho Hiep dinh chung ve thue' quan va thUdng mai (GATT -
1965). Do vay My da ap dung che dp Uu dai ddn phUdng ddi vdi nUdc P h a p . 6 khu viic My Latinh Uu dai ddn phUdng Bac - Nam gdm ca sang kien My va Canada - ap dung cho khu viic Caribbean va cac hiep dinh ky vdi Venezuela, Colombia va CARICOM.
Sang kien ap d u n g cho Caribbean gdm 2 loai: loai phuc hdi k i n h te (1983) va loai md rdng k h u viic boat ddng (1990). Ca 2 loai deu dUdc My mien giam t h u e cho cac m a t h a n g cua 20 nUdc d day n h a p vao My, trii liia gao, mi'a dudng va thud'c la phai n h a p vao My qua cac b a n ngaeh hai quan. Hien nay hai loai nay da dUdc t h a y the mdt p h a n qua viec My ky FTA vdi CH Dominican. C a n a d a ciing d a n g dam p h a n n h u vay vdi CARICOM.
Do Uu dai ddn phUdng, cho nen xua't xuf ciia cac m a t h a n g n h a p vao My cua cac nUdc dupc kiem t r a r a t chat che.
Cdn d My mdi n a m mdt l l n Uy b a n thUdng mai qud'c te'My p h a i bao cao cho Qud'c hdi biet t i n h h i n h de Qud'c hdi xem xet giai quye't v a n de Uu dai nay.
N a m 1980, Hiep dinh lien ke't My L a t i n h r a ddi gdm 12 nUdc khu viic n h i m t h a n h lap viing m a u dich tU do toan chau My. Hiep dinh m a u dich tu do hUu h a n cdn dupc gpi la Hiep dinh hd trd n h a u cung p h a t trien.
Cac n h a q u a n sat va binh luan kinh te the gidi cho r i n g , cac loai hinh mau dich t u do k h u vUc My L a t i n h da gdp p h a n tich ciic vao viec h i n h t h a n h cac dang va md h i n h mdi tUdng trd, giiip dd l l n n h a u trong viec tii do boa thUdng mai va t a n g cUdng hdi n h a p de ciing tdn tai va p h a t t r i e n t r o n g qua t r i n h hdi n h a p kinh te k h u vUc va toan cau. Do vay cd the ndi, viec nghien ciiu, t h a m khao k i n h nghiem My L a t i n h ve cac l o p hinh hiep dinh thUdng mai la r a t bd Ich cho nhUng nUdc mud'n hdi n h a p sau vao k h u vUc va kinh te toan cau n h i m n a n g cao hieu qua boat ddng san xua't kinh doanh cua minh •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Tap chi "My Latinh Ngdy nay", sd02/2009.
2. Foreign Affairs - Latin America's Left turn.
May - June 2006.
3. Tap chi "Chau My ngay nay", sd 2/2009.
