Thyc hien cong bSng ve moi trirong Cf Viet Nam hien nay
Nguyen T h i L a n Hu-ffng', P h a m VSn D u a n g ' ' Vien Triet hgc, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hgc xa hpi Vi?t Nam.
Email: [email protected], [email protected] Nhan ngay 12 thang 8 nim 2018. Chip nhan dang ngay 15 thing 9 nSm 2018.
Tom tat: Cong bang ve mdi trucmg la cong bang trong viec thu hudng nhiing Igi ich tir mdi trudng.
Thyc hien cong bing vd moi tmdng la bao dam lgi ich chinh dang cua tit ca mpi ngudi. De thyc hien cong bang ve moi trudng, can lya chgn mo hinh phat trien kinh te ben viing. 0 Viet Nam, tinh trang bit cong bing ve mdi tmdng dang dien ra trim trgng trong nhieu du an kinh te. Nhidu ngudi dan chiu nhiing anh hudng tieu cyc tic viec mdi trucmg bj hiiy hoai, trong khi cac doanh nghiep lai dugc hudng lgi. Dd phat trien ben vQng, Viet Nam cin thyc hien cong bing noi chxmg va cong bang vd moi trudng noi ridng.
TIJ khoa: Cong bang, moi tmdng, kinh te.
Phan loai nganh: Tridt hgc
Abstract: Environmental justice is the justice/equality hi the enjoyment of benefits fi"om the environment. Ensuring it means to ensure that everyone benefits from their legitimate interests. To that end, it is necessary to opt for a sustainable model of economic development. In Vietnam, environmental injustice occurs in many economic projects. Many people are negatively affected by the environmental degradation, while companies are benefiting. For the sake of sustainable development, the country needs to implement justice/equality in general and environmental justice in particular.
Keywords: Justice, environment, economic.
Subject classification: Philosophy
1. Mvt d a u SCT khai, con ngudi sdng hda ddng vdi thien nhidn, sir dung tryc tiep nhihig san vat ciia Trong qua trinh san xuat, eon ngudi tac tiJ nhien, mgi ngudi deu bmh ding vdi nhau ddng vao tiJ nhidn, khai thac va sic dung ti-ong vide thy hudng thanh qua lao dgng;
nhihig ngudn nguydn lieu cua tir nhidn dd ti-ong giai doan nay, khdng cd tinh frang b i t lam ndn nhihig san pham tidu diing. Thdi ki cdng b i n g vd mdi tiirdng. Ciing vdi sy phat
Khoa hgc xa hgi Vigt Nam, so 11-2018 tri^a cua xa hoi, con ngucfi ngay cang nhan thiic sau hon ve cac quy luat cua tir nhien va ihig dung nhung tn thuc do vao qua trinh san xuit vat chdt ng^y c^g nhieu hon, su tac dpng cua con nguoi doi vol tu nhien cung cang manh me hon. Trong qua trinh do, xa hpi loai nguoi din phan hoa thanh cac giai cap khac nhau, cac giai cap nay c6 vi tri khac nhau trong qua trinh san xuat vat chat, va vi vay, cung c6 nhiing quyen loi khde nhau trong qua trinh phan phoi thanh qua lao dpng. Nhom nguoi nam giit tu lieu san xu3t Clia xa hpi la nhiing ngucri co co hpi sir dung, khai thac nhieu tai nguyen thien nhien hon nhiing ngucri khong so huu tu lieu san xuit.
Ve mat lpi ich, nhirng nguoi co quyen so hiru tu lieu san xuat se huong Icri tir tu nhien nhieu hon nhirng nhom khong co tu lipu san xuat. Liic nay, tinh trang bit cong bing noi chung va bat cong bang ve moi trucmg noi rieng xuat hien.
