CHU QUYEN CUA VIET NAM DOI Vdl HAI QUAN DAO HOANG SA VA TRU'dNG SA^
TRANDUYHAI
Phd Cbu nhidm Oy ban Bidn gidi quoc gia
Td the ky XVII den nay, Vigt Nam Ik quoc gia duy nhat thye thi cbd quyin mgt each llkn tuc, bita binh ddi vdi hat quan dao Hokng Sa vk Trudng Sa.
Hi^n nay, tryde tinh binh ckng thing trdn Biin Odng, Vigt Nam chu truing dau tranh bing biSn phkp hda binh, phd bap vdn ludt phkp quoc te vdi nhiiu bkng chdng phkp ly, lich sd thuyit phuc.
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VI$t Nam Id qudc gia ddu tien, duy nhdt• xac Igp chu quyfln vd qudn ly lien tuc, hfla binh hai qu^n dao Hoang Sa va Trudng sa
Viflt Nam cfl vOng bien rflng, vdi hon 3.000 hfln dao Idn, nho vd hai q u i n dao ngodi khoi Id Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa. Trong dfl, quan dao Hodng Sa ndm trong khu vyc b i l n cfl vj fri tft 15''45' d i n 17°15' dfl vT B i c vd 111" d i n 113° dfl kinh Dflng, cdch dao Ly Son (Quang Ngdi) khoang 120 hai ly; Q u i n dao Trydng Sa n l m trong khu vyc b i l n d vj tri tft 6''50' den 12° dfl vT Bdc vd 1 i r 3 0 ' d i n 117°20' dfl kinh Dflng, cdch dao Phft Quy (Blnh Thudn) khoang 203 hai ly.
Ddy Id hai q u i n dao t i l n tiflu cua Td qudc; Id bfl phdn khflng t h l tdch rdi cOa ldnh thd Viflt Nam.
Theo nhieu eft liflu lich su, den dau the ky XVII, Hodng Sa vd Tm'dng Sa van Id hai quan dao vfl chu. Den nua d i u t h l ky XVII, ChOa Nguyen dd td chftc "dOi Hodng Sa' (lly ngydi tft xd An VTnh, huy^n Blnh Son, phO Quang Ngdi) ra quan dao Hodng Sa (vdi khoang thdi gian t u 6 d i n 8 thdng mdi ndm) de thu lupm hdng hfla trfli dgt frfln bidn, ddnh bdt hai sdn quy hilm; ddng thdi, do v§ so dd, hdl frinh, trdng cdy vd dyng mdc frfln q u i n ddo. CQng vdi nhiflm vy ndy, vdo nua dau the ky XVIII, ChOa Nguyin td chftc them
"dfll Bdc Hdi" (lay ngudi thfln Tft Chlnh vd xd Cdnh Duong, phO Binh Thufln) de t i l n ra q u i n
dao Tnjdng Sa. Theo h l l u bilt dja ly lOe bIy gid, dja danh qudn dao Hodng Sa liln mflt dai, bao gdm ca Hodng Sa vd Vgn Ly Tnj'dng Sa
Thye te ndy dd dypc cdc tdi liflu cOa Viflt Nam vd nhieu nude tren frie gidi luu gift dudi dgng: t u liflu, sdch cd, vdn bdn phdp ly cua nhd nydc cOng cdc ban dd t h l hifln viflc thyc thi chu quyen cOa cdc nhd nudc phong k i l n Viflt Nam ddi vdi hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Tm'dng Sa.
Dien hinh Id Todn tdp Thidn Nam td ehi Id dd tha (ndm 1686) cua Dd Bd; PhO bidn tgp lgc (ndm 1776) cOa Lfl Quy Dfln; Ljch tniu hiin chuong /og/cW (ndm 1821) cOa Phan Huy ChO; Hki ngogi Ay s y (ndm 1696) cOa nhd su Tmng Qudc Thich Dgi Sdn vd An Nam dgi qudc hga dd cOa gidm myc ngudi Phdp Lu-lt Ta-bo,... Dde biflt, Viflt Nam cfln cfl cdc Chdu ban trieu Nguyen md cdc qudc gia khde khflng t h l cfl dupe. Dfl Id cdc vdn ban hdnh chlnh chinh thftc cOa trieu dinh nhd Nguyfln (thl ky XVII - XVIII) v l eft cdc dfll thuyen cua Viflt Nam di khao sdt. do dgc, khai thdc vd tuan phflng tgi hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Tnidng Sa. Cdc vdn ban ndy dudi dgng chi dy, d i u cfl bOl phfl vd dflng d i u son cOa nhd Vua. Ddy chlnh Id CO sd phdp ly quan frpng khlng ^ n h , lft t h l ky XVII, Nhd nudc phong kien Viflt Nam dd xde Idp vd thyc thl chO quyln d n thilt ddi vdi hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trnd-ng Sa.
