NGHIEN COfU - TRAO D 6 |
IN TOJW-Vt 9IIH UO t ^ nONO niAl THik KNOANO SMI:
pfim 4 Qmpmi
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oat dpng khai thic khoing sin da va dang phit trien manh me, tao t h i m nhilu viec lam, gdp phan cii tao tUng budc eo sd ha tang cua eae dja phuong noi ed eae md khoang san, nhat la d nhUng vijng siu, vung xa, ddng gdp mdt phan khdng nhd eho su p h i t trien cua dat nude.Trong nhOfng nam g i nViec viphgm nhimg quy dinh phdp ludt ve an todn - ve sinh lao dong vdn dien ra phd bien trong cdc ca sd khai thdc khodng sdn day, sau khi Bd Luit Lao ddng eung vdi cie Luit
khoang san, Luit b i o v l mdi trUdng, Luit Bao v l cham sdc sUe khoe nhin d i n va cie v i n b i n quy pham phip luit, cie Quy chuan ky thuat an t o i n trong khai thac md dugc ban hanh, trat t i i khai thie khoang sin, bao ve tai nguyin khoang sin d i tUng bude dugc cii thiln, tfnh mang, sUe khde ngUdi lao dpng v i nhOfng quyen Ipi chfnh ding cua ngUdi lao ddng da dugc chii y. Tuy nhien, tinh trang vi pham nhUng quy djnh phip luat ve lao ddng, bao hiem xa hpi van dang dien ra phd bien trong eac doanh nghiep, co sd khai thie khoing sin (doanh nghiip);
die biet la tai nan lao ddng trong khai thic md dang xay ra rat nghilm trpng (khoang 20% tdng sd vu tai
Ths. Ha Tat Thing - Ths. IMfluuen Anh Tha
Thuc trang vifc thufc hien cac quyen loi cOa ngirdi lao dong
Chung ta cd the chia eic doanh nghiip, eo sd khai thic khoing sin lam 03 loai, thU nhat la eic doanh nghiip khai thac than, khoang sin thude Tip doin Than khoang sin Viet Nam (Vinaeomin), thU hai la cie doanh nghiip khai thic v i t lieu xiy diing (bao gdm v i t lieu sin xuit xi ming, da dp lit, da, cit, sdi lim v i t lieu xiy dUng thdng thudng) v i thU ba l i cie doanh nghiep, co sd khai thic khoing sin khie (bao gdm ving, titan, ddng, ehl, kem, erd mit...).
Vile dam bio quyin Ipi eua ngUdi lao ddng eic doanh nghiip, eO sd khai thic khoing sin t r l n ed the dinh g i i nhUsau:
- Trong cdc doanh nghiep khai thdc than, khodng sdn thugc Vinaeomin: Mdi 95 don vj thanh viln, tdng sd lao ddng tfnh den cudi nim 2011 la 134.000 ngUdi, chu ylu la lao ddng thu edng trong dieu kiln lao ddng ning nhpe, ddc hai, nguy hiem, dieu kiln nan lao ddng cua ca nude) va cd hang ngan ngUdi sin xuat, khai thie than ngiy cang xudng siu, tiem bj benh nghe nghiip. Dien hinh la mdt sd vu tai nan an nhieu nguy co, nhung hau h i t cie quyen Ipi eua lao ddng vao cudi n i m 2007, dau nam 2008 va 2011 ngudi lao ddng trong cie doanh nghiip, eo sd nay nhU: Vu tai nan lam chet 18 ngUdi tai Ban Ve - Nghl dugc dam bao theo quy djnh cua phip luit. Cu the:
An, vu tai nan lam chet 07 ngUdi tai md da Rii mdc. Tat c i ngUdi lao ddng dugc ky hpp ddng lao ddng va Ha TTnh nam 2007; gan diy nhat la vu tai nan lam tham gia bio hiem xa hdi, bio hiem y te; tien lUOng chet 18 ngudi va 6 ngUdi bj thuong tai md da Len binh quin cua ngUdi lao ddng khai thic than la 7-8 cd-Huyen Yen thanh, Nghl An thing 4 nam 2012. trilu ddng/thang (nam 2011) v i nam sau eao hon TAP CHI LAO 0 6 N G V A XA H 6 i - S6 427 (tCr 16-31/03/2012)
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO D 6 |
nam trUde; che dp thdi gid l i m vile, thdi gid nghl ngoi, bdi dudng bing hiln vit, i n giUa ea v i cie c h l dd ehim sdc sufc khoi, huin luyin an toin, v^ sinh lao ddng dugc d i m b i o diy du. D i triln khai khim phit hiln dugc mdt sd loai binh nghe nghiep phd biln nhu bui phdi silic, hen p h i quin, rung, diic nghl nghiip. Vile chUa trj binh n g h l nghiip d i dugc triln khai ddi vdi binh bui phdi than, vdi chi phi mdt ea rCra phdi l l n d i n g i n 200 trilu ddng.
