Xd hgi hoc, sd 3 (143), 2018 3!
VAI TRO CUA VON XA HOI VOI HOAT D O N G VAY VON CUA NGUOl DAN NHAP CU"
(Nghien cuu truang hgp tgi thdnh pho Vinh, tinh Nghe An)
NGUYEN THI BICH THUY*
VU THI T H O Y D U N G "
Tom tat: Phdn tich die lieu cugc dieu tra tren 300 nguai nhdn nhgp cu vd 30 cugc phong vdn sdu vdo ndm 2012-2016, bdi viit xem xet vai trd cua vdn xd hgi vai hogt dgng vay von cua nguai ddn nhgp cu d thdnh pho Vinh, Nghe An. Trong dieu kien khan hiem cdc nguon luc vd ca hgi, nguai nhgp cu ditng von xd hgi nhu mgt gidi phdp hicu hieu de phdt trien sinh ke cho minh vd gia dinh. Dit con sic dung von xa hgi a dgng "co cum"
nguoi ddn nhgp cu a thanh pho Vinh dd dimg "long tin " nhu mgt tdi sdn the chdp de huy dgng ngudn von. Ket qud nghien cuu con cho thdy ben cgnh vai trd tich cue thi von xd hgi cUng tiem dn nhieu rui ro cho hogt dgng phdt trien sinh ke cUa ngudi nhgp cu neu viec dgt "long tin " cua hg khong dung cho.
Tu khoa: vdn xa hdi, hoat ddng vay vdn, ngudi dan nhap cu, Nghe An.
Nhgn bdi: 10/8/2018 Giciphdn bi$n: 17/8/2018 Duyet dang: 08/9/2018
1. Dan nhap
La dd thi loai I, thanh phd Vinh dang trdn da phat trien, thi trudng lao ddng dang hinh thanh, tao ra nhiing nhu cau mdi ve sue lao ddng. Vi vay, thanh phd cd sue hut ldn hon ddi vdi ngudi dan nhap cu, khdng chi ddi vdi ngudi dan trong tinh Nghe An ma cdn d cac tinh thanh lan can nhu Thanh Hda, Ha TTnh. Viec nhap cu va tap trung dan sd tai Vinh hay cdc dd thi khac trong ca nudc la xu hudng khach quan trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nudc. Tinh den 2013 dan sd ciia thanh phd Vinh la 313.655 ngudi, trong do sd ngudi nhap cu den la 7.850 ngudi (Phdng Thdng ke - Uy ban Nhan dan thanh phd Vinh, 2013), ty suat nhap cu la 2,5%. Vao nam 2008, ty suat nhap cu cuathanhphddat eao nhat ke tir 2005-2013 la 17,76%, cu thd la cd 52.195 ngudi nhap cu tren tdng sd dan toan thanh phd la 293.926 ngudi (Phdng Thdng kd - Uy ban Nhan dan thanh phd Vinh, 2008). Ngudi nhap cu vao thanh phd Vinh tap trung rai rac tren eac dia ban phudng, xa ciia thanh phd. Tuy nhien, theo quan sat va danh gia cua tac gia dya tren CO sd sd lieu eua phdng thdng ke thanh phd thi hai dia ban phudng Ben Thiiy va phudng Trudng Thi la noi cd sd lugng ngudi nh|[p cu thugc vao loai ddng nhat thanh phd.
' Dgi hoc Gido due, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Noi.
" Dgi hgc Dd Lgt.
32 Vai tro cua von xd hgi v&i hogt ddng vay von...
Ngudi nhap cu tai thanh phd Vinh khdng ehi mang I^i nhiing ddng gdp tich cyc, thidt thuc nhu gdp phin didu chinh lai su chenh lech vd thu nh?ip giiia ndng thdn va thanh thi, ma hg cdn trd thanh ngudn nhan lyc khdng thd thidu trong thi trudng dich vu da d^g d dd thi, gdp phin dang kd vao sy tang trudng ciia eac trung tam dd thi va cdng nghifp, lam giam siic ep lao ddng viec lam d ndng thdn, tao ngudn thu nhap, gdp phan dn dinh xa hdi. Lao ddng nhap cu tai thanh phd Vinh cd cac hinh thuc sinh kd kha da dang. Viec hp lua chgn loai hinh sinh kd cho ban than phu thudc nhidu ydu td, ti-ong do cd yeu td cac loai ngudn luc hay cdn ggi la vdn. Cac loai vdn nhu vdn con ngudi, vdn van hda, vdn kinh td va dac biet la vdn xa hdi cd vai trd chi phdi qua trinh sinh kd cua ngudi lao ddng nhap cu.
