THE GHilVA NANG M G
Chaa ha hoi cuoc luan ban
• • •
ve nang lu'dng sach
PHAM THAO (Theo New Scientist)
Tru'dc sir phat trien manh me cua toan cau, loai ngu'di dang nd lu'c khai thac nhu'ng nguon nang lu'dng sach cd the tai tao.
Nhu'ng ngay ca vdi nhu'ng dtr an tu'dng chirng "xanh" nhat, van t o n tai nhu'ng mat trai chua than thien moi tru'dng. Bdi ngoai nhu'ng ldi ich ve nguon nang lu'dng cd the tai tao, bao gid cung v l n cdn nhu'ng he luy khac lien quan t d i moi tru'dng, kinh te va chinh dieu nay da tao ra nhu'ng tieng ndi trai chieu tu" cac nha bao ve mdi tru'dng.
Nang luong t u thuy trieu
Cae nha bao ve mdi trudng dang len tieng phan ddi vdi nhiing hanh ddng manh tay nham cham dut sii dung nhien lieu hda thach d l c h u y i n sang cac ngudn nang lugng cd the tai tao. Tai sao cd su trd treu nay?
Tranh cai bat dau bung len tu y tudng xay d a p Severn d phia Tay nude Anh da duge d l xuat tu 35 nam ve trude, nham chuyen 8 nha may dien chay than sang chay bang nang lugng thuy trieu, vdi chi phi d u tinh 14 ty USD.
Van de dugc tranh luan gifla eac nha bao ve mdi trudng la quy md eua d u an. Q u y md Idn thi se anh hudng nhilu, dung n h u y tudng tung duge dua ra trong cudn "Nhd thi d e p " cua E.F. Schumacher's.
Ddi vdi cac nha mdi trudng, nhien lieu sinh hge se duge ua chudng neu do la san p h a m tai c h l tu m a dung trong nau nudng, n h u n g neu phai trdng hang trieu ha d l u cp trong rung m u a nhiet ddi Borneo de lay dau thi lai la ca mgt v l n d l . Dung nhiing t l m pin nang lugng mat trdi tren mai nha thi dang k h u y i n khich nhung d u n g chung de trai tham t i t ca cae sa mac lai la chuyen khac. Nhiing turbin gid nhd va tham chi la nhflng trang trai gid nhd se dugc tan thudng nhung n l u nang lugng gid duge khai thac
tren quy md cong nghiep cd the se gay bat binh...
Tuy nhien, q u y m d n h d cd t h l tdt song lai khdng the thay ddi ca t h l gidi. Khdng the san xuat sd lugng Idn nang lugng sach m a khdng cd nhflng d u an xay d u n g tam ed d u nhflng d u an nay khdng t h l tranh khdi nhflng tdn hai n h l t dinh tdi mdi trudng.
Cd t h l coi D u an d a p Severn la mdt vi du. Ciia sdng Severn la mdt kiet tac thien nhien ciia vuang qude Anh vdi bien d o tiilu (su chenh leeh gifla miie cao n h l t va thap nhat eiia thuy trieu) cao nhat the gidi va ciia sdng hinh p h l u dai cho p h e p bien do trilu
3 2 I NANG LUONG VIET NAM So 57+58 (11 + 12/20Q9)
dat tdi 13 met. Thuy trieu noi day dang manh d i n muc tao ra cae eon sdng chay ve thupng luu sdng, ndi tieng vdi ten gpi Trieu Idn Severn.
Vao d l u nam nay, chinh p h u Anh da tuyen bd se xay nhiing du an Idn de khai thac nang lupng tu bien dp tiilu eua sdng Severn. D u an kha thi n h l t la mdt con dap khdng id 16 km chay dgc ciia sdng, bao gdm 4 d u an nhd. Ca con dap se chan hon 400 km2 vung eua sdng. Khi thuy tiieu len, eiia sdng se dugc md d l dan nude vao; khi thuy trieu da dang eao, ciia sdng ddng Iai va xa nudc lam quay cac turbin.
Theo ly thuyet, dap nudc ed the dat edng suat tdi da 8,6 GW, du d l cung e l p cho 5% rihu eau dien ciia vuong quoc Anh, eao g l p 35 lan so vdi nha may di^n thiiy trilu d eua sdng Ranee ciia Phap. Tudi thg eiia edng trinh cd t h l len den hon mdt t h l ky, gap vai lln cae nha may dien thdng thudng.
Tuy nhien, ehinh bien do trieu khdng Id nay lai la d i l u ma Hdi Bao tdn chim Hoang Gia (RSPB) Io
ngai nhat, bdi mdt niia tiong sd nhiing vflng bun, nhflng bd cat va nhflng d a m mudi vdi tdng dien tich len tdi hang tram km2 se bi con dap lam tac ngen.