Hien nay, miic dp khai thac ngu6n nguyen vat lieu t i tu nhien da vuot qua kha nang tvr h6i phuc cua tif nhien, dieu do da gay ra nhiing tie hai v8 moi trucmg. Nhiing chat thai d6c hai trong qua trinh san xuit da lam suy thoai moi trucmg sdng va anh hucmg tieu cue den cupc s6ng cua con nguoi. Day khong phai chi la vin dS cua quan h? giiia con nguoi voi tu nhien, ma con la van de ciia quan he giua eon nguoi voi con nguoi. Boi vi, trong xa hpi, mgt s6 nguoi dupe huong Igri ttr su 6 nhiem moi tnrang, trong khi s6 khac phai ganh chiu hau qua. C3ng bing vS moi trucmg la quy^n Clia mpi ngucri dupe sdng trong mpt moi trucmg an toan va lanh manh. Nha nucjc phai CO he thong phap luat d6 bao ve quydn nay, dac biet la bao ve nhung cong ddng ngheo va nhung nhom ydu thd khoi nhirng tac ddng tieu cue cua indi tnrang. Dd dam bao van de cdng bing mdi tniong, ngoai vide xem xet toan dien cac lpi ich trong 50
phat tridn kinh td, nha nucrc cin hoan thijn he thdng phap lucit va co nhiing chitih sach an sinh xa hoi hpp ly de bao ve nhiing lpi ich ciia cpng ddng nay. Ci Viet Nam, viec giai quydt van de cong bSng mdi truong ddi vai cac nhom xa hoi trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te la van de nan giai. Bai vidt nay gop them y kien vao viec nhan dien thuc trang cdng bang ve mdi trucmg a Viet Nam trong cac du an phat trien kinh td.
2. Thirc hien cdng bang ve moi trirfrng trong cac du- an phat trien cong nghiep Trong giai doan dau ciia thdi ky ddi mdi, van de an ninh mdi truang sinh thai chua dupe chu y dung miic, quy dinh ciia luat phap vS vin dd n4y con long leo. Khi quy hoach, xay dung cac d\i an phat tridn cdng nghiep trong giai doan nay, ngudi ta it chii y ddn vin de an toan sinh thai, tii dd de dang cap phep hoat ddng cho cac nha may cd cdng nghe san xuit lac hau, gay d nhiem mdi truang. Khi Trung uong trao quydn Hr chu cho chinli quyen cac tinh trong vide thu hut vdn diu tu, cac dia phuang da thu hut manh me ngudn vdn diu tu nude ngoai.
Chinh sach "trai tham do" cua chmh quydn cac tinh da tSng hidu qua thu hiit vdn ciia cac nha diu tu nude ngoai. Song, vd mat mdi truong, chinh sach dd ciing bdc Ig nhiing mat han chd. Nhidu dia phuang vi ch^y dua thu hut vdn diu tu, ndn da cho phep nhap khiu nhiing cdng nghe san xuit lac hau, gay d nhidm mdi tnrcmg. v i n dd an toan sinh thai va nhiing lpi ich ciia again dan da khdng duac chii y dung miic trong qua trinh quy hoach, xay dpig van hanh cac du an cdng nghidp. Didu do da gay nen tinh trang d nhidm mdi tnrdng trim trpng d cdc khu cdng nghiep.
Nguyen Thj Lan Huong, Phjtm Van Duong Vide khdng chii y diing mirc ddn an toan
mdi truong sinh thai trong cae dy an cdng nghidp da gay ra sy suy thoai vd mdi trudng. Su suy thoai vd mdi trudng (d nhidm khdng khi va ngudn nude do cae khu edng nghiep gay ra) da tac ddng tidu cyc doi vdi sinh kd ngudi dan trong khu vue. O nhidu ncd, san xuat cua hg bj dinh tre, cay trdng vat nudi chdt. Nhieu nha may da gay d nhidm trong mgt thdi gian dai, de lai nhflng hau qua nang nd eho ngudi dan trong khu vyc. Vi du, nha may Vedan da nhidu nam dau dgc sdng Thi Vai (ddng sdng nay vdn la ngudn sdng eiia hang ngan ngudi ndng dan nudi trong thuy san, eiing nhu hang van ndng dan su dung nude dd eanh tac ndng nghidp). Khi sdng Thi Vai bj d nhiem, nhffng ngudi dan nudi trdng thuy san a day da mat ngudn thu nhap, phai tim kidm mdt cdng vide mdi. Hg khdng nh|n duge tien boi thudng cho nhung thidt hai ciing nhu hd try trong vide ehuyen ddi nghd.