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Trong thfli ky Phdp thuflc, vdi l u cdch dgi difln cho Viet Nam v l ddi ngogi theo Hiflp udc Pa-lo-ndt (nam 1884), Chinh quyln thuflc d\a Phdp da efl nhieu hogt dflng cy the cOng d chu quyen Viflt Nam frfln quan ddo Hodng Sa vd Tmdng Sa Tft ndm 1925 den ndm 1927, Phdp da id diftc dieu fra v l khi hflu, thd nhudng, nghifln cftu mo vd duy tri tuan tra trfln quin dao Hoang Sa. Lifln tyc trong cdc ndm 1930 -1933, Phdp dd dua qudn dfli ra dflng gift d quan dao Tm'dng Sa. D l lifln quan ly, ndm 1933. Phdp da sap nhgp quan dao Trudng Sa vdo tinh Bd Ria (Nam Ky), thdnh Igp don vj hdnh chlnh d Hodng Sa thuflc linh Thfta Thifln (ndm 1938). Cung frong thdi gian ndy, Phdp cfln cho dflt cflt mdc, xdy ngpn hai ddng vd cdc frgm: khi lupng, vfl tuyen difln fren hai quan dao. Trong quan hfl qudc td, Phdp dd nhieu l l n len tieng phdn ddi cdc dfli hoi chO quyen eua Trung Qude ddi vdl quan ddo Hodng Sa. Ngdy 14-10-1950, Phdp dd chlnh thftc trao viflc quan ly quan dao Hodng Sa cho chlnh phO Bdo Dgi. Dde biflt, Igi Hfli nghj Xan Phan-xlt-xcfl (ndm 1951), trudc dai difln cua 51 qudc gia (trong dfl cfl Tmng Qudc), dgi difln cOa chlnh phO Bao Dai dd khlng djnh chO quyen tft Idu ddi cua Viflt Nam ddi vdl hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Tmdng Sa md khflng gdp phai bat eft s y phan ddi ndo cOa edc nudc tham dy Hfli nghj
Ndm 1975, cOng vdi t i l n trinh gldi phflng mien Nam, thdng nhlt dat nudc, Hal qudn nhdn ddn Viflt Nam dd giai phflng cdc dao do qudn dfli Sdi Gdn dflng gift, nhu: dao Tm'dng Sa, Son Ca, Nam Yet, Song Tft Tdy, Sinh Tdn vd An Bang,...
thuflc qudn dao Tmdng Sa. Ddng thdi, Chlnh phu Cdch mgng Ldm thdi Cflng hod mien Nam Viflt Nam dd ra tuyfln bd khlng ^ n h chO quyen cua Viflt Nam ddi vdi hai quan dao Hodng Sa vd Tnrdng Sa. Lifln lyc tft dfl den nay, Chinh phu Viflt Nam dd ban hdnh nhieu vdn ban quy phgm phdp ludt khlng i^nh hai quan dao Hodng Sa vd Trydng Sa Id bfl phfln khflng the tdch rdi cua Idnh thd Viflt Nam vd Viflt Nam cd day dO chu quyln ddi vdi hai q u i n dao ndy, phu hpp vdi cdc quy dmh cOa luflt phdp vd thyc tifln qudc te. De tilp tyc frie hifln cdc hogt dflng chu quyln trfln thyc te, Chinh phu Viflt Nam dd quylt djnh fridnh
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Iflp huyfln dao Tnrdng Sa Inre thuflc tinh Ddng Nai vd huyfln dao Hodng Sa tryc thuflc tinh Quang Nam - Dd NUng (ndm 1982). Hifln nay, huyfln dao Hodng Sa tnj'c friuflc fridnh phd Dd Ndng; huyfln dao Tm'dng Sa tn^c thuflc tinh Khdnh Hda vfli mflt thj tran vd hai xk daoV
Tft nhftng phdn tich frfln cho thly, Viflt Nam cfl day du blng chftng phdp ly, Hch sft d l khlng dinh ehu quyen cua minh ddi vdi hai quan dao Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa. Ddng thdi, Viflt Nam cOng id qude gia duy nhlt da t^iem hftu thflt sy vd quan ly hai quan ddo ndy mflt cdch lien tyc, hfla binh, phCi hop vdi cdc quy i^nh cua luflt phdp qudc l l .