Tren th6 gidi da cd nhidu tae gia dua ra quan didm vd vdn xa hgi (Bourdieu, 1986;
Coleman, 1988; Fukuyama, 2001, 2002; Nan Lin, 1999, 2001; Portes, 1998; Putnam, 1995,...). Tuy nhidn, cd thd nit ra mgt sd net ehung trong quan diem cua cae tac gia tren vd vdn xa hdi (Nguyin Tuin Anh, 2012:557-558): Vdn xa hgi gin lien vdi mang ludi xa hgi, quan he xa hdi; xem vdn xa hdi nhu mdt ngudn luc xa hgi; vdn xa hdi dugc tgo ra thdng qua viec diu tu vao cac quan he xa hdi, hoac mang ludi xa hgi va cac ca nhan co thd sir dung vdn xa hdi dl tim kidm Igi ich; van dd su tin cay va quan he qua lai/sy cd di- ed lai. Trong bai vidt nay, tac gia thdng nhit se sur dung khai nifm vdn xa hdi bao gom cac thanh td: 1) sy kdt hgp lai vdi nhau thanh mgt mang ludi xa hdi; 2) ldng tin xa hgi; 3) su cd di cd lai. Vdn xa hdi nhu mgt ngudn lyc quan trgng, dugc cac ca nhan su diing, thdng qua do vdn xa hdi chuydn ddi thanh cac loai vdn khac va giiip cho cd nhan tim kiem cac lgi ich, dac biet la lgi ich vd mat kinh te.
Xuydn sudt bai viet, tac gia cd gang tra ldi cau hdi: Cac thanh td cita vdn x3 hgi nhu mgng ludi xd hgi, ldng tin, su cd di-co lgi da duge ngudi nhap cu van dung nhu thk nao de vay vdn kinh te? Ngoai lgi ich eua vdn xa hdi vdi ngudi vay thi loai vdn nay cd vai tro gi tdi ngudi cho vay hay khdng? Ben eanh vai trd mang tfch chit hd trg thi vdn xa hgi co trd thanh rao can ddi vdi vide vay va cho vay vdn cita nhdm ngudi nhap cu hay khdng?
Bai viet sii dung tu lieu tir nghien cuu Von xd hgi vdi sinh ki cita ngudi nhgp cu tgi thdnh pho Vinh, Nghe An dugc thyc hien tir nam 2012 ddn 2016 d hai phudng Bdn Thuy va Trudng Thi - hai dia ban tap tnmg ddng ngudi nhap cu eua thanh phd Vinh. Cae phuong phap sir dung chii ydu la: phuong phap phdng van sau va phuong phap phdng vin bing bang hdi.
- Phdng vin sau dugc thuc hien 30 trudng hgp, bao gdm: Nhung ngudi dan nhap cu tai thanh phd Vinh (22 trudng hgp); cac can bg quan ly d hai phudng nghidn cOii (4 trudng hgp); nhiing ngudi la ban be, hang xdm cua ngudi dan nhap cu (4 ttudng hgp).
Ket qua thdng tin tir phdng van sau dugc sii dung trong bai vidt dudi dang trieh dan cac doan de minh hga. Ngoai ra, tac gia kdt hgp thdng tin tir phdng vin sau dd xay dung nen nhiing cau chuyen mang tinh chi tilt, cu flid, phan anh cac ngi dung vin dh nghidn ciiu (case study).
Nguyin Thi Bich Thuy, VU Thj Thiiy Dung 33
- Phdng vin bing bang hdi 300 ttirdng hgp (mau dy trit la 20% tucmg duong vdi 60 ngudi). Khach thd cua phdng vin bing bang hdi la nhiing ngudi dan nhSp cu vao thanh phd Vinh tai hai phudng Bdn Thiiy va phudng Trudng Thi.
B i n g 1. DSc diem mSu djnh luyng
Dofn vj: % Phuimg B^n ThOy Phu&ng Tni6ng Thi Gidi tinh
Nam 41,3 46,0 NO 5 8 J 54^0 Tuoi
Tir 18-25 tu6i 24,7 20,7 Tren 25-35 ni6i 58,7 64,0 Tren 35-45 tuoi 14 Q 9,3 Tren 45-55 tu6i 2,0 6,0 Tren 55 tuoi 0^7 0^0 Nghe nghidp
Nong, lam, thiiy s i n 0,0 0,7 C6ng chirc, vien chiic 24,0 18,0 Tiau, thu c6ng nghidp 10,7 4,0 Kinh doanh, bu6n bin 25,3 36,0 Dichvu 11,3 6,7 Y, dirge 4,0 2,0 Lao dpng t\r do 18,7 20,0 Kh6ng v i | c lim 2,7 7,3 Khic y 5^3^
J ; J 150 150 Nguon: So li^ khdo sdt cua de tdi.
