Nghien cuu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 04 - 2014
VE MOI LIEN HE VIET NAM - AN DO TRONG LICH StT Nguyen Anh Chuffng^
^T^hdng qua khdi lupc tiin trinh lich sir An Dd ciing vdi mdt sd dae trung riing ciia A. no, bdi viit chii yiu tap trung trinh bdy nhung mdi lien he. giao liru, trao ddi qua lgi giira Viet Nam vd An Dp trin ede linh vuc qua timg thdi ky lich sir. Mdt trong nhung lien he duac duy tri lien tuc xuyin sudt tien trinh lich sir phdt triin eiia hai nudc do Id sir giao luu, dip bien vdn hda. tdn gido, nhdt Id ddi vdn Phat gido. Mdi liin hi ndy khdng mdy dirt dogn md dien ra thudng xuyin dudi nhiiu mirc dp khdc nhau, ldm cho hai nudc gdn gui nhau han. Tren nin tdng ndy, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh vd J.Nehru ehinh la nhiing ngudi ddt ea sd virng chdc cho quan hi hii-u nghi Viet - An trong thdi ky hiin dai
Til khda: quan he Viet Nam - An Dp, lich sir An Dp
An Dp la mdt qudc gia ldn cua khu vuc chau A ciing nhu ciia the gidi. Ljch sir An Dp mang dac tnmg cho nhieu thdi ky cua xa hdi phong kien phuang Ddng va cd nhieu ddng gdp vao tien trinh ljch sir nhan loai. Vdi vj tri dja ly cd tinh chat tiep giap giiia cac khu vyc, van hda An Dp cd siic lan tda va anh hudng den nhieu qudc gia Ddng Nam A trong dd cd Viet Nam. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh timg cho rang, An Dp la
"mdt trong nhirng nin van minh ldu ddi nhdt cua thi gidi, vdn hda, triet hoc nghi thudt An Dp dd phdt triin rirc rd vd ed nhiiu cdng hien to ldn eho lodi ngudi...
lien tiep trong nhieu the ky, tu tuang Phdt
* TS., Khoa Lich sii, Dai hpc Vinh.
gido, nghe thudt, khoa hpc An Dp da lan khdp thi gidi'^
1. Vai net ve ljch svt An 0 6 c i u tnic kmh ti - xa hdi ciia An Dp thdi cd trung dai la "Cdng xd ndng thdn"
va day ciing chinh la dac tiimg cua xa hpi phuang Ddng trong ljch su. Trong bai "Su thdng tri cua Anh a An Dp" (1853), C.Mac da chi ra cac ca sd kinh te, tinh chit biet lap cua cau tnic nay va xem day la 'ca sd bin vimg eiia xa hoi phucmg Ddng'. Sau do, cd le dya vao nhung nhan xet vi ciu tnic kinh te ciia An Dp ma C.Mac da khai quat va dua vao so dd tiin hda ciia nhan
"NhUng lai keu goi cua Ho Chit lich", tap V, Nxb.
Sir that, Ha Noi.
27
Nguyen Anh Chuong. Vemoilienhe Viet Nam -An Dp...
loai khai niem "Phuong thuc sdn xudt chdu A ", Mac viet: ""ve dai the, co the coi cdc phuong thuc sdn xudt A chdu co dgi, phong kien vd tu sdn hien dai Id nhimg thai dai tiin trien ddn ddn ciia hlnh thdi kinh te xd hpi"^. Chung tdi cho rang, chinh cau true kinh te - xa hpi dien hinh ay la co sd phat sinh va bao tdn nen van hda An Dp, la yeu td quan trpng lam cho van hda va tdn giao cua nudc nay cd anh hudng sau xa tdi cac nudc khac.
Budc sang thdi ky can dai, An Dp trd thanh mpt trong nhimg ddi tuong xam lupc dau tien cua thuc dan phuong Tay. Noi day da dien ra eac cudc chien tranh dim mau giiia thuc d ^ vdi cac vuong qudc, bp tdc, bd lac dia phuong; giUa cac cudng qudc xam chiem An Dp. Din giiia the ky XIX, An Dp hoan toan bi Anh thdng trj va hi Idi cudn vao qua trinh thuc dan hda vdi nhiiu biin dpng. Sir bdc lot, khai thac cua thuc dan Anh dan din xuat hien nin kinh ti tu ban trong nudc ma dai dien ciia nd la giai cip tu san dan tpc An Dp. Tir cudi thi ky XIX den diu thi ky XX, giai cip tu san An Dp timg budc phat triin khing dinh dia vi cua minh va da sdm vuon len nim ngpn cd giai phdng dan tpc. Giai cip nay da xay dimg dupe mpt chinh dang dd la Diing Qudc Dai theo dudng ldi cua hpc thuyit Gandhi.