Trong cdc doanh nghiip khai thdc vdt liiu xdy dung (bao gdm v i t lieu sin xuit xi ming, dA dp lit, dii, cit, sdi l i m v i t lilu xiy diing thdng thudng):
Trong cie doanh nghiip niy, cd the chia l i m 02 loai, thtjrnhdt l i trong cie doanh nghiip sin xuit xi ming, ngudi lao ddng trong cie md khoing sin (bao gdm dii, silic, cao lanh, d i t sit), cie ehl d6, quyin Ipi eua ngUdi lao d^ng cung dugc d i m b i o tuong ddi diy du, tuy nhiln vile khim phit hiln binh nghl nghiip cho ngUdi lao ddng cdn r i t han chl, mdi khim phit hiln cie binh bui phdi sllfe, benh diic v i rung nghl nghiip, nhUng sd ngudi lao ddng dugc khim phit hiln chilm ty I I rit thap. ThCthai la trong cie doanh nghiip khai thic da dp lit, dii l i m v i t lieu xiy diing thdng thudng, cie quyen Ipi cua ngUdi lao ddng h i u nhu ehUa dugc d i m bio, phin Idn ngUdI lao ddng ehi dugc ky hpp ddng thdi vu, du l i m nhUng cdng vile thudng xuyin, liln tue, ddi hdi tay nghl thude ddi tupng phii ky hpp ddng lao ddng ed thdi han hoic hpp ddng d i i han. Do dd, ngudi lao ddng eung khdng dugc tham gia bao hiem x i hdi, b i o hiem y te m i chi dugc tham gia b i o hiem t h i n the (doanh nghiep mua b i o hiem tai nan tai cie td chUe bio hiem thuong mai). Ddng thdi, ngudi lao ddng trong eic doanh nghiip nay khdng dugc i p dung cie e h l do tien luong theo nghe nghiip, trinh dg dao tao m i ehl l i theo khoin sin pham hoic theo ngiy cdng.
Thdi gian l i m vile cua ngUdi lao ddng l i m cie cdng vile die bilt ning nhpe, ddc hai, nguy hilm thudng khdng den 8 gid/ngiy, nhUng eOng khdng t u i n thu quy djnh rut ngin cdn 6 gid/ngiy v i khdng dugc nhin tien luong t i n g t h i m cho thdi gian l i m t h i m ; ngUdi lao ddng khdng dugc hUdng eic e h l do nghl phep nam, nghl I I , nghl. vile rilng v i eic che dp bdi dudng bing hiln vit, khim sUe khoi djnh ky, kham phat hien benh nghl nghiip du mdi trudng lao ddng cd rat nhilu yeu td ddc hai, nhU bui da, rung, dn, hoi khi ddc va eung khdng dupc nhin eae che dp trp cap tCf b i o hiem xa hdi, b i o hiem y te trong trUdng hpp dm dau, tai nan, nghl thai sin va khi het tudi lao ddng. Vile huin luyen an t o i n , ve sinh lao dpng va trang bj phuong tien b i o v l c i nhin chi dugc thuc hiln eho nhUng ngUdi lao ddng
l i m eic cdng vile cd liln quan d i n v i t lieu nd, van hinh thiet bj, nhung cung khdng d i y dCi, edn ngudi lao d^ng khie h l u nhu khdng dugc huan luyin va trang c i p phUdng t i l n b i o v l c i nhin.
Khi xiy ra tai nan lao ddng, neu phii dieu trj tai b^nh vi^n, thi chl phi y t l dupc chi t r i theo su hio t i m cua chCi sCr dyng lao ddng hoic sU hieu biet v l c h l dd, chfnh sich eCia ngudi lao ddng v i thin nhin ngudi lao ddng, hon l i y thUc chip hanh quy djnh phip luat cua chu sCf dung lao ddng. NgUdi lao ddng h i u nhu khdng dugc bdi thudng neu bj suy giim khi ning lao ddng do tai nan lao ddng. Con n l u l i tai nan lao ddng chit ngUdi, vile bdi thudng h i u h i t dugc thiie hiln theo t h o i thuin giUa chu sii dyng lao d^ng v i t h i n nhin ngudi bj nan, thudng mUc bdi thudng bing hoac cao hon mOfc bdi thudng do n h i nUdc quy djnh (tU 30 d i n 50 trilu ddng/
ngudi), tuy nhiln thudng khdng ed cie c h l dd tro cip cho cie ddi tUpng t h i n nhin l i con chUa din tudi trudng thinh, bd me, vp khdng cdn trong dp tudi lao ddng. Mdt sd vy tai nan lao ddng chit ngi/di die bilt nghilm trpng, cd su can t h i l p cua eo quan quin ly n h i nude v i dugc thdng tin, truyen thdng, thi ngoii vile bdi thudng cua chu sCr dyng lao dpng, edn ed sU ddng gdp, hd trp tU cie nha h i o t i m , nin mUe trp cap thudng cao hon mUc quy djnh, vi du mUc bdi thudng cho cie t h i n nhin ngudi bj nan trong vy tai nan tai md d i Len ed, Nghl An edn co sif ddng gdp cua cie doanh nghiip trong hilp hdi khai thic da Nghl An v i cie nha h i o t i m khic.