2. Sff luyc tinh hinh nghien cuu ve vSa xa hQi va hoat dgng vay von
Nhidu nghien cuu trong va ngoai nudc da ban luSn rat nhidu ve mdi quan hd giiia vdn xa hdi vdi vide phat tridn kinh td, tuy nhien nghidn ciiu ve mdi quan he giua vdn xa hdi va hoat ddng vay vdn kinh td van dang la khoang trdng can lap day. Mdt sd tac gia cho ring vdn xa hdi ndu la mgt loEii vdn, nhu nhung logi vdn khac, thi sy tich luy von xa hdi la tdi cin thidt dd phat tridn kinh td cho cac hg gia dinh. Day chinh la hudng nghien eiiu quan trgng cin nhic tdi, theo cac nha nghien cuu vdn xa hdi cd mat tich cyc va cd vai trd khdng nhd ddi vdi sy phdt tridn kinh td va xda ddi giam ngheo (Fukuyama, 2002;
Grootaert, 1999; Woolcock, 1998; Woolcock & Narayan, 2000; Woolcoek, 2001; Trin Hihx Dung, 2003, 2006; Nguydn Nggc Bich, 2006; Nguydn Quy Thanh, 2005; Khuc Thj Thanh Van, 2011; Nguydn Quy Thanh - Cao Thi Hai BIC, 2012; Nguyen Tuin Anh, 2012;...). Vi du, tdc gia Fukuyama (2002) da ban vk mdi lien h? giiia von xa hgi va sy phat tridn trdn pham vi toan clu qua bai vidt "Vdn xa hgi va phdt trien: Chuong trinh nghi su sip tdi". Tdc gid Fukuyama gidi thich rang vdn xS hgi giu vai trd quan trgng trong sy phat tridn ciia nhilu doanh nghiep d My La tinh. Nd ciing giiip cho nhidu ngudi vugt ra khdi nhimg khd kh&n trong giai doan suy thoai kinh td va that nghidp gia tang d khu vuc nay (Fukuyama, 2002). Trong khi do tae gia Grootaert (1999) lai phan tieh vai trd eiia vdn xa hdi trong ITnh vyc kinh td vi md vdi nghien ciiu "Vdn xa hdi vdi sy thinh vugng va ddi ngheo ciia cac hd gia dinh d Indonesia". Ong chi ra rdng vdn xa hgi da giiip lam giam di
34 Vai tro cua von xd hgi vdi hogt dgng vay von..
kha nang roi vao tinh trang ddi ngheo cua cae hd gia dinh, vdn xa hdi mang lai lgi ich dai lau ddi vdi cac hd gia dinh, ma cu the d day la vide tidp can dich vu tin dung de tao ra thu nhap dn dinh. Cac tac gia nhin nhan vai trd cua vdn xa hdi trong phat tiien kinh te, tuy nhign, chi gidi han xem xet nd nhu mdt tidm luc giup ngudi ddn, doanh nghi$p vugt qua giai doan suy thodi va thit nghiep va tidp can cac dich vu tin dyng (Grootaert, 1999).
Md ta mdt each khd dly du sy thd hi?n vai trd, tim quan trgng cua vdn xa hgi ddi vdi hoat ddng kinh td la nghidn ciiu ciia tde gia Trin Hiiu Diing (2006), qua nghien ciiu
"Vdn xa hdi va phat tridn kinh td". Tac gia trinh bay nhirng lgi ich kinh tl ciia vdn xa hdi: I) Giiip giai quylt nhung bai toan tap thd; 2) Tilt kidm chi phi giao dich; 3) Anh hudng den chit lugng va tdc do tich liiy ciia nhiing loai vdn khac; 4) Xa hdi thieu sy tin can (ngheo vdn xa hdi) hay tim each mdc ndi thay vi trau ddi kha ndng hoaic kien thuc cua minh; 5) Mdt xa hdi nhidu vdn xa hdi la mgt xa hgi it tdi pham; 6) Cang nhidu vdn xa hpi thi tu phap cang viing chic; 7) Vdn xa hdi se nang cao miic dau tu va nhiing hoat ddng kinh tl khdc; 8) Mdt xd hgi doan kit, it chia re (tiic la phong phu vdn xa hdi) se dl hdi phuc sau nhiing cii "sdc" kinh td. Ngoai ra, vdn xa hgi cdn cd vai trd ddi vdi chinh sach kinh td. Khi hoach dinh chinh sdch can xem xet sy lidn h | giua cdc td chiic khdng chinh thiic. Sy phan cue, manh miin trong xa hdi se lam gidm vdn xa hdi. Mudn phat tridn kinh td, chiing ta phai vugt ldn nhiing chia re trong xa hdi, 1dm xa hgi gin kit hon. 6 moi giai doan phdt trien la mgt ty Id td hgp tdi uu giiia vdn xd hdi dan sy va vdn xa hdi nha nudc va, trong chimg mue ed thd, chinh sach phai linh ddng ddng nhip vdi nhung thay ddi ay.
Cd the nhan thay vdn xa hdi dugc hinh thanh trdn co sd cac tuong tac ca nhan, nhdm xa hdi, cd tinh chat mgng ludi xd hgi, cd the mang 1^ nhfing lgi ieh, giiip cho cdc cd nhan, nhdm xg hdi thuc hien cac hoat dgng thdng qua viec khai thac cac gid tn ciia cac quan he xd hdi do. Vdn xa hdi la mdt chit keo gin kit xa hdi, sy ddu tu cho cac quan he xa hdi (mdt dang cua vdn xa hgi) cd the giilp cho cac chu thd hanh ddng nhan dugc nhung lgi ich ve kinh tl. Cac tac gia tt-en da trinh bay vd vai trd vdn xa hdi ddi vdi su phat triln kinh te, nhung da sd xem xet d cap vi md ve mdi quan he nay, chua thuc su tim hidu d cap do vi md, dac biet la su lien he cua vdn xa h0i vdi hoat dgng vay vdn cua ngudi dan nhap cu tai dia ban thanh thi.
3. Von xa hgi vdi hoat d§ng vay von cua ngirdi dan nh^p cir 3.1. Moi quan he giita vin xa hgi v&i von kinh ti
Vdn xa hdi la nguon lyc quan trgng trong sinh kd cua ngudi nhap cu tai dd thi.