Sau nhieu the ky diu tranh kien cudng cua nhan dan An Dp, vao nam 1947, thuc dan Anh budc phai trao tra dpc lap cho An Dp. Ngay 26/1/1950, An Dp chinh thiic ' "C.Mac - Pit Angghm. tuyin tap ". Nxb. Sir that Ha Npi, 1962.
tuyen bd ddc lap, md ra thdi ky xay dung va phat trien cua nudc Cong hoa An Dp.
Tuy gap mudn van khd khan do hau qua nang ne tir cae chinh sach cai tri keo dai hang tram nam ciing vdi chinh sach "di md o", "chia de tri" ma thyc dan Anh de lai trudc khi nit lui nhimg An Dp da sdm vuon len tir mdt nudc nong nghiep lac hau, kem phat trien, nhanh chdng trd thanh mdt trong nhimg nudc di dau trong nhdm cac nudc dang phat triin. Chinh sach ngoai giao ciia An Dp la tren ca sa lap trudiig doc lap khdng lien kit di hgp tac huu nghi vdi tit ca cac nudc tren the gidi. An Dp la mdt trong nhitag qudc gia diu tien di xudng 5 nguyen tac cimg tdn tai hda binh, la ngudi sang lap phong trao khdng lien kit. Nhimg thanh tuu ddi npi cung nhu ddi ngoai dat dugc lam cho uy tin cua Cong hda An Dp ngay cang tang tren truong qudc ti. Sau khi Chien franh Lanh kit thuc, trong bdi canh toan cau hda. An Dp tiin hanh cai each md cua. Til dd din nay, vdi nhiing chinh sach cai each manh me vi kinh ti, chinh tri, van hda - xa hpi. An Dp dat dupe nhimg thanh tuu dang kinh ne va sdm gia nhap cau lac bp nhOng nudc "mai trdi day"
2. Viet - An qua nhflng mii lien he lich sir
Nhu da ndi. An Dp la mdt trong ba trung tam van hda Idn cua chau A thdi c6 trung dai, cd anh hudng din nhieu qudc gia trong khu vuc dudi nhieu ting cap khac nhau true tiip va gian tiip. Sir anh huong nay sau sac din miic da cd hpc gia phuong Tay ggi cac qudc gia khu vuc Dong Nam A la ""mien ngoai An", hay "An Bp hod'
Nghien cuu An Do vd Chdu A. Sd 04 - 2014 (Hindounisec). Cimg cbung bdi canh dd, tir
xa xua cac qudc gia cd tren dit Viet Nam da cd nhieu mdi lien he vdi van hda An Dp.
Diiu nay da duac Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh khang djnh: "Nhdn ddn hai nudc chiing ta dd cd nhimg quan hi anh em tir ldu ddi.
Nin vdn hda vd dgo Phdt cua An Dp da truyin sang Viet Nam tir then cd"^ . Rieng ddi vdi ngudi Viet, nhung mdi lien he iy cd the da xuat hien tir thdi tien sir va sa sir.
Mdt dieu dang chu y la, trong nen van hda Ddng San, ngudi ta da tim thiy mpt sd dd trang sue bang thuy tinh hay bang ma nao cd ngudn gdc tir An Dp kha rd net.
Vao nhung the ky sat trudc Cdng nguyen, qudc gia cua ngudi Viet thudng xuyen bj phong kien phuang Bac xam lupc. Liic bay gid do nam d vi tri trung gian nen Giao Chau trd thanh dja diem quan trpng tren tuyin giao thdng dudng bien giiia Trung Qudc vdi cac qudc gia Nam Thai Binh Duong va An Dp. Vi vay, giiia nudc ta, Trung Qudc va mien Nam An Dp da dien ra sy trao ddi, giao luu kinh te, van hda. Tir dau Cdng nguyen trd ve sau,
"con dudng ta lua" thudng xuyen bj gian doan do cac tdc ngudi d Tay vuc ndi day can trd, ciing nhu do su tien bd ciia ky thuat hang hai lam cho giao thuong dudng bien ngay cang nhdn nhip, nhijng mdi lien he giua nudc ta vdi cac nudc trong dd cd An Dp phat trien manh me. Anh hudng ciia An Dp ddi vdi nudc ta dien ra tren nhieu mat ddi song vat chat va tinh than, nhat la
^ "Nhirng ldi keu goi ciia Hd Chii tich ", tap V, Nxb.