2. Viet Nam chu*a bao g i d cdng n h f n chu quyfln cOa Trung Qudc ddi vdl qudn dao Hoang Sa
Gan ddy, vdi viflc vifln ddn Cong thu cua c6 ThO tudng Pham Vdn Ddng (ndm 1958), Tmng Qudc dd dien gidi ve cdi gpi Id "Viflt Nam cflng nhdn chO quyln cOa B i c Kinh ddi vdi quin dao Hodng Sa". Ddy Id s y xuyen tgc frIng trpn sy thdt lich su, Viflt Nam dd kifln quylt bdc bo sy xuyfln tgc, ngfl nhfln ndy. Bdi le: Thd nhit, nfli dung Cflng thu cOa d ThO tudng Phgm Vdn Ddng khflng de cdp den v l n d l chO quyln cua Hoang Sa vd Tnj'dng Sa. Ddy chi Id tdi liflu thflng bdo ve viflc Chinh phO Viflt Nam ddn chCi cflng hfla tfln trpng hai phfln 12 hai ly cOa Tmng QuIc, Thd hai. Id mflt bfln tham gia ky k i t Hi$p djnh Gio-ne-vo (ndm 1954), Tmng Qudc hodn todn nhdn thftc dupe r i n g , frieo Hiflp dinh, quin ddo Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa n l m d phia Nam vl tuyln 17 nfln thuflc quyen quan ly cOa Vi0t Nam cflng hfla (vdo thdi d i l m ndm 1958). Sau khi thdng nhat dat nud'c (ndm 1975), Cflng hfla XHCN Viflt Nam mdi k l thfta vd nhlt qudn khlng dmh chft quyln ddi vdi hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trydng Sa do cde dgi difln khde nhau eua Vifll Nam thilt Idp vftng c h i c trong ljch sft, Do vfly, khflng t h l nfli r i n g , vdo ndm 1958, Viflt Nam ddr chu cflng hfla cflng nhdn ehO quyln eua Tnjng Qudc ddi vdi q u i n dao Hodng Sa.
I . Th^g 4-2007, Chinh phij quy^t djnh thinh I§p th tran Truong Sa cimg 2 xS dao: Song Tii Tay vi Sinh Tdn.
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Song frfln thyc t l . ndm 1974. Tmng Qude da sft dyng vQ lyc d l ddnh chiem quan dao Hodng Sa vd Chlnh phft Viflt Nam cflng hfla vd Chinh phO Cdeh mgng Ldm Ihdi Cpng hda mien Nam Viflt Nam deu dd ra tuyfln bd phdn ddi hdnh dflng xdm lupe cua Tmng Qudc. \flflt Nam cflng hfla cPn khIn thiet yflu d u Hfli ddng Bdo an Lien hpp qudc (LHQ) hpp khan d p ve hdnh vl sft dyng vu lyc cOa Bde Kinh Theo ludt phdp qudc te ve thy dde Idnh thd, viec sft dyng vQ lyc chiem dflng mot vOng Idnh thd khflng the tgo ra chu quyen thgt sy.
Viflt Nam yflu d u Trung Qudc tfln trpng sy thdt Ijch sft dfl vd nghiflm tOc vdi Viflt Nam ve van d l chu quyen ddi vdi quan dao Hodng Sa.
3. Kien tri d i u tranh bao vp chu quyfln, quyen chO q u y l n , quyfln tai phdn qude gia bdng bi^n phdp hda binh, trong khudn khd ludt phdp qudc td
Nhd nuflc \flflt Nam tm-fl^ sau nhy mflt khlng djnh nhlt qudn chu quyln cua Viflt Nam ddi vdi hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Tmdng Sa Lflp frydng ndy dupe the hifln trong Lugt Bifln gidi qudc gia (ndm 2003); Luflt Bien \flflt Nam (ndm 2012); Tuyfln bd ngdy 12-5-1977 cua Chinh phO node Cflng hfla XHCN Viflt Nam ve Idnh hai.
vOng t i l p gidp, vOng d$c quyln kinh t l vd them lyc dja cOa Viflt Nam, Tuyfln bd ngdy 12-11-1982 cua Chlnh phO nufl^c Cflng hfla XHCN Viflt Nam v l dudng co s d dOng d l tinh chilu rflng ldnh hai Viflt Nam; Nghj quylt cOa Qudc hfli nude Cflng hfla XHCN Viflt Nam (ndm 1994) phfl ehuan Cflng udc cOa LHQ ve Luflt Bien ndm 1982 cOng cdc tuyfln bd chlnh thftc khde eua Viflt Nam.