"Khdng chi trg giiip cho ngudi nhap cu tim vide lam ma mgng ludi xa hgi tir nhiing ngudi than quen cdn cd tiie giup cho ngudi nhap cu vay von, tir do hg cd thd diu tu cho kinh doanh hay cac mat khac tir dd nang cao chit lugng cudc sdng. Hoae dugc hg hang, ngudi thdn hd trg vl kinh tl nhu nha d, cho vay tiln se giup cho ngudi di cu cd didu ki^n thdi gian nhieu hon de tim duge vi?c phii hgp nhit" (Tdng cue Thdng ke va Quy Dan sd Lidn hgp qudc, 2006:27). Ngudn vdn vay cd thd se la mgt trong nhfing ngudn lyc ho tig cho ngudi nh^p cu trong nhidu hoat ddng sinh kl. Thuc tl cho tiily, ngudi nhap cu g^p khd
Nguyin Thi Bich Thuy. Vu Thj Thiiy Dung 35
khan trong viec tidp can cdc ngudn vdn, dac biet Id ngudn vdn tir cac td chiic tin dung/ngan hang. Do do, hg se rit cin su hd trg vay vdn tir nhiing ngudi trong va ngoai mgng ludi xd hgi cua minh.
Trudc het la vai trd cua thanh td mgng luai xa hoi Vdn xa hdi dugc hinh thdnh tren CO sd cdc tuong tdc ed nhan, nhdm xa h^i, ed tinh chat mgng lucri xd hgi, tiic la cac quan he xa hdi dugc xac lap mang theo nd nhiing gia tri, chuan myc va cau tnic quan h | vd nd trd thdnh "tai nguydn" cd thd mang lai nhung lgi ich, giiip cho cac cd nhan, nhdm xd hgi thuc hien cac hoat ddng thdng qua vi$c khai thac cdc gia tri cua eae quan h? xa hgi do.
Mdt hinh thuc gdp vdn thdng qua mgng ludi xd hgi dugc ngudi dan tridn khai Id "phudng, hdi", nhidu ngudi cimg tham gia gdp vdn theo tuin, thang vdi sd tidn nhdt dinh, tiiy vdo quy dinh cita "phudng, hdi" do, sd tien cd thd la 500 nghin ddng/tuln/thdng, I trieu ddng/tuan/thang hoae nhidu hon. Ngudi dugc nit trudc cd thd do bdc tham hoac Id bd tidn ra "mua", ai cd sd tidn "mua" cao hon se dugc "boc" trudc. Chinh sd tidn dugc "mua"
nay se la ngudn vdn de ngudi nhap cu kinh doanh, budn bdn, xin vide, mua nha,...
Tuy nhien, khdng phai ai cung cd the tham gia td chiic "phudng, hdi" nay. Phdi la nhiing ngudi than quen, ban be, hang xdm... Nhiing ngudi nay danh cho nhau sy tin cay cao, trong sd dd se cd ngudi diing ra thu vd giii tien cho ca nhdm. O day, da xuat hi?n thanh td thd hai cua vdn xa hgi - long tin xd hgi Neu khdng cd su tin tudng, quan he xa hgi than thidt thi ngudi dan khdng thi xay dung va duy tri cdc td chiic phudng, hdi nay. Ngudi dan nhap cu tim each vay mugn cua ban be, ngudi than khdng ldy ldi hoac lai thap:
Anh lam cdm dd nhu thi ndy nhiiu liic cdn von Idm, lgi phdi xoay ra vay cua bgn be, anh em chu ngdn hdng lam gl cho vay md vay cua ngdn hdng thi thu tuc rudm rd, lgi phdi co tdi sdn the chdp. Minh khong ddp ung dugc cdc dieu kien do. Anh vay ciia bgn be, anh em thi tinh chdt Id vay ndng, co khi khong lay ldi, neu lay ldi ciing thdp han so vdi ngudi ngodi. Hg giiip minh khi ndy thi minh giup hg khi khdc thoi...
(Nam, 43 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Bdn Thiiy) Trong hoat ddng vay vdn eua ngudi nhap cu, hg danh gia rat cao vai trd cua long tin xd hgi. Nhidu ngudi trong sd hg vay vdn cua nhfing ngudi khdc ma khdng can tai sdn thd chap, tra lai tham chi khdng can vidt gidy vay mugn. Chinh long tin giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi da giiip cho ngudi nhap cu cd sy thuan lgi trong vide huy ddng ddng v6n ti:ong lam an, budn ban, chi tidu:
Anh vay cita nguai bdc 20 tri$u tic cdch day 2 nam md den gia cung chua co tiin trd. Bdc cung thuang minh khdng thdy hoi, md anh thi chdng co tdi sdn gl thi chdp, ldi cUng khong phdi trd ludn. Thinh thodng anh den nhd bdc choi, bdc cung khong nhdc nhung anh thi cic phdi bdo bdc thong cdm cho hodn cdnh cua minh...
(Nam, 35 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Bin Thuy) Ngudi than/hg hang ludn dugc ngudi nhdp cu nghT tdi khi can vay mugn tiln trong nhiing trudng hgp nhu dm dau, kinh doanh, budn ban, xin vide lam... Dac biet la khi mdi
36 Vai tro cua vdn xd hgi vdi hogt dgng vay vdn...
ddn, trong thdi gian diu cdng vide chua dn dinh hodc liic chua cd viec lam, phan ldn ddu nhd ngudi than giiip dd, cd thd cho hdn tiln hodc cho vay mugn.