Sir that. Ha Npi.
Phat giao thdng qua eac thiiy thu, thuang gia va cac nha su An Dp.
Phat giao dupe truyen ba sang cac nudc phuong Ddng bing dudng bien va dudng bd. Dudng bien tdi Srilanca, Giava, Phii Nam, Champa, Giao Chau va Giang Nam (Trung Qudc). Dudng bd chii yeu la "eon dudng ta lua" den bac Trung Qudc, qua Trieu Tien sang Nhat Ban va cd khi quay trd lai xudng Viet Nam. Vao cudi the ky thir n, Luy Lau cua Giao Chau da Ird thanh mdt trung tam Phat giao phdn thinh, phat trien. Theo cac nha nghien ciiru, trung tam Luy Lau cd the dupe hinh thanh sdm hon trung tam Lac Duong va Banh Thanh cua Trung Qudc. Liic bay gid d Luy Lau da cd tang doan, da dich kinh Phat va dung thap lam chiia. Trong cac chiia Phap Van, Phap Vu, Phap Ldi, Phap Dien, ngudi ta thd cac vi Phat, Bd Tat ciia than dien dai thira cung vdi cac nii thin ndng nghiep nhu Ba Dau, Ba Dau, Ba Tudng... Trong dich kinh va giang day Phat giao, ngdn ngii An, cac nha su nudc ngoai da dao tao dupe mot ldp dd de ngudi Viet Nam nhu Dao Thanh, Hue Thing... Sang thi ky VI, VII, Phat giao d Trung Hoa phat trien cue thjnh vdi nhiiii tdng phai, dac biet la Thiin tdng. Viet Nam bat dau chju anh hudng manh me cua Phat giao Trung Hoa. The nhung, nhiing moi lien he vdi An Dp van tiip tyc dupe duy tri.
Cd kha nhieu nha su Viet Nam da din An Dp nhu su Van Ky, su Giai thoat Thien, su Khuy Xung, su Tri Hanh, su Dai Thira Dang... trong do cd ngudi tinh thdng tiing Sanskrit cd thi chii giai sach kinh va sdng d An Dp din khi qua ddi.
Nguyin Anh Chuong. Ve mdi lien he Viet Nam - An Dp...
Phat giao du nhap Giao Chau da hdn dung vdi cac yeu td ngoai sinh khac theo tinh thin hda hpp, hda ddng va tat ca dupe ban dja hda, dan tdc hda phii hop vdi phong hda, tin ngudng dan gian va ddi sdng lam hdn cua ngudi Viet. Nhung tu tudng dao Phat thim sau vao tam hdn ngudi Viet ma khdng gay ra y thirc tieu cue, khdng thii tieu y chi diu tranh gianh lai dat nudc cua ngudi Viet, trai lai, rihtrng ngudi theo Phat giao liic bay gid da trd thanh mdt luc lupng tich cue dimg trong hang ngii nhiing ngudi diu tranh gianh ddc lap dan tdc.
Qua giao thuang, dac biet la viec truyin ba Phat giao, nhieu mat khac cua van hda An Dp da xam nhap, anh hudng tdi Giao Chau. Tir dau Cdng nguyen trd ve sau, ngudi Viet budc vao thdi dai do sat, su giao luu vdi An Dp ban da cd tac dung thiic day nghe luyen kim nudc ta phat trien, vi liic bay gid An Dp da la mpt trung tam ldn ve san xuat vang, bac, ddng, sat, chi, thiec... Ngudi Viet ciing da tiip thu kf thuat che tao thiiy tinh, tiep nhan nhiiu gidng cay trdng tir An Dp va cac nudc Ddng Nam A nhu mit, bdng, mia, cay hoa nhai, cay bdng nudc. Ngoai viec tiip nhan nhiiu yeu td ngdn ngii Han, Viet hda nhung yeu to iy trong each sii dung, each dpc tieng Viet cdn tiep thu anh hudng cua cac ngdn ngii Ma Lai, Tang Miin, nhit \k ciia An Dp nhu cac tir ngu Phat Giao: Byt (Buddha), Bd De, Bd Tat, chiia, thap, tang gia. Trong kho tang truyen cd tich cita ngudi Viet, ngoai dng Trdi, dng Tien thi cung da xuit Men hinh tuong dng "But"
hiin hda hay lam phiic cho ngudi luong thien va trimg phat nhiing ke lam dieu ac.
