H O C T A P V A L A M THEO T A M G l f O l i G D A O DUIC HO C H I M I N H
WTinrNG HO CHI MINH
VE NHA NUirC DAN CHU (T VIET NAM
• Trung ta, ThS. HA Dire LONG n
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fl tfldng ve nha nfldc dan chu dfldc Chu tjch Ho Chf Minh the hien rat sdm thong qua cac tac pham nhfl"Yeu sach cua nhan dan An Nam" (1919),
"Tam dja thflc dan" (1921), "Ldi phat bieu tai Dai hpi Tua" (1920), "Dong DflOng va Trieu Tien" (1921), "Ban an che do thflc dan
Phap" (1925). Cac tac pham do da td cao va len an nhOng toi ac cua chu nghTa thflc dan noi Chung, chu nghTa thflc dan Phap noi rieng tren moi ITnh vfle kinh te, chfnh trj, van hoa, xa hoi... Boc tran ban chat cua nha nfldc thflc dan cai trj thupc dja, dong thdi, Ngfldi khang djnh phai thie't lap mpt nha nfldc kieu mdi d Viet Nam - Nha nfldc dan chu cpng hoa.
Tfl tfldng nha nfldc dan chu cua Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh da dflOc van dung ngay sau each mang thang Tam nam 1945 thanh cong. Tren cflong vj la Chu tjch nfldc va la ngfldi dflng dau Chfnh phu, Hd Chf Minh luon quan tam va xuc tien viec chi dao xay dflng nha nfldc kieu mdi d Viet Nam. Chi mpt ngay sau khi tuyen ngon doc lap, ngay 3/9/1945, Chu tjch Ho Chf Minh da hpp Chfnh phu, neu ro nhOng nhiem vu cap bach cua nha nfldc Viet Nam: Chfnh phu td chflc cang sdm cang hay cupc tdng tuyen cfl vdi che dp phd thong dau phie'u de cd mpt chfnh phu cua dan va do dan. Ngfldi ndi: "Trfldc Chung ta da bj che dp quan chu chuyen che
(*) Khoa Triet nc, Hgc vi$n Chfnh tn
cai trj, rdi den che dp thflc dan khong kem phan chuyen che, nen nfldc ta khong co hien phap. Nhan dan ta khong dfldc hfldng quyen tfl do dan chu. Chung ta phai cd mpt hien phap dan chu"'^'. Nhfl vay, trong tfl tfldng Hd Chf Minh, nha nfldc ta mang tfnh nhan dan, dai dien cho y chi va nguyen vpng cua nhan dan, sfl hien dien cua hien phap gan lien vdi nen dan chu, vdi quyen tfl do, dan chu cua nhan dan. Nhan dan Viet Nam la chu va lam chu dat nfldc Viet Nam ve mpi phflong dien. Nha nfldc la cua dan, do dan lap ra qua bau cCf tfl do va thflc hien chflc nang quan ly nha nfldc vi dan.
Theo tfl tfldng Ho Chi Minh, ban chat nha nfldc dan chu d Viet Nam dfldc the hien trong ddi sdng thflc te chfnh la quyen lam chu cua dan dfldc thflc hien trong mpi ITnh vfle cua ddi sdng xa hpi. Nha nfldc cd nghTa vu thflc hien va bao dam cac quyen tfl do dan chu cua cong dan. Ngfldi dan cd quyen lam va cd dieu kien lam nhflng viec ma phap luat khong cam. Quyen lam chu cua dan con the hien ngay trong td chflc va hoat dpng cua bp may nha nfldc, qua npi dung thflc chat cua phap luat va qua viec thi hanh phap luat. Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh khang djnh:
"Nfldc ta la nfldc dan chu. Bao nhieu quyen han deu cua dan... Chfnh quyen tfl xa de'n chfnh phu trung flOng do dan cfl ra. Doan the tfl trung flOng de'n xa do dan td chflc nen.
Ndi tdm lai, quyen hanh va Iflc IflOng deu d noi dan""^'. Va theo Ngfldi, chfnh phu cpng
To chuc nha nuwc so 11/2010
hoa dan chu "la day td cua dan, tfl chu tjch toan qudc den lang. Dan la chu thi chfnh phu la day td"<^>. Do la nhflng nguyen ly co ban, nen tang cua mpt nha nfldc vi dan, do dan va cua dan; la diem khac nhau cO ban gifla nha nfldc Viet Nam vdi cac nha nfldc d cac qudc gia theo che dp tfl ban chu nghTa.
Tfl tfldng nha nfldc dan chu cua Ho Chf Minh nhat quan, xuyen sudt trong gianh, giO, Cling cd va xay dflng chfnh quyen the hien d van de cd tfnh nguyen tac la nha nfldc cua dan, do dan va vl dan, mang ban chat cua giai cap cong nhan, dfldi sfl lanh dao cua Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Theo Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh: Dang Cpng san Viet Nam la ngfldi lanh dao, cdn sfl nghiep each mang cd thang ldi hay khong, thang Ipi Idn hay nhd la do quan chung. Tren thflc te, Chu tich Ho Chf Minh da thiet lap mpt chfnh quyen manh me, sang sudt cua nhan dan nhfl Hien phap nam 1946 da ghi ro. Trfldc ngay tdng tuyen cfl bau Qudc hpi nam 1946, Ngfldi nhan manh: "Tong tuyen cCf la mpt djp cho toan the qudc