Thanh td thii ba cua von xd hdi cin ban din la sir cd di-cd lgi Vdri xa hgi ehi t6n tai va sinh ra lgi ich khi cd mgt sy tuong tde dugc l§p lai gifi-a it nhdt hai cd nhan, nghia la tdn tai su cd di-c6 lgi. Thdng qua dd vdn xa hdi mdi dugc duy tri va san sinh ra cac lgi ich:
Khi bgn be cdn thi anh giiip chu, do la mdi quan he qua lgi md, anh nghT la minh mudn nguai ta ddi xic thi ndo thi minh dii xH vai ngudi ta nhu thi. Do Id quy lugt nhdn qud. Id phuang chdm sdng cua anh. Anh thi tinh nhi^t ttnh, nhieu khi bgn be CO cong viic cdn ggi dien thi anh tdi liin... khi bgn lam nha thi no cdn thi minh cho bgn vay md minh khdng bao gid lay ldi, den khi minh cdn bgn be lgi cho vay...
(Nam, 37 tudi, chii quan photocopy, phudng Trudng Thi) Vdn xa hgi se dugc duy tri va phdt tridn bdn viing ndu miic dd lidn he gifia cac cd nhan, nhdm diln ra thudng xuydn, khdng gidn doan. Trong ca dao - tuc ngu' xua cung cd nhieu cdu de cap den van dd nay: "Ao ndng may nang mdi, ngudi nang ndi nang than", rdi: "Ndng mua thi gidng nang ddy, anh nang di lai me thay ndng thuong" (Vu Ngpe Phan, 1994).
Mdi lien h$ giiJa sd nam sdng d thanh phd Vinh vdi vide vay vdn kinh td, dugc phan anh qua bdng sd lieu sau:
Bang 2. Ty If vay von theo s6 n§m song it th^nh ph6 Vinh
C6 vay v6n Khong vay von Tong N
H«
< Dadi 5 nam 17,4 82,6 100 132 so Phi = 0,335
5-10 nam 19,6 80,4 100 112
>Tren 10 nam
SiR 17,9 82,1 100 56
= 0,002
Dem vi: % Chung
18,3 81,7 100 300
Nguon. Ket qua fihdo sat ciia de tai.
Bang 2 cho thiy so ngucri nhap cu co vay v6n Ax ft so vcri nhOng ngum khong vay von, vcri nhung nguoi co s6 nam sinh s6ng tai thanh ph6 Vinh duoi 5 nam thi chi co 17,4% nguoi vay v6n, sa nguoi sinh s6ng tit 5-10 nam la 19,6%, s6 nguoi sinh s6ng tren 10 nam 17,9%. Nhu vay, viec nguoi dan nh$p cu co vay v6n hay khong, khong phu thuoc nhieu v^o s6 nSm ho song t£ii thanh pho Vinh.
Ngu6n vay von cua nguoi nhap cu ciing la vdn dS dang quan ttei. Ngu6n vay v6n chu y6u cua nguoi nhap cu la tir nguoi than quen (chi6m 87,5%). Nguoi nhap cu ft tiSp can dupc nguta v6n tir cac to chiic kinh tS-xa hoi, nhom hpi khac. Day la do nhung kho khan ma ngucri nhap cu g^p phai khi tiep can voi tin dyng, viec vay tin dyng tir cac ngudn chinh thiic doi hoi phai c6 mpt s6 dieu kien nhit dinh nhu co hp khiu thuang tni, tai san the chap. Va nhu vay, chi cc ngucri rupt thit ciing nhu hp hang mcri co du long tin d6i voi nguoi nhap cu de cho hp vay tien, khi hp kh6ng co giiy to hay tai san thS chip;
Nguyin Thj Bich Thuy, Vu Thj Thiiy Dung 37
Anh cUng mudn vay vSn ngdn hdng nhicng minh khong cd nhd hay tdi sdn gi de the chdp nen ngudi ta khong cho vay, cdn vay tic cdc td chicc khdc thi cUng khong dugc Vl khong cd hg khdu a day...
(Nam, 35 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Trudng Thi) Gia dinh nhd chong chi, anh em ai ciing co diiu kien nin khi minh gap khd khdn hg ciing sdn long giup, cho minh vay tiin lam nhd, vay tien lam dn, sau cd thi trd. Cdn anh em, bgn be khong cd tiin thi ho giup bdng tinh cdm, chu yeu tinh cdm nen thdy quy lam...