Theo cac nha nghien ciru, trong dieu kien bi cac the lye phong kien thdng trj keo dai, mdi lien he Viet - An ma thuc chat la anh hudng cua van hda An Dp ddi vdi Viet Nam cd mpt y nghia het sue quan trpng.
Ciing vdi nhimg yeu td van hda ban dja dan tpc da dupe xay dap trong budi dau dyng nudc, nhiing anh hudng do cd tac dung dung hda gdp phan ngan can sy Han hda cudng buc, tao nen sac thai "khde Trung Hoa" cho van hda Viet Nam va trd thanh mpt bp phan quy bau trong kho tang van hda Viet Nam, tao nen tang cho van hda Viet Nam budc sang mdt thdi ky phat trien mdi.
Sau khi khdi phuc dupe nen ddc lap dan tdc vao the ky X, nhan dan Dai Viet van tiep tuc nhan nhiing anh hudng cua van hda An Dp. Mot sd nha su Viet Nam da sang An Dp hpc tap, ngupc lai mpt sd nha su An Dp tiep tyc sang Viet Nam. Thdi Dinh - Le, nhit la thdi Ly - Tran, dao Phat da trd nen thinh hanh d nudc ta, mdt sd vua Trin cd mong mudn Dai Viet hda Phat giao Thiin tdng. Phai Tnic Lam ma Trin Nhan Tdng la dng td thii nhat vi thi da ra ddi. 6 thdi ky nay, tri thuc nudc ta chii yiu la cac nha su. Nhieu ngudi trong sd hp dupe mdi tham gia viec chinh sy va trd thanh quan su uy tin cho triiu dinh nhu hda thuong Ngo Chan Luu, Van Hanh, Vien Thdng, Nguyen Thudng. Hp viia tinh thdng Phat giao, vira gidi chinh tri, quan sy, ngoai giao, ddng thdi la luc lupng sang tac van chuong bac hpc dau tien d nudc ta.
Nghien ciru An Do vd Chdu A Sd 04 - 2014 Dau an cua van hda An Dp da the hien
kha rd net trong nghe thuat dieu khac va am nhac thdi Ly - Tran. Nhiing anh hudng nay chii yeu thdng qua con dudng Champa.
Toan bd nhung anh hudng ciia van hda An Dp trong budi dau khdi phuc nen tu chii da gdp phan lam cho van hda Viet Nam phat trien rye rd ma dinh cao la van hda Dai Viet thdi Ly - Tran. Cimg gidng nhu ngudi Viet, mpt sd cu dan ciia cac qudc gia da hinh thanh trong thdi cd dai tren dat Viet Nam ciing da tiep nhan anh hudng cua van hda An Dp, dac biet la ngudi Cham. Anh hudng cua van hda An Dp dien ra d day manh me, sau sac va kha toan dien vi ngoai yeu td dja ly gan giii ban cdn cd nhung dac diem thuan Ipi khac. Dd la khi van hda An Dp truyen ba sang Champa thi cu dan d day da khdng phai tiep nhan nhiing yeu td van hda ngoai sinh mang tinh chat cudng biic gidng nhu su Han hda ddi vdi ngudi Viet. Hem nua, Champa cdn ddng vai trd la ciu ndi chuyen tai van hda An Dp den cu dan Viet d phia Bac.