Trong cdc doanh nghiep, ca sd khai thdc khodng sdn khde: Cung cd the chia cie doanh nghiip, co sd nay l i m 02 loai, thU nhat la eic doanh nghiip, cdsd khai thic theo diing quy djnh v l q u i n ly, khai thac khoing sin, ed t h i l t k l md, bd nhilm giam doe dieu hinh md, quin ly lao ddng theo quy djnh eua phap luit thi cie eac c h l dd, quyen Ipi cua ngUdI lao ddng cung dugc d i m b i o tuong ddi day du, tuy nhiln viec khim sUc k h o i djnh ky, khim p h i t hiln benh nghe nghiip, huan luyen an toan, ve sinh lao ddng cho ngudi lao ddng cdn han che. Cdn lai l i cac doanh nghiip, co sd dugc cip p h i p khai thac khoing sin hoac khai thic t r i i phep, thi hau nhU khdng trien khai cie biln phip ky thuat khai thac eung nhU ky thuat an t o i n ; vile t h u l lao dpng eung khdng tuan thu quy djnh, ma thudng giao khoan eho cie nhom lao ddng qua mdt cai thau, nen hau nhU ngUdi lao ddng khdng dugc hudng cie quyen Ipi va bio dim an toin, v l sinh lao ddng. Die bilt, khi xiy ra tai nan lao ddng, nhieu ngudi lao ddng phii tU tra chl phi y te v i khdng dugc bdi thudng, neu bj chet, ngiicrt t h i n eung khdng dupc den bu hoac ho tro.
TAP CHI LAO D d N G v A x A uAi - Fi6 &.01 (\u l-S-.-^l /n3/20l2)
NGHIEN CLifU - TRAO D 6 | Nguyen nhan va thach thiirc
Hien nay, phan Idn eic md da d eae dja phuong, die biet la nhUng md da dUpc UBND tinh cap phep CO quy md khai thie nhd, khdng qua 100.000 mV nam vdi thdi gian khai thic khdng q u i 5 nim, nhilu md chi ed thdi han khai thic tU 1 d i n 2 nim. Tai nhOng md niy, tinh trang phd biln la khdng t i l n hanh tham dd khoing sin, khdng ed thilt k l md v i neu ed thi eung chi hinh thUc. Biln phip khai thic chu y l u tai cie md la khi'u sudt, chieu cao tang va gdc ddc sudn tang khai thie khdng d i p Ung eic quy djnh v l an toan trong khai thic. Cae md thudng khdng cd giim ddc dilu hinh md d i m bio dCi dilu kiln ning luc ehuyin mdn eung nhu ning lUe quin ly, dieu hanh.
Cdng n g h l khai thie vang sa khoing, khai thic quang ehi, mang gan, thiic .... rat thd so, chu ylu l i thu cdng. Dae bilt l i cie don vj khai thic tu nhin va nan khai thac t r i i phep, n i n thilu ky thuit khai thac, quan ly Idng llo, do dd tai nan lao ddng xiy ra r i t nghilm trpng va thudng khdng dugc khai bio, dieu tra. Chi khi xay ra nhUng vy tai nan lao ddng chet ngudi, eic co quan Nha nUde v i chfnh quyin dja phuong mdi cd dugc thdng tin.
Nguyin nhan chu y l u la do y thUe, nhan thUe cua ca ngudi sU dyng v i ngudi lao ddng thap, can bd quan ly, giim sat thilu chit che; ngUdi lao ddng thieu t i c phong cdng nghiip, vi pham quy trinh, quy pham. Thiet ke thi cdng khai thic cdn thilu cie b i l n phap an toan lao ddng cy the, ein bd chi dao sin xuat va giam sat an t o i n thieu ky nang ding g i i rui ro va di ra eae biln phip an t o i n cho tUng ea sin xuat, khu vUc sin xuat. Nhilu vy tai nan lao ddng chUa dugc thdng k l , phin tfch nguyin nhin v i de ra eac bien phip phdng ngUa cy the; hilu q u i eua edng t i c kiem tra, thanh tra thap v i xU ly vi pham chua nghilm.