(NG', 29 tudi, ndi trg, phudng Trudng Thi) Dd minh hga vide sir dung vdn xa hdi trong ho^t dOng vay vdn, chiing tdi phdng vdn sau va xay dyng cau chuydn sau ve vai trd cua vdn xd hgi trong boat dgng vay vdn ciia ngudi nhfip cu tai thanh phd Vinh:
H9P 1. Cau chuyf n vl sir di^ng v6n x3 h$i trong ho^t d$ng vay vSn
Ong M sinh nSm 1953, da v^ hiru. Ong sing tai khii 15 phudng Truimg Thi. Ong v^o th^nh ph6 Vmh tit n2m 2002. Trudc khi chuyin xuing thinh phi Vinh v? chong ong c6 nhd anh em hg hdng bSn nhi vg ong tim giiSp dit dl mua vi x&y nhi. Chuyin vl Vinh dugc hon 1 nSm thi hai 6ng bk quylt djnh md qudn tap h6a, c^n phdi vay von dl mua sam hdng h6a, trang thilt bj can thiet. Ong M dS vay tien cua mpt ngudi chdu hQ so tien Id 20 tri^u dong, so tien ndy ngudi chdu hg khong lay ldi, 6ng M cung khong can 1dm giay td the chap, ong trd ddn cho ngudi chdu ndy khong co dinh thdi gian, nghia Id khi ndo c6 tien thi ong trd.
Ong M c6 con gdi vira hgc xong m§t tnrdng cao ddng ngodi Hd Ngi ve. Ong muon xin cho con vdo 1dm vi^c m^t cdng ty c6 phdn, song cdng ty ndy ddi hdi c ^ phdi ddng gdp cl phiin 100 trifu dong.
Sau khi thing nhdt, dng M quylt djnh muQn si dd minh 6it ctia anh H - ngudi ySu con cdi ong vd vay dugc 150 tri|u. So tien ndy ong M chi ditng vdo vi|c ddng c6 p h ^ vdo cdng ty cung nhu chi phi cdc khodn khdc trong qud trhih xin vi|c cho con gdi.
Trong qud trinh kinh doanh t^i ti^m tap hda, cd nhieu Ian dng M dd phai vay tiln cua b ^ hk cung nhu hdng xdm de liy hdng, khong can gidy td the chap. Thinh thodng nlu dng M vl que ong l^i mua qud nhu cam, mdng, rau sach, gd ngon ttr qufi xuing dl mang biiu hdng xdm, b ^ b^ nhttng ngudi dd cho dng vay von khi can.
(Thong tin tir phdng vdn ong M, ngdy 23/5/2013) Nguon • Kit qua khdo sdt cua de tdi.
3.2. Goc nhin tu ngirM cho vay vSn
Khi chung ta xem xet mdi quan h? giira von xd hgi va hoat d0ng vay vdn thudng nhan thay nhihig lgi ich cua nhihig ngudi can vay vdn. Song trong bai vi^t nay tac gia mudn dd cap thdm vd phia ngudi cho vay. Ngoai vi$c thd hidn sy hiJu ich ddi vdi ngudi vay thi vide cho vay ciing mang lai lgi ich cho ngudi ed vdn kinh td. Lgi ich trudc tien la vd mdt tinh thin, ngudi cho vay cam thiy vui va nidm tin ciia minh "d^t diing chd":
38 Vai trd ciia vdn xd hgi v&i hogt dgng vay v
Bdc cho dica chdu vay mdy chgc trieu di nd lay vdn lam dn... cUng khong biet khi ndo no trd dugc, nhimg vi tin tudmg nd, bd me nd cUng nha vd. Tiin bdc di day cUng khong lam gi, cho nd vay tgo diiu ki^n cho no, thdy nd dd vdt vd han minh cUng vui... chic nd co vay duac nai ndo khdc nica ddu!
(Nam, 65 tudi, nghi huu, phudng Ben Thiiy) Ngudi cho vay tin tudng, ddnh gia cao muc dich, ddng co vay tidn ciia ngudi vay, cho nen hg nhan dugc nidm vui, nidm khich Id eiing nhu sy bidt on cita ngudi vay, va tao dugc mdi quan hd gdn bd hon vdi ngudi dugc vay. Ngoai ra, mgt sd ngudi cho vay hg cdn nghi vide lam nay la sy "ddu tu", dd nhd sau nay hg cd gap khd khan thi ngudi vay se giiip lai minh: "Khi anh cho ban anh vay tidn thi nd eung dd cho minh thi?t dau, can vi^c gi giiip nhu chuyen nha, nau co... nd ddu giiip nhidt tinh" (Nam, 37 tudi, budn ban, phudng Trudng Thi). Nhu vay, d ddy, xudt hien thdnh td cua vdn xa hgi la "sy cd di - c6 lai", ngudi di vay ciing cd nhiJng hinh thiic "ddp trd", the hidn sy "biet on" ddi vdi ngudi cho vay khi giiip do, quan tam, chia se vdi ngudi eho vay luc hg can:
... Thi thodng chi cUng mang sang nhd bdc chi it qud que... khong ddng la bao so vdi sd tien ldi hdng thdng bdc khong ldy cua minh, nhung cung la the hiin ldng biit an ciia minh vdi bdc...