Budc sang thdi ky can dai, An Dp va Viet Nam diu trd thanh myc lieu tranh chip bdi chinh sach banh trudng ciia cac cudng qudc thyc dan trong dd chii yeu la giua hai nudc Anh va Phap. Anh da loai tm Phap va ddc chiem An Dp, chi de lai cho Phap mdt so nhupng dia khdng nhieu. Den giiia thi ky XIX, cudc tranh chap giua Anh va Phap lai tai diin tren ban dao Ddng Duong va cuoi cung Phap da gianh phan thing. Chinh sach dpc chiem, cai tri ciia Anh ddi vdi An Dp va Phap ddi vdi Viet Nam da cit diit nhimg mdi lien he lich sir.
van hda truyen thdng giii'a hai qudc gia Viet - An ciing nliu ciia hai nudc vdi cac nudc lang gieng xung quanh. The nhung, chinh sach "chia di tri", chinh sach cudng che van hda mdt chieu ddi vdi cac dan tpc bi xam lupc cua chii nghia thuc dan da khdng ngan can dupe sy xuat hien mdt mdi lien he mdi - mdi lien he chinh trj. Ca sd ciia mdi lien he nay chinh la su ddng cam, se chia ve chju sy ap buc bdc lot cua ngudi dan mat nudc, la Idng cam thii chu nghTa thyc dan. Dieu nay da khich le, cd vii nhan dan hai nudc vupt qua mpi khd khan, ciing tim tdi hpc bdi kinh nghiem lan nhau. ciing mong mudn lien ket vdi nhau nhani lao ra siic manh de dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc.
Mdi lien he mdi nay dupe thiic day thdng qua cac hoat ddng chinh tri, dT nhien chi cd the va chli yeu bang gian tiep do sy cam doan ngat ngheo cua thuc dan. Cac nha yeu nudc Viet Nam tieu bieu eho cac xu hudng, trao luu canh tan hay each mang trong boat ddng thyc tien cimg nhu boat ddng trudc tac cua minh da ban va viet kha nhieu ve An Dp. Bdi vi. An Dp la nudc lang gieng cd mdi lien he lich sii, van hda lau ddi, han niia phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua nhan dan An Dp thai can dai la mpt trong nhirng phong trao cd tieng dpi manh me ddi vdi cac qudc gia trong khu vuc. Cac nha yeu nudc di theo xu hudng canh tan nhu Nguyen Trudng To, Nguyen Ld Trach (chii yiu la Nguyen Trudng To) da ban vi chinh sach "tdm an la", chinh sach mua chudc
"thd quan" lam ndi ling cua thyc dan Anh trong qua trinh xam lypc An Dp di bien minh cho chu truong "tam hda hoan " di
Nguyen Anh Chuang. Ve mdi lien he Viet Nam - An Do..
"dudng uy sue nhue" ciia minh. De thuyet phuc trieu dinh nha Nguyen thuc hien chu truong canh tan dat nudc, Nguyen Trudng To cdn phan tich cu the nguyen nhan mat nudc ciia An Dp. Ly le cua dng kha xac dang klii cho rang, sd dT An Dp bj Anh thdng trj la do"khdng biit thdi the... tri thirc cd chdp, tdm ly hep hdi", do "tdm luc khdng ddng", tiic la khdng biel canh tan dat nudc, thieu su doan ket npi bd. Cac sT phu yeu nudc dau the ky XX ma tieu bieu la Phan Bdi Chau vdi quan niem "ddng vdn ddng chiing" da chu trucmg thuc hien
"Ddng A ddng minh " va "chdn Hoa hung A " nham lien ket tai ca chi sT cac dan tdc mat nudc trong khu vyc de giiip nhau tiin len Vli dai each mang. Phan Bdi Chau da cd mdt bai viit kha chi tiit gidi thieu than thi va sy nghiep cua Gandhi, gidi thieu
"phuang phdp hdnh ddng" cua Gandhi sau khi viet "Phdp Viet de hiii ludn ". Phan Bdi Chau ciing da ndi den ket qua cua cudc diu tranh gianh quyin tu trj cua nhan dan An Dp de cd vii va khich le cudc diu tranh cua nhSn dan la.
3. Cff Sff vung qhic ciia quan he Viet -An
Ngudi thuc su dat ca sd dua tren nhiing Iy luan, quan niem mdi cho quan he huu nghj Viet - An chlnh la Nguyin Ai Qudc.