Tgi ede hfli nghj khu vyc vd qudc t l , Viflt Nam lufln the hifln Iflp truflng xdy dyng. nhdm friOc d l y giai quylt cdc tranh c h i p d Bien Dflng bdng bifln phdp hda blnh, frfln eo s d luflt phdp qude le.
Ddng fridi, Viflt Nam cQng nghiflm tOc tudn thu Tuyfln bd v l ftng xft cua cdc bfln d Bien Dflng (DOC); tich cyc thOc d l y sdm xdy dyng BO quy t i c ftng xft cua cdc bfln d Bien Dflng (COC) vd d l y mgnh ddi thogi n h l m duy tri hfla binh, on djnh d Bien Ddng. Tuy nhifln, bat c h i p luflt phdp cua Viflt Nam, lu$t phdp qude te, viflc xdm phgm chO quyln. an ninh ddi vdl vOng bien, dao node ta cua nud'c ngodi van d i l n b i l n phuc tap Trudc
linh hinh do, Viflt Nam dd kien quyel dau tranh bdng bien phdp hoa binh. phu hpp vdi ludt phdp qudc t l , ca d thye ^ a vd fren mdt trgn ngogi giao, qua nhiflu kenh vd d nhieu d p khde nhau d l gift vftng chu quyfln vd todn ven Idnh thd.
Vdy md, tft dau thdng 5-2014 dfln nay, Tmng Qudc vdn ngang nhien ha ddt trdi phflp gidn khoan Hal Duong-981 cOng nhieu tdu hfl tdng vd mdy bay trong vung dac quyen kinh te vd them lyc dja cOa Viet Nam, De bao vfl cho hdnh dong phi phdp ndy. cac tdu cua Tmng Qudc dd chu dflng ngan can, ddm va, phun voi rdng vdo cdc tdu eua Viflt Nam khi dang thyc thi nhiflm vu phdp luflt trong vung bien cOa minh. Thdm chl. cde tdu cOa Trung Qudc cfln cd tinh ddm chim tdu ed cOa ngu ddn Viflt Nam dang hogt dflng binh thudng trong ngu frudng tmyen thdng Hodng Sa, Idm hdng chue ddn ttiudng bi thuong Khong nhftng t h l , hp cfln lim mpi cdeh vu cdo tdu cOa Viflt Nam ddm cdc tdu Tmng Qudc tdi 1,500 lan md khflng dua ra dupe bat eft blng chftng ndo fren thye d|a.
Ngupc Igi, Viet Nam dd cho cflng bd nhieu bdng chftng chftng minh trudc cong ludn v l cdc hdnh dflng ngang ngupc cOa Trung Qudc. Nhftng hdnh dflng fren cOa Trung Qude dd vi phgm nghiflm trpng ludt phdp qudc t l , frong dfl cfl Cflng udc cOa LHQ ve Ludt B i l n ndm 1982, Hidn chuong LHQ, DOC. xdm phgm nghiflm trpng chO quyln.
quyln chu quyen vd quyln tdi phdn qudc gia cOa Viflt Nam vd di nguoc lal Thoa Uiudn cOa Idnh dao d p cao hai Dang. Nhd nude Viflt Nam - Tmng Qudc. Cflng ddng frong nudc vd qudc t l dd bdy Id kjch liflt phe phdn hdnh dflng vl phgm trfln eOa Tmng Qudc.
Trong hon mpt thdng qua, phft hpp vdi quy djnh cOa Hien chuong LHQ. Cflng udc eOa LHQ ve Ludt Bien ndm 1982. DOC vd Thoa thufln d p cao hai nudc Viflt Nam - Tmng Qudc, Viflt Nam dd nd lyc d i u tranh bdng bifln phdp hfla blnh;
kifln fri trao ddi. tim mpi kflnh thflng tin, ddi thogi d cdc d p vdi Trung Qudc de yflu d u nydc ndy rOt gidn khoan Hai Duong-981 ra khoi vung b i l n Viflt Nam Ddy Id nd lyc. thien chl khflng mflt moi cOa Viflt Nam. nhdm myc tiflu cao nhlt Id, kien lao mfli trudng h6a blnh, dn djnh vd phdt then thinh vupng trong khu vyc. •>
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