TU thuc trang v i tdn tai nhu d i n l u trln, nhUng thach thUc v i nguy co giy mat an t o i n lao ddng, benh n g h l nghiip va quyin Ipi eua ngUdi lao ddng khdng dugc dam bio, la: Dilu kiln khai thac eae md ham Id ngay cing khd khan do phii xudng siu, dilu kiln dja chat ngay cang phUe tap, nguy eo bye nUde, khf md tang; chuyen nhanh tU khai thac Id thiln sang khai thac ham Id; y l u cau v l sin lupng khai thac ngay cing tang nhanh de d i p Ung y l u cau cua nen kinh te; mdi trUdng lao ddng bj d nhiem nghilm trpng, l i m nhieu ngudi bj benh nghl nghiep, die biet la benh by! phdi n g h l nghiip. Mdi trUdng dd khdng chi i n h hUdng trong pham vi md m i cdn dang t i c ddng khdng nhd den mdt bd phin rat ldn ngUdi d i n sinh sdng trong khu vue.
Muc tieu va cac gidi phdp
Chuong trinh Quoc gia An t o i n lao ddng, v l sinh lao ddng giai doan 2011 - 2015 d i dUa ra mye t i l u giim 5% t i n suit tai nan lao ddng trong khai thie md. Di dat dugc mye t i l u trln, mdt sd giii phap can phii thuc hiln nhu sau:
Thdrnhdt, eic Bd, nginh, t i p doin, tdng cdng ty cin t i n g eUdng kilm tra v i chl dao cie don vj thude pham vi quin ly thuc hiln diy du cie quy djnh eua Nhi nude v l an toin, v l sinh lao ddng v i cie e h l dp BHLD.Ting eUdng, ddi mdi phuong thUc huin luyen v l an t o i n lao ddng cho ngudi sCrdyng lao ddng v i ngudi lao ddng.
Thii/hai, eic dja phuong cin t i n g cudng edng t i c thanh tra, kilm tra v i kiln quylt xCr ly nghilm minh, kjp thdi ddi vdi cie hinh vl vi pham luit phip lao ddng, die bilt cdng khai eic doanh nghiip khdng chip hinh nghilm quy djnh phap luit v l an toin, v l sinh lao ddng.
Thv/ba, ngUdi stf dyng lao ddng, ngUdi lao ddng can nghilm chinh t u i n thu cie quy djnh cua nha nude v l an toin, v l sinh lao ddng. Ting eUdng cdng tic tuyIn truyin, phd biln kiln thUe v l an toan, v l sinh lao ddng eho ngudi lao ddng tai doanh nghiip nham nang cao nhin thUe, y thUc tu giic phdng ngUa tai nan lao ddng eua ngudi lao ddng.
Thd/tU, triln khai thUe hiln tdt cie hoat ddng cua Chuong trinh Qude gia v l an toan, v l sinh lao ddng giai doan 2011 -2015.
ThCfnam, d i m bao vile khai thic eic loai khoing sin phii dupe khao sit, tham dd v i thilt k l khai thic diing quy chuan, t i l u chuan quy djnh; phii ed cie biln phip an toan cy the, ehi t i l t eho tUng khai trudng, khu vUe sin xuat;
ThCfsdu, tang cUdng d i o tao, bdi dUdng cho dpi ngu giim sit an toan, quin ddc, phd quin ddc, true ca v l eic kiln thUe an toin, v l sinh lao ddng, dinh g i i v i phin tfch rui ro trong dao, chdng Id v i eic biln phap an t o i n lao ddng cy the, chi tilt;
Thiit bdy, i p dyng cdng nghl t i l n t i l n d i m b i o an t o i n va bio v l mdi trudng;
Thvttdm, thiic di'y xiy dUng Luit ATVSLD v i QuT Bdi thudng tai nan lao ddng d Viet Nam.
Hy vpng rang, vdi no lUc cua cac co quan, td chUc v i die bilt la ngudi sCr dyng lao ddng v i ngUdi lao ddng trong eic doanh nghiip, co sd khai thie md va vdi nhUng giai phip cy the, chiing ta se dat dugc mye t i l u dUa hoat ddng khai thie khoing sin bao d i m an t o i n lao ddng, dat t i l u chuan mdi trudng v i bio d i m quyin Ipi cua ngUdi lao ddng. •
TAP CHI LAO D O N G VA XA H 0 i - So 427 (ta 16-31/03/2012)