Vu vide edng ty Formosa d Ha "nhb xa nude thai chira hda ehat doe hai khdng qua xu ly ra mdi trudng da lam anh hudng nang ne den mdi trudng bien midn Trung. Vide xa thai nay da gay thigt hai to ldn vd kinh td eho nhung ngu dan midn Trung, vi hang van hd ngu dan khdng thd ra khoi danh bat hai san, khdng cd ngudn thu. Mac du Cdng ty Formosa da bdi thudng cho ngudi dan mgt khoan kinh phi nhat djnh, nhimg thigt hai ma ngudi dan phai chiu edn ldn ban nhidu va khdng thd tinh toan hdt duge. Bdi vi, sy d nhidm mdi trucmg quanh nhung khu cdng nghigp khong chi Iam san xuit cua ngudi dan bj anh hudng, gay thidt hai cho hg ve kinh td; nd edn lam cude sdng va sinh boat cua ngudi dan bj dao ldn, siic khde eua ngudi dan bi anh hudng nang nd, phat smh nhidu bdnh tat hidm ngheo, nhit la cae benh ung thu.
6 Viet Nam da cd nhidu lang ung thu do hau qua eua nan d nhidm mdi trudng nude tram trgng gay ra [8]. Sd li?u ciia cae euge khao sat d cac lang cd nhidu ea mac bdrdi ung thu da cho thay, chi sd d nhiem khdng khi, nude thai ddu vucrt tidu chuan cho phep nhidu lan. 0 nhiing Iang ung thu, nhieu gia dmh da phai bd nha bidt xii; nhidu ngudi van phai d Iai va phai chap nhan tinh ti-ang d nhidm mdi trudng, nguy ea bdnh tat. Khi lam bdnh hidm ngheo, ngudi dan vica mat kha nang lao ddng vira phai chi tra thdm khoan tidn chua bdnh. Tir do, kinh td gia dinh hg bj suy kiet, eon cai eua hg se khdng cd du didu kidn hoe hanh. Da sd ngudi ndng dan sdng gan nhimg khu cdng nghidp chua duoc hudng lgi ieh tir nhihig dy an nay mang lai; nhung da phai chju nhung anh hudng nang nd do d nhidm mdi trudng. Nhieu khu cdng nghidp cdn thieu eac trung tam xii ly nude thai, khi thai va ehat thai ran.
Trong nhung nam gSn day, tinh trang d nhidm ngudn nude ngam dang trd ndn phd bidn va ngay eang tram trgng d cac dia phuang. Nhung ngudn nude, nguon khdi chira chit thai dgc hai khdng qua xir ly (hoac xir ly ehua dat ehuan) van cii dugc xa ra mdi trudng. Nhieu lang nghe dugc hinh thanh mgt each tiJ phat; ehua dugc di ddi ra khdi cae khu dan cu. Viet Nam hien cd hon 3.200 lang nghd san xuat kinh doanh [5], song phan ldn eae lang nghe dd chua dugc quy hoach hgp ly (quy md nhd, ed edng nghd lac hau, chua ed eac he thdng xu ly ehat thai). Mdi trudng d cac iang nghe bj d nhidm tram trgng ve ngudn nude, tieng dn, khdng khi. "Chat luong mdi trudng tai cac lang nghe gan nhu ddu khdng dat tieu chuan, ti-ong dd 95% d nhidm tir bui; 85,9% d nhidm tir nhiet va 59,6% d nhiem tir hda chat. Kdt qua khao sat tai 52 lang nghd tren
Khoa hgc xahoi Viet Nam, so 11-2018 ti-dng bj 6 nhidm d ea ba dang ndu ti-dn^
27% sd lang nghd d nhidm vira va 27% so lang nghd d nhidm nhe" [5]. Tmh ttang 6 nhiem do ngudn nude thai, khi thai cua eac lang nghd la nguydn nhan ehinh gay ra cac bdnh eho ngudi dan dja phuong. T^ Ig ngudi dan d cac lang nghe mic benh (ngoai da, bdnh dudng hd hip, tidu hda, ung thu...) dang cd xu hudng tang cao ti-ong nhirng nam gin day. Vide phat tridn thieu sy quy hoach cua cac lang nghe din ddn nhung bat cdng bing ddi vdi nhiing eu dan ttong lang.