Vdi ly luan each mang thupc dia la mdt trong hai bd phan cua each mang vd san, Nguyin Ai Quoc da viit hang loat bai len an chinh sach cai tri, bdc lot tham ddc cua chli nghia thuc dan, md ta ddi sdng ciing eye, dia vj thip hen cua ngudi dan cac nudc thudc dja vdi su ddng cam sau sic, ca
ngpi cudc dau tranh ciia ngudi lao ddng trong dd de cap nhieu den An Dp. Theo cac hpc gia, bai bao dau tien ma Ngudi viet vi dat nudc An Dp dd la "Phong trdo cdch mgng An Dp" (Le movement revolutionaire de ITnde) dang tren Tap chi Cdng san xuat ban tai Pari (sd thang 8, 9/1921)". Thang 5/1928, Ngudi viit cac bai: "Ndng ddn An Do " "Phong trdo cdng nhdn vd ndng ddn gdn ddy a An Dp " dang tren Tap chi Thu tin qudc te (sd 38 va 43, ban lieng Phap)^. Nhiing bai viet nay cd y nghTa quan trpng trong viec ddng vien, khuyen khich nhan dan ta viing day diu tranh chdng ach cai trj cua thyc dan, phong kiin. Ngudi danh cho dit nudc An Dp su kinh ne khi nhan manh: "An Bd vd Ai cap da viing day, ddi tu do... Le ndo ngudi Viet Nam chiing ta lgi vdn chim trong gidc ngu triin miin" va "se rdt cd ieh cho ngudi Viet Nam biit bao niu hp duac biit nhirng ngudi anh em An Dp eiia ho tu td chuc vd chiin ddu nhu thi ndo di ddu tranh chong chit nghia di qudc Anh "^. Nguyin Ai Quoc la ngudi Viet Nam diu tien thyc hien lien minh chiin diu giua cae dan tdc bj ap biic tren co sd ket hpp mot each nhuin nhuyin lap trudng dan tdc va giai cip, vi vay, chic han vao nhimg nam 1920-1921, Ngudi da lam viec sat canh va cd mdi lien he chat che vdi nhiing nha boat dpng ndi tiing cua phong trao giai phdng, phong Irao cdng nhan va cdng san An Dp trong Qudc te
Thu Trang (1989), Nguyin Ai Qudc tgi Pari (1917 - W23), Nxb. Thong tin Ly luan. Ha Noi, tr.296.
Ho Chi Minh - Nhung su kien. Nxb. Th6ng tin Ly luan, HaNgi, tr.55.
Ho Chi Minh toan lap, tap I, Nxb. Sir that. Ha Noi, tr207.
Nghien ciru An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 04 - 2014 Cdng san. Cudc gap giua Nguyen Ai Qudc
vdi J.Nehru tai Hpi nghi lien minh chdng chu nghia di qudc d Brussel (Bi) vao nam 1927; su giao cam ve tam hdn, khat vpng va y chi ciia Ngudi vdi Nehru bing miy van tho ham siic trong nhirng ngay bi giam cam trong nha tu Tudng Gidi Thach (1942 - 1943)... cang chiing td tinh cam sau nang ma Ngudi danh cho ngudi ban than thiit An Dp. Cd the ndi, nhirng su kien tren nhu cot mde dat nen lang cho quan he hiin nghi Viet - An trong lich su hien dai. Ve mat tu tudng chinh trj, spi day lien ket giiia nhiing nha lanh tu vT dai ciia hai dan tpc. dac biet giua Hd Chi Minh va J.Nehru la ngay tir budi dau boat ddng da coi trpng chii nghTa dan tdc, chu nghia yeu nudc ddi vdi sy nghiep giai phdng, mpt nhan thiic sau sac diing dan ma trong dieu kien lich sii liic bay gid khdng phai ai ciing nhan thirc dupe. Hd chi Minh ciing nhu J.Nehru cdn la nhirng nha van hda Idn cua the gidi, trong lam hon, su xir the va phong each sdng cd nhung yeu td van hda gin giii cd cdi ngudn sau xa tir trong lich six. Quan he than thiet giua cac lanh ty cua hai nudc ciing da md ra trang sii mdi cho sy giao lun van hda Viet - An trong thdi ky hien dai.
Sau chiin tranh the gidi II, Viet Nam va An Dp lin lugl gianh duoc nen ddc lap.