Them vao dd, d nhiing vung eua sdng bi con dap chan Iai, mue thuy trieu thap nhat ed the tang them 5m so vdi trudc. Dieu dd cd nghia la khu vuc ed thuy trieu se ludn ludn bi ngap nude, bao gdm 190 km2 mdi trudng sdng ciia cac loai dgng vat hoang da quy hiem, noi tru ddng cua hon 70.000 con chim.
Dap nudc cflng can trd ludng di eu eua luon bien va ca hdi.
Theo Td chiic Nhiing ngudi ban Trai dat, thi dap nudc se "nhan chim mdt trong nhiing dia diem cu tru quan trgng nhat ciia ddng vat hoang da d chau Au".
Dang tile la khdng ed noi nao khac thuan lgi hon the d l xay dap. Nd lue tim kiem nhiing dia d i l m cd tilm nang khac d l khdng e h l bien do trilu bat thudng khdng mang lai ket qua, bdi chinh bien do trieu d ciia sdng Severn lai giup tao ra tdi 80% tai nguyen tiem nang eua qude gia.
Mdt lua chgn khae la bd con dap di va thay t h l nd b l n g cae pha dgc ciia sdng de gifl lai mdt sd khu vuc cu tiu cua cac sinh vat, n h u vay, di nhien se tao ra it dien hon so vdi xay dung dap.
Ngoai ra, cflng ed y kien de xuat ve md hinh tiang trai dien dudi nudc vdi cac turbin g i n dudi day bien d nhiing khu vue ed ddng chay manh. Song v l n de nam d chd khdng ai biet chae v l lugng dien nang ma cac ddng thuy trieu ed t h l san sinh. Theo ly thuyet, tdng nang lugng cd t h l tao ra tu tit ca 20 dia diem khai thac cflng chi xap xi bang mue nang lugng ma rieng dap Severn sinh ra. Va lai cdng nghe nay van cdn trong giai doan phat triln so khai, trong khi nhflng dia d i l m hua hen nhat lai each xa mang ludi truyen tai dien tdi ngudi tieu dung.
Cd ve nhu dang tdn tai mgt thuc t l hiln nhien la chi nhiing du an Idn mdi dii sue cung cap mgt lugng Idn nang lugng tai tao, song su that khd chap nhan nay lai dang gay chia re cac quan d i l m bao ve mdi trudng.
Nang luong gio
Ngoai thuy tiilu, nang lugng gid la mdt tiong nhflng uu tien hang d l u trong khai thac nang lupng sach. Cac nghien eun ve ngudn nang lugng gid d khu vuc dat lien cua chau Au cho thly, h l u h i t gid tap trung d vung eao nguyen, dac biet la d Vuong qude Anh, noi chilm tdi 40% lugng gid ed t h l khai thac dugc d chau Au va cd kha nang ddng gdp tdi 1/5 lugng dien nang tai tao cua Lien minh chau Au vao nam 2020. Tuy nhien, p h l n Idn ngudn nang gid nay tap trung d vung cao nguyen Scotiand va khai
So 57+58 (11 + 12/2009) NANG Ll/ONG V/ET NAM 1 3 3
THE GllilVA NANG M G
thac chung ddng nghia vdi viec phai dat nhiing turbin Idn tren dinh ddi.
Nhilu y kiln cho ring, khai thac ngoai bien khoi cd thl la giai phap ddi vdi ngudn nang lugng nay vi gid d dd se manh hon va cd thl lap dat nhiing turbin Idn hon do khdng ed nhiing vat can xung quanh. Tuy nhien giai phap nay chua giai quylt duge nhiing vln dl vl mdi trudng.
Vuong qude Anh lai la mdt vi du diin hinh cho van dl nay. Kl hoaeh xay dung 10 trang trai gid d vurig bd biln Scotland nam nay da cd dugc nhiing tiln trien ban dlu song vln dat ra nhiing quan ngai lien quan tdi mdi tiudng sdng cua sinh vat bien. Mdi trudng nudc d Scotiand la noi sinh san eua 45% loai chim biln d chau Au, rlt nhilu loai trong sd ehiing sdng xung quanh nhflng dai da ngam va chd nude can thich hgp eho viee xay dung eac trang tiai gid.
Tiing dn phat sinh trong qua trinh xay dung ciing la mgt vln dl dang lo ngai vi chiing khiln cac sinh vat biln sg hai.
Tai My, nhflng trang trai gid ngoai khod cflng gap trd ngai. 130 tuabin trong du an Cape Wind cho Nantucket Sound ngoai bd bien Massachusetts duge ky vgng la trang trai gid ngoai khoi dau tien cua My da vap phai su phan ddi eiia du luan vi lo ngai du an se khien dai duong mat di ve dep vdn ed cua nd.