Chi mdt sd hd lam nghd thu dugc lgi nhuan tu boat ddng san xuit eua minh. Song, hg da gay d nhidm mdi trudng, lam anh hudng den kinh te, siic khde, sy an toan tinh m^ng eua ngudi dan dia phuong.
6 nhidm mdi trudng d nhung khu cdng nghidp, ttong cac iang nghd da gay ra sy bat cdng bing vd mat mdi trudng va din ddn nhung xung dot giiia ngudi dan va doanh nghidp. CJ nhidu dja phuong, ngudi dan da bidu tinh, chan xe ra vao cae khu cdng nghidp, cac nha may de phan doi tinh ttang gay d nhiem mdi trudng. "Theo kdt qua khao sat tai mgt sd lang nghd cho thay cd sy man thuan giiia cac nhdm dan cu ttong egng ddng iang nghd nhu td thai do bat binh vdi ngudi gay d nhidm, khieu kien ldn cip ehinh quyen va hem hdt la trimg phat nhau bang vii lye" [1].
Cac cap chinh quydn va eac nha hoach djnh chinh saeh can chii y diing miic tdi an ninh mdi trudng sinh thai; tinh toan dung ddn quyen va lgi ich ehinh dang cua ngudi dan trong eae du an kinh te (lgi ich phat ttien kinh td dja phuang, lgi ich eiia nha dau tu, Igi ich cua nhiing ngudi dan bi anh hudng); dam bao cae tieu chuan mdi trudng (tir khau xet duyet cac dy an diu tu, lua chgn cdng nghd ddn qua ttinh van hanh san xuat); uu tidn nhung dy an diu tu sir dung cdng nghd xanh, edng nghd sach, san xuit
khep kin, tai sii dyng nhiing phy pham cdng nghiep va tidu tdn it eae ngudn nguyen lieu ty nhidn; kidn quyet loai bd nhiing edng ngh? san xuit l?c ban (edng nghe su dung nhidu nguyen vat lidu, phat sinh nhidu phe thai dgc hai); giam sat chat ehe, tang eac miic phat hanh vi gay d nhidm; bat huge nhung doanh nghidp gay d nhidm phdi boi thudng cho ngudi dan bj anh hudng do nhftng hau qua mdi tiudng ma hg gSy ra.
Cdng tac kidm tta giam sat thye hidn luat mdi trudng la khau het sure quan ttgng ttong vige dam bao edng bing mdi tiudng ddi vdi cac dy an phat trien cdng nghi?p. Trong nhimg nam qua, vide giam sat thyc hidn luat mdi tiordng ciia cae co quan ehiic nang cdn nhidu ban chd (do nhihig khd kh5n ve lye lugng thyc thi cung nhu nhung quy djnh hidn hanh). Mgt mat, mire xu pb^t toi da ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham cdn thip, chua dil mirc ran de. Vi vay, nhidu doanh nghiep cd tinh xa thai true tidp eae chat d nhiem ra mdi tiudng, sRn sang chju phat thay vi dau tu xay dyng he thdng xu ly ehit thai (bdi so tien bi phat cdn it ban chi phi xay dyng va van hanh he thdng xu ly chit thai). Vide giam sat thyc thi luat mdi trudng cdn gap nhidu khd khSn. "Xir phat vi pham mdi trudng rat khd vi can bat qua tang. Trong khi dd, he thdng giam sat eiia eo quan Nha nude cdn biin che, ea ve ttang thidt bj va nhan lye, ndn sd vy vide bj phat hign va xir ly khdng nhieu" [8]. Cac ea quan nha nude cd ttach nhigm ttong vide bao vg mdi trudng ein kidn quydt xir ly nhiing hanh vi vi pham luat mdi trudng; ein huge nhung doanh nghiep gay ra d nhidm phai trich mgt phan thu nhap dd xay dyng va van hanh he thdng xii ly chat thai dgc hai gay d nhidm mdi trudng va ddn bu thigt hai cho nhiing tdn that mdi trucmg ma hg gay ra; ein xay dyng cac didm quan trie mdi trudng nude, khdng khi, tidng dn, byi ttong eac khu cdng 52
Nguyen Thi Lan Huong, Pham VSn Duong nghiep (nhung ttam quan ttie mdi trudng
nay phai hoat dgng dgc I?ip dudi sy giam sat ciia cae co quan thuge Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng); c i n phai thu du thud, phi mdi trudng (ddi vdi cae dan vj san xuit) va sii dung hgp ly cac ngudn thu dd de eai tao mdi trudng, cung nhu d i u tu co sd vat ehat phue vu eho cae dja phuong. Thu tudng Nguydn Xuan Phiic da dua ra thong diep:
"Chinh phli Vidt Nam kidn quydt khdng danh ddi mdi trudng de phat tridn kinh td, lam anh hudng tdi phat tridn bdn virng" [3].