Nhan dan ciing nhu cac nha lanh dao hai nudc da ciing chia se niem vui ehung cua nhung ngay ddc lap ty do, thira nhan lan nhau vi nha nudc va che dp ma mdi ben ty lua chpn. Liin sau dd, nhan dan Viet Nam lai tiip tuc tien hanh cudc chien tranh keo dai 30 nam chdng lai cac de qudc; An Dp
tuy cd dieu kien thuan lai ban nhung cung phai lien tuc ducmg dau vdi nhiing khd khan, tan du cua chu nghTa thuc dan de lai.
Tuy vay, xuat phat tir chinh sach ngoai giao hda binh hiiu nghj, chinli phu va nhan dan An Dp da khdng ngimg khich le va img hd sy nghiep dau tranh each mang ciia nhan dan Viet Nam. Chinh phu An Dp tuy khdng tham dy true tiep nhung da gdp phan to Idn vao thanh cdng cua Hdi nghi Geneva lap lai hda binh d Ddng Duang, va vi le do ma dupe cir lam Chu tich Uy ban qudc te giam sat thyc hien hiep dinh. Trong nhung nam thang nhan dan Viet Nam lien hanh chien tranh chdng My, phong trao ung hp Viel Nam ddi My ciit khdi mien Nam, cham dirt nem bom mien Bac Viet Nam, cdng nlian Chinh phu each mang lam thdi Cdng hda mien Nam Viet Nam lai rd len manh me tren toan An Dp. Trong chuyen tham An Dp vao thang 2/1958, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh da bay td: "Cudc di thdm nirdc Cdng hda An Dp ldn ndy se Idm eho tdi hiiu biet hon nhdn ddn An Dp dang anh dung ra siiv xdy dung ddt nudc vd chitng tdi se duac hpc hdi nhiing kinh nghiem quy bdu cita cde bgn trong viic xdy dung kinh te vd phdt triin vdn hda"
Ke tir sau khi lien hanh ddi mdi, cai each va md cua, hai nudc Viet Nam va An Dp cang cd dieu kien thuan Ipi hon di md rdng, phat trien quan he hpp lac hun nghi giiia hai ben. Su hop tac nay da va dang dien ra tren tit ca cac mat chinh tri, kinh
Ho Chi Mmh loan lap. tap VUI, Nxb. Sir that, Ha Noi, tr,39
33
Nguyen Anh Chuang. Vi mdi lien he Viet Nam -An Do...
t i , van hda, khoa hpc ky thuat... Viet Nam va An Dp deu la hai n i n kinh te dang vuan len manh me, c a hdi hop tac giiia hai nudc h i t sue to ldn, nhit la ve hop tac kinh te, thuang mai va dau lu.
Cd t h i ndi, nhung mdi lien he giiia Viet Nam va An Dp trong lich sir la hien lupng It pho biin. Mdi lien he nay khdng dirt doan ma diin ra kha lien tyc trong tiin trinh lich sir phat trien cua hai nudc. Dac biet, trong sudt hem 40 nam qua ke tii khi hai nudc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao (1/1972) va thiet lap quan he ddi tac chien lupc (nam 2007), quan he Viet Nam - An Dp khdng ngimg phat trien di vao chieu sau, hop tac hieu qua tren cac ITnh vuc.
Nhiing mdi lien he Ijch sir trong qua khir va thanh tuu hop tac giua hai nudc ngay hdm nay chinh la nen tang viing chac de hai ben tiep tuc thiic day quan he phat trien trong tuong lai.
T a i lieu t h a m k h a o
1. C.Mdc - Ph.Angghen, tuyen tap, Nxb.
Sir that, Ha Npi, 1962.
2. Nguyen Van Hdng (2001), Mdy vdn de ve lich sir chdu A vd lich sir Viet Nam mdt cdch w/im, Nxb. Van hoa Dan tpc. Ha Npi.
3. Vu Duang Ninh (2001) (chu bien), Mgi sd chuyen de lich sir the gidi, Nxb. Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Npi.
4. Nhiing ldi keu got cua Hd Chii tich, Tap V, Nxb. Su that. Ha Ndi, 1960.
5. Nguyin Anh Thai (1999) (chu bien), Lich sir the gidi hien dgi tir 1945 den 1995, Nxb. Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
6. Nguyen Tai Thu (1997) (chii bien), Anh hudng cua cdc he tu ludng vd tdn gido ddi vdi con ngudi Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Npi.
7. Thu Trang (1989), Nguyin Ai Qudc tgi Pari (1917 - 1923), Nxb. Thdng tin Ly luan, Ha Npi.