(NG, 29 tudi, ngi trg, phudng Trudng Thi) Mdt dieu nhan thay la hien nay d cdc td chirc tin dung, ngan hang trong nhidu tiirdng hgp ngoai nhimg ydu cau ve thu tuc gldy td, tai san thd chip thi sy tin tudng cung nhu mdi quan he xa hgi giiia ngudi vay va nhiing nhan vidn tin dung Id dihu rdt quan tigng:
Gid nhieu ngudi cd nhu cdu vay, ngdn hdng cUng dgt chi tiiu hdng thdng vi sd tiin cho vay doi vdi nhdn vien tin dung bgn em. Nhung em se uu tien gidi quyit cho nhicng ngudi cd moi quan hi quen biit... di trdnh bi "ngxdu"
(Nam, 28 tudi, nhan vien ngan hdng, phudng Bdn Thuy) Nhu vdy, ngudi nhap cu da sir dung cdc ydu td mgng ludi xd hgi, long tin cOng nhu su cd di-cd lgi cua vdn xa hgi trong hoat dgng vay vdn. Trong do, ldng tin ddng vai trd quan trgng nhat. Nhd dd hg dugc tham gia cdc hinh thdc gdp vdn nhu "phudng-hdi", vay vdn, hay vay mugn tir nhiing ngudi khdc. Dang chii y, ngudn vay vdn chii ydu cua hg Id tir ngudi than, hg hang - Id nhdm so cdp, hg khd tiSp can cdc nguon khdc, nhdt la tir cdc td chdc tin dung. Nhd cd vdn xa hgi, khi tidp can vdi ngudn vdn kinh td, nhidu ngudi nhap cu khdng cdn ddn tai sdn thd chdp, gidy td vay mugn hay vi?c phai tia lai theo tuan/thdng/ndm. Vdn xd hdi khdng chi mang lai lgi ich cho ngudi nhap cu vay vdn ma chinh ngudi cho vay cimg dugc hudng lgi, lgi ich d day chu ydu la ydu td tinh thdn. Thyc td hi?n nay, tiong vide tidp can ngudn vdn tii cac td chuc tin dung ndu cd vdn xa hdi, cu the la mdi quan he xa hdi, ldng tin giiia ngudi cin vay va nhan vidn ngan hang, thi viec vay vdn se dien ra thuan lgi, "trdi chay" hon.
Nguyin Thj Bich Thiiy, Vu Thj Thiiy Dung 39
3.3. Rao cdn tie von xS hpi trong hogt dgng vay von
Tren ddy, mdi chi dd cdp den mat tich cue trong qua trinh vai trd cua von xa hgi doi vdi boat dgng vay v6n. Ngoai ra, edn cd mat trdi hay cdn ggi la tieu cue trong sy vai trd ndy. Qua tim hidu cd nhung trudng hgp ngudi nhdp cu khdng thd van dyng von xd hgi de vay vdn, ho£ic vide qua tin tudng, dat long tin vao ngudi khdc dan ddn nhimg hd qud khdng mong mudn trong vi?c cho vay vdn.
Nhu trdn dd phan tieh, tiong tdng sd ngudi dan nhap cu dugc hdi thi ed mdt ty Id nhiing ngudi mudn vay vdn khdng bidt vay d ddu (9,0%), cd nhiing ngudi dd vay ngudi than quen, hg hang, ban be nhung bi tir chdi (2,0%), cd nhiing ngudi thi ty bidt ban than khdng dap ling dii didu kidn dd dugc cho vay nen hg khdng dam vay (4,9%). Thuc td, khdng vay dugc vdn kinh td xuat phat tir nhieu nguyen nhdn khac nhau. Song nhin dudi gdc d0 ddnh gia vai trd cua vdn xa hgi thi 15,9% nhiing ngudi mudn tidp can ngudn vdn vay nhung khdng dugc mOt phdn cd thd do vdn xa hgi cua hg chua du manh: "Thdi gian mdi vdo Vinh sinh sdng, gia dinh thieu thon du thii, nhung khdng cd ngudi quen d day nen eiing khdng dugc ai giiip dd gi, ciing khdng bidt vay tidn d dau..." (Nam, 35 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Trudng Thi).
Ho^t dgng vay vdn ciia ngudi nhdp cu bi chi phdi bdi nhidu ydu td: nhu cau, kha ndng tra, tai sdn thd chap, h0 khau thudng tni, kha nang sir dung vdn... Trong do von xd hdi la mgt yeu td can nhic den. Song trong nhidu trudng hgp vdn xa hgi khdng du m ^ , ho|c th$m chi vi "qua manh" ndn vide vay vdn trd nen khd khan. Nhieu ngudi khdng mudn cho ngudi thdn quen vay vi khdng duge nhdn ldi, lai khd "ddi": "Cd cd tidn gOri ngan hang, nhung diia chau vay tidn cd khdng cho vay. Vg chdng nha nd vay bidt d^n khi nao tia dugc... Ma giii ngan hang minh cdn cd ldi, cho nd vay lai cdn chdng duge lai..."
(NQ, 50 tudi, budn ban, phudng Ben Thuy).
De the hi$n cho vi?c vdn xa hdi tao rao can cho ngudi vay va ngudi cho vay trong hoat d0ng vay vdn, tac gia phdng vin sau va xay dung cau chuyen sau:
H$p 2. CSu chuydn v^ in$t h^n chi cua v6n x3 b$i trong ni6i quan h^ vdi v6n kinh t^
Chj T vdo thdnh pho Vinh sinh s6ng tir ndm 2001. Thdi gian ddu mdi chuyen vdo Vinh, ch) cdn tien dk md qudn bdn hdng dn. Nhung khdng vay dugc d dau cd. Ngan hdng khdng cho vay vi khong cd tdi sdn th€ chip, khong cd hg khdu d Vinh. Gia dinh, b^n b^, hg hdng thi ngudi khdng c6 ti6n, ngudi cd tien th) khong muon cho vay.