Cae ca quan nha nude cd ttach nhigm trong bao vd moi trudng can cu thd hda thdng diep dd vao ttong cac chinh sach thu hut dau tu, phat tiidn kinh td - xa hgi.
3. T h y c hien cong b a n g ve moi t r u d n g d*
cac d y an du ljch, nghi dvotig c a c dy an du lich nghi dudng, du ljch sinh thai, duoc vi nhu nganh "edng nghiep khdng khdi", maiig lai ngudn thu ldn eho nhidu qude gia. Vigt Nam la dat nude ed nhidu sy uu dai eua ty nhidn, ed nhieu vimg khi ban va cd nhieu doan bd bien dai dep, thuan lgi cho vide phat trien md hinh kinh td nay. Trong nhiing nam qua, vide phat tiidn cac du an du Ijeh nghi duang, du ljch vung duydn hai da mang lai nhirng thanh qua ve mat kinh td cho nhieu dja phuang.
Ben canh nhirng thanh qua do, thi nhung bat cap vd quy hoach cua nhieu dy an ciing gdy ra nhirng sy bat cdng b i n g mdi trudng ddi vdi cu dan d day.
Mdt sd dja phuang khi giao dit cho cac nha dau tu trien khai xay dyng nhung dy an du Ijeh ven bidn thudng chu yen chii y ddn thanh tich phat tridn kinh td cua dja phuong va lai Ich Clia doanh nghiep; chua thyc sy quan tam den lgi ich cua ngu dan va cu dan
ven bidn. "Khi dua ra nhirng quyet djnh cho chu dau tu, cd le nhung ydu td van hda va quydn hudng thu bidn cua ngudi dan ban dja da khdng dugre lanh dao thanh phd ti'nh ddn" [2]. Vigc bd quen nhiing Igi ieh chinh dang va thidt thyc cua ngudi dan ttong nhirng dy an dd da dan tdi tinh ttang ngudi dan vimg bien tham chi khdng cdn eai quydn dugc ty do t i m bien, do ciing la sy bat cdng bing ve mat mdi trudng. Vi du, d thanh phd Da Nang, cd sy bat cap ttong quy hoach cac dy an ven bien ciia dia phuong nay, ngudi dan rat thidt thdi, quydn tidp can bai tam bien edng egng danh cho hg qua it, dan d ven bidn ma khdng dugc hudng gi tir bidn. Day eung la thyc ttang dang didn ra d nhieu tinh viing duydn hai. Vide c i p phep dau -tu mgt each de dai cho cac doanh nghigp phat trien du Ijeh, nghi duang ven bidn ciing day ngudi dan vao tinh trang khd khan. Khi dugc giao dat, cac doanh nghidp tidn lianh xay dyng hang rao, tir dd, nhiing lang chai ven bidn se bj each ly vdi bien, ngudi dan khdng cdn ldi di xudng bidn.