Truyen tai dien
Mgt vln d l gay nhieu tranh cai khae lakhau tiuyen tai - mgt trong ba edng doan Idn ciia nganh dien.
Scotland dang can nhac ve khoan dau tu 300 tiieu bang cho xay dung dudng day eao the truyen dien tu trang trai gid vung eao xudng khu vuc dan cu tap trimg d vung thlp cua Scotland va Anh. Phuang thue re nhat la xay dung cac dudng cap treo qua cdng vien qude gia Cairngorms song lai kem thlm my hon so vdi each dung cap xuyen dai duong, vdn se tdn kem hon.
Tinh thl khd khan cua du an d Scotland khdng phai la ngoai le, bdi phan Idn cac ngudn nang lugng ed the tai tao khdng thl cung cap nang lugng mdt each dn dinh. Gid la diin hinh cho su that thudng nay.
Thuy trieu va nang lugng mat trdi cd thl du bao dugc nhung cflng khdng dn dinh. Trong khi dd, nlu mudn cd ngudn nang lugng tai tao hieu qua thi phai tao ra lupng dien nang dn dinh, cd thl dap iing nhu cau sii dung.
Chl cd duy nhat mgt giai phap triet de la xay dung cae he thdng tiuyin tai de ket ndi nhieu ngudn nang lupng tai tao khien chung cd thl hd trg cho nhau.
D I hoat dgng tdt, eac he thdng nay cln dugc xay dung tren quy md chau luc.
Mdt y kiln khac la xay dung mdt ludi dien Idn d chau Au, ndi liln cac trung tam dan cu va cac khu cdng nghiep ciia cac nudc nhu Diic, Phap va Anh vdi nhflng ngudn nang lugng sach tiem nang aia chau luc vdn n i m chii ylu d viing ngoai bien, bao gdm nang lugng dia nhiet d Iceland, thuy dien d Scandinavia, nang lugng gid d Bien BIC va nang lugng mat trdi d ban dao Iberian va sa mac Sahara.
Dd chinh la mang ludi cd thl dam bao cung d p nang lugng tai tao dap iing h l u hit, nlu khdng phai la tit ca nhu elu cua chau Au. Khi mat trdi lan d sa mac Sahara thi ngudi Du:e cd thl dung nang lugng tu Iceland. N l u nhu gid thdi du ddi d Bien Bac, nang lugng du thua nay cd thl dung d l bom nude len nhiing qua ddi cao d giua cac hd chua nudc tien sdng Norwegian, san sang cung elp nang lugng khi gid ngung thdi.
Tuy nhien k l hoaeh nay vSn cdn tranh cai xung quanh viee heu nhiing nha mdi trudng dia phuong cd phan ddi eac dudng dan nang lugng di qua; ddng thdi cflng cln chu y d i n chiln dich "cuu sa mac"
khi ngudn nang lugng mat trdi khai thac tu day dugc xem xet mgt each nghiem tuc.
Hai trudng phai bao ve moi trudng
Tit ca nhiing tranh cai tren deu lien quan tdi viec cai tiln edng nghe xanh giup tao ra mdt su khac biet Idn ddi vdi mdi trudng. Cae cudc tranh luan ndi len hai trudng phai vdi quan dilm bao ve mdi trudng hoan toan trai nguge nhau: mdt ben la nhung "nha phat triln", nhiing ngudi coi thien nhien la mgt ngudn tai nguyen d l khai thac; ben kia la nhiing
"nha bao tdn" giu quan dilm ve quyen bit kha xam pham ciia thien nhien va he sinh thai.
Ddi vdi cac nha bao tdn, danh ddi gifla lgi ich kinh tl va mdi trudng la dilu khdng the xay ra. Cdn rat nhilu van de gay tranh cai giua hai tiudng phai bao ve mdi trudng nay.
Cang nhieu quoc gia lua chgn ngudn nang lugng tai tao thi nd se cang phat triln nhanh han, vdi gia re hon. Cang ed nhieu eac tap doan Idn tham gia vao nd luc phat trien nay, se cang cd them nhiing khd khan dugc giai quylt. Ddng thdi, nhiing nha bao tdn se khdng tranh khdi nhflng luc can trong cong cudc bao ve thl gidi tu nhien tu phia nhiing nha bao ve mdi trudng khac ung hg nang lugng sach.
Dilu quan trgng la nhiing quan diem trai chieu v^
mau thuin gifla cae nha bao ve mdi trudng nay deu ed nhung ly le bien giai cd ve xac dang. Kit khd de xac dinh ben nao dung, ben nao sai. Tit ca deu cho ring, each lam ciia hg se dam bao mdt ket qua thuan budm xudi gid. Song tren thuc tl, dieu n^y hilm khi xay ra.Q
3 4 I NANG LU0NG VIET NAM So 57+58 (11+12/2009)