Cuoi ciing chi phdi chdp nhdn bdn rau d chg mgt thdi gian ddi, de gom gdp vdn... Sau mdy ndm 1dm d Vinh, chj mdi md dugc qudn dn. Sau dd, chi ddnh dym, tiet ki^m dugc 20 trifu. Cdch ddy 2 ndm, ch) cho anh L - anh hg cua chj - vay so tien dd md khdng tdy Idi suat, de mua gS nguyen li^u vl anh 1dm thg m$c. Khi chj can tien, hdi thi anh ta cii khat mdi. Nen gid chi muon sua lai qudn dn cung khdng cd ti^n.
(Thdng tin tii phdng vdn chj T, ngdy 20/5/2013) Nguon: Ket qud khdo sdt cda de tdi.
40 Vai tro cua vdn xd hgi vdi hogt dgng vay von...
Tdm lai, nhidu ngudi tirong nhdm ddn nh|ip cu tai thdnh pho Vinh da biet each van dung vdn xa hgi ma cu thd la cae thanh td cua nd nhu: mgng ludi xd hgi, long tin xd hgi, su cd di-cd lgi dd huy dgng ngudn vdn kinh td, eu thd nhu tham gia cac hinh thirc gdp vdn nhu "phudng-hdi", vay vdn, cho vay... Dang chu S, ngudn vay vdn chu ydu cita hg la tir ngudi thdn, hg hang - la nhdm so cdp, hg khd tidp c|in cdc ngudn khac, nhat Id tii cdc td chiic tin dung. Ngodi vai trd ddi vdi ngudi vay thi ngudi cho vay eiing cd nhung lgi ich khi cho vay. Dac bidt, bdn canh mat tich eye; it nhidu vdn xa hgi ciing cd nhiing tde ddng tidu cyc do tinh hai mat ciia nd. Vi^c tin tudng vao ngudi khac, khidn mdt sd ngudi cho vay v6n vd lam vao tinh trang khdng ddi dugc ng. Cho nen, thay vi hd trg thi vdn xd hdi trong trudng hgp ndy lai can trd qua trinh sinh ke cua ngudi nhap cu.
4. Ket luan
Tir trudc ddn nay cd kha nhidu nghidn ciiu vd v6n xa hgi d cip do vT md, dudi gdc do vi md, dac bidt la tim hiSu mdi quan hd giGa vdn xd hdi va hoEit dgng vay vdn kinh te thi cdn rdt It nghidn ciiu dd cdp ddn. Phan tich vai trd cua vdn xa hgi ddi vdi hoat ddng vay vdn ciia ngudi dan nhap eu d thdnh phd Vinh, Nghd An cho thay, ngudi dan nhap cu dya vdo mdi quan he xa hgi, long tin dd huy ddng ngudn vdn tir ngudi thdn quen, ban be, ddng nghi?p... Kd ca khi hg vay-cae td chiic tin dung thi vdn xd hgi ciing ddng vai trd quan trgng. Trong cdc thdnh td cua vdn xd hdi, dang chii y la vai trd cua long tin khi cac ed nhdn thuc hidn cac boat ddng dd huy ddng vdn. Ldng tin xa hdi nay cd tdc dung thay thS cho giay td thu tue, tai sdn thd chip... cua ngudi vay. Bdn canh vai trd tich cue thi vdn xa hdi ciing nhu nhiing mat trai nhu tidm an nguy eo rui ro cho ngudi vay vi khdng cd gidy td, tdi san the chap... nen nhidu trudng hgp ngudi cho vay khdng ddi dugc ng.
Nhidu ngudi nhdp cu mudn vay vdn dd phdt tridn sinh kd. Tuy nhidn, thyc te vay vdn tai cac td chiic ngan hang, tin dung hidn nay can kha nhidu thit tuc, giay td, d^c biet la can phdi cd tdi sdn the chap. Trong khi do, khdng phdi ngudi nhap cu nao ciing cd the dap ling ddy du cac didu kidn nay. Do dd, chinh quydn dia phuong, cac co quan chiic ndng can cd sy hd tig ngudi nhap cu trong viec tiep can vdi ngudn vdn vay bing cac hinh thiic khdc nhau nhu vay tin chap, vay ldi suat thap, keo dai thdm thdi gian hoan tra... dd t£io didu kidn cho ngudi nhap cu cd thd vay vdn phuc vu hoat d0ng san xudt, kinh doanh, gdp phan phat trien kinh te-xa hgi cua thanh thi.
Nghidn ciiu ciia tac gid de cap den hudng mdi trong each nhin vd vai trd cua vdn xa hgi. Tuy nhidn, chiing tdi mdi chi tien hanh khao sat, thu thap thdng tin d hai dia ban phudng ed ddng ngudi nhap cu tai thanh phd Vinh Id phudng Bdn Thuy vd phudng Trudng Thi. Hy vgng ring se cd co hdi tidn hanh md rdng nghidn ciiu ra khdp cac tinh thdnh cd ddng ngudi nhap cu d nudc ta, khi dd cd thd vin dd nghien ciiu sg dugc ban ludn sau sdc hon.
Nguyin Thj Bich Thiiy, VU Thi Thiiy Dung
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