Nhidu khu nghi duang, khu du lich sinh thai, san golf dugc xay dyng san sat nhau ttai dai ttdn cac viing duydn hai va ttd thanh biic tudng can trd ngu dan cac lang chai vdi mdi trudng sdng eua hg. Didu dd gay ra su bat edng bang vdi nhiing eu dan va ngu dan vimg bidn. Nhidu nai, ngudi dan khdng cdn chd neo dau thuyen, sira chfta ngu cu, nudi ttdng thiiy san, tam bien, gap khd khan ttong sinh ke. (3 mdt sd du an, tham chi ngudi ta con quy hoach cii 8 km mdi ed mgt ldi di cho ngu dan xudng bidn.
Nhidu didn tich riing phdng hd ven bidn da bi ddn chat dd xay dyng khaeh san, didu dd de dga tinh da dang sinh hgc ciia khu vye, gay xdi mdn sat Id bd bidn. Nhidu khu nghi dudng duoc xay dung trong eac khu rung dac dung, vudn qudc gia. Thyc ttang do se
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Khoa hgc xa hgi Vidt Nam, s6 11 - 2018 din ddn nhftng tham hga lau dai vd mat mdi trudng sinh thai, nhu can kiet ngudn nude nggt, xdi Id dat, suy giam tiiih da dang sinh hgc. Tinh trang bit cdng vd mdi tiudng d nhidu dja phuang da gay ra nhftng xung dot vd lgi ieh gifta ngudi dan va doanh nghidp. Cac cude bidu tinh cua ngudi dan phan ddi doanh nghidp thdi gian gin day da ndi ldn thye ttgng bat cdng bing mdi trudng ttong thyc hi^n eae dy an du ljch, nghi duong hidn nay.
4. Thyc hi^n cong b3ng ve moi truimg or cac dy an thiiy di^n
Vide phat trien nhidu dy an thiiy didn vfta va nhd ciia cae dja phuong ttong thdi gian qua da mang lai nhung lgi ieh ve mat kinh td, dap ling nhu eiu tidu thy didn ngay cang tang. Tuy nhidn, nhiing bit cap ttong vide quy hoach eiia nhidu dy an ciing gay ra nhftng tdn hai va sy bit cdng bing ve mdi tiudng. Phan ldn dy an thuy didn ehu ydu ehii ttgng ddn lgi ich kmh td, ma khdng tmh ddn lgi ich lau dai ve mat mdi trudng va tinh da dang sinh hgc ttong luu vue cua thiiy didn. 6 nhieu nha may thiiy didn vira va nhd, bao cao danh gia tae dgng vd mat mdi trudng hdt siic so sai, chidu le va. khdng dang tin cay, chi nghien ciiu ttong pbiim vi dja phuong noi xay dyng cdng tiinh. Trong khi dd, dd danh gia tac dgng mdi trudng ciia mgt dy an thuy dign, thi phai nghidn cuu tii vimg thucmg luu tdi tan vimg ha luu ciia nha may thuy dien. Dd phat tiidn dy an thiiy dien, can phai tinh toan xem ttdn luu vyc mgt con sdng cd tiid xay dyng dugc bao nhidu nha may thuy dien va van hanh thd nao dd khdng gay thidt hai, ciing nhu dd giai quydt duge vin de dan sinh, mdi trudng ttong luu vyc dd.
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6 Viet Nam, da sd edng trinh thuy didn ddu duge xay dung d nhftng khu vyc riing dau ngudn, khu vyc do gift chiic nang phdng hd rit quan ttgng va cd tinh da dang sinh hgc. Vide trien khai nhung dy an nay da thu hep dang kd dign tich rung phdng hg diu ngudn va tac ddng tidu cyc ddn tinh da dang sinh hge va mdi trudng. Khi riing phdng hg dau ngudn mat di thi l& eay vi ting tham muc (nai lim gift phan Idn lugng nude mua eua rCmg) cimg khdng cdn, lugng ldn nude mua se chay tryc tidp ttdn bd mat dat, gay ra lu quet, xdi mdn va sat Id dit.
Qua trinh phat trien nhieu cdng trinh thiiy dien vua va nhd ttong thdi gian vua qua da va dang lam suy kiet rimg dau ngudn. Dd la mgt ttong nhirng nguydn nhan chinh dan ddn nhimg tt^n lu lut ljch su va sat Id dit nghiem ttgng, vui lap nhidu ban lang d midn niii va Iii lut dddng bing, vimg ha luu.
Vide thidt kd, xay dyng va van hanh nhOng nha may nay ciing edn nhidu bit cap. Da s6 nhung edng trinh thuy dien vfta va nhd co sd vdn diu tu xay dyng thip. Con dap ciia nhung nha may nay khdng thd dam nhiem dugc chirc nang ngan lu cung nhu dieu tidt nude (chiie nang didu tidt lu da hi mdt s6 nha may thiiy didn xem nhe), ma chi c6 chiic nang gift nude dd phat dign. Ddng sdng bj nhung eon dap nay chan lai tiianh tiii nude khong Id de dga an toan cua viing ha luu. Khi cd lii ve, cae nha may thuy di?n dd ngay lap tiic xa lu "diing quy trinh", gay ra tinh ti-ang lu nhan tao ehdng lu tu nhien eho vimg ha luu nha may thuy didn. Tinh ti-pig m chdng lu, ngoai nguydn nhan thdi tiet, eiing edn ed nguydn nhan tii sy van hanh eua eac nha may thiiy didn vira va nhd.
Tinh ttang do dang ttd ndn phd bien, de dga ddn cude sdng, an toan tinh mang va tai san Clia ngudi dan d nhidu dja phuang.
Nguydn Thj Lan Hucmg, Pham V5n Duong Vide thyc hign nhftng dy an thuy didn
vua va nhd ttong thdi gian qua gay ra sy bat cdng bang vd mat mdi trudng cho nhftng ngudi dan trong luu vyc thuy didn.
Chi mdt bg phan duge hudng lgi tii nhung dy an thuy didn nay, cdn da phin ngudi dan thudng xuydn phai ddi dien vdi sy nguy hidm vd tinh mang va tai san cua hg.
Khi lu lyt xay ra, hg phai ganh chju tdn that hdt siic nang nd. Thiet hai ma ngudi dan mien Trung dang phai ganh ehju ttong nhirng nam vua qua, hay tham hga sat Id dat d Lai Chau va Ha Giang mdi day, da canh tinh chiing ta ve chinh sach quy hoach, xay dung va van hanh cac dy an thuy dien vua va nhd. Thidt hai vd tai san, tinh mang cua ngudi dan la tdn thit ldn ban rat nhidu so vdi gia trj thu dugc cua cac dng chu dy an. Vide quy hoach, xay dyng cac dy an thuy dien khdng thd dua ttdn sy danh ddi giua lgi ieh kinh te eua mdt sd cdng ty vdi nhirng lgi ich vd mat sinh thai eiia rung va tinh da dang sinh hgc.
Han nua, viec xay dyng va van hanh nhftng nha may thuy dien can phai dat lgi ich Clia ngudi dan ldn hang dau. Da ddn liic, Nha nude can ra tay ra soat lai he thdng cac nha may thuy dien dudi goc do an ninh mdi trudng. Nhftng dy an thiiy didn khdng dam bao cbiic nang didu tiet IU can phai dugc loai bd dd dam bao tinh edng bing mdi trudng cho ngudi dan ttong luu vyc thuy dien.
Dd dam bao an ninh sinh thai va cdng bang mdi trudng ddi vdi ngudi dan, cin phai ed mgt sy quy hoach mang tinh tdng the eac nha may thuy didn. Cac du an thuy dien cin phai luan chftng, lam ro nhihig lgi ich cua edng trinh ttong vigc phdng chdng Iii, duy tri cap nude dn djnh cho vung ha luu san xuat ndng nghidp va hieu qua kinh td ttong vide phat dien. Can tinh toan ddn
vigc giam thidu tdi da nhftng tae ddng ddn mdi trudng ty nhidn nhu eac vimg ngap lut, sy tan pha eua riing dau ngudn, cac cum dan cu phai di ddi, sy suy giam da dang sinh hge va nhftng sy cd mdi trudng khi van hanh. Chinh quydn cae dja phuang, tnrdc khi cap phep xay dyng, cin phai cd sy tinh toan mdt each toan dien eae lgi ieh eiing nhu thiet hai do vide xay dyng cac cdng trinh thuy dign.
5. Ket luan
Thyc hidn cdng bang vd mdi trudng la mgt van dd phuc tgp ttong qua trinh phat trien kinh td xa hdi hien nay. De thyc hien edng bang vd mdi trudng, Nha nude can phai co sy tm tien, lya chgn phat trien nhftng nganh nghe, cdng nghe san xuit xanh, bdn vftng;
khong nhap khau nhiing cdng nghd cii, lac hau; chu ttgng ddn quydn dugc sdng ttong mdi trudng lanh manh, den lgi ieh cua mgi ngudi dan; bd tri cac khu edng nghidp, eae lang nghd xa khu dan cu; phai ed nhftng ttam thu gom xu ly ehat thai, nude thai; can hoan thidn he thdng phap luat ddng bd;
kidm soat ch^t che nhftng hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi hudng. Ben canh dd, Nha nude can giiip da nhung nhdm yeu the cua xa hdi;
giiip hg bdt thidt thdi va cd co hgi hda nhgp vao nen san xuat hidn dai; khuyen khich eac thanh phan kinh td tham gia dau tu vao boat dgng xu ly chat thai, nude thai tai eac khu cdng nghiep, cac lang nghe.
T^i lieu tham khao
[1] Le H6ng Anh, Nguyen H6ng Hanh (2009), O nhiem mdi trudng a cdc Idng nghi Vi$t Nam, htq>://vea.gov.vn/vn/truyenthong/tapchimt/mtv
Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 11 - 2018 pt/Pages/%C3%94nhi%E 1 %BB%85nim%C3
%B4itr%C6%B0%El%BB%9Dng%El%BB
%9Fc%C3%AIcl%C3%A0ngngh%El%BB%
81Vi%El%BB%87tNam.aspx, truy c|p ngiy 20/1/2018
[2] Nguyen Dong (2018), Ngu ddn khdng biin, https://vnexpress.neftin-tuc/goc-nhin/ngu-dan- k:hong-bien-3732414.html, truy c|p ngay 10/4/2018.
[3] Khanh Hian (2018), Thu tudng: Vi$t Nam kien quyet khdng ddnh ddi mdi trudng lay phdt trien kinh ti,
htlps;//dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/thu-tuong-viet-na m-kien-quyet-khong-danh-doi-moi-lmong-lay- phat-liien-kinh-te-20180627124426887.htm, tmy c^pngay 10/7/2018.
[4] Khanh Huy (2017), 6 nhiim nude thdi tgi cdc Idng nghe dang gia tdng,
http://nhandaQ.com.vn/khoahoc/item/3248680 2-o-nhiem-nuoc-thai-tai-cac-Iang-nghe-tiep-tu c-gia-tang.html, tmy cap ngay 10/4/2018.
[5] Sofn Lam, Thanh Tnmg (2018), LQ lich sir: Hd Giang xdy dung d gt thdy dien nhd, gdy thift hgi ldn,
https://vov.vn/xa-hoi/Iu-Iich-su-ha-giang-xay-d ung-o-at-thuy-dien-nho-gay-thiet-hai-lon-7793 22.V0V, Imy cap ngay 17/7/2018.
[6] PV (2015), Cong bd 10 Idng ung thu cd ngudn nude d nhiem ngng nhdt a Viet Nam, http://www.doisongphapluat.coni/xa-hoi/cong- bo-lO-lang-img-thu-co-nguon-nuoc-o-nhiem-n ang-nhat-o-viet-nam-a81945.html, truy c§p ngay 14/2/2018.
[7] Tin Tai (2018), 8 km mdi cd mgt ldi ra biin thi ngu ddn chi biet treo thung, gdc cheo, http://giaoduc.net.vn/Kinh-te/8kni-moi-co-mot -loi-ra-bien-thi-ngu-dan-chi-biet-treo-thung-ga c-cheo-postl85653.gd, truy cap ngay 8/5/2018.
[8] Khanh Vi (2013), Ngudn nu&c ngdm Viet Nam d nhiem trdm trgng,
http;//cand.com.vn/Khoa-hoc-Quan-su/Nguon- nuoc-ngam-Viet-Nam-o-nhiem-tram-trong-228 336/, truy cap ng^y 3/2/2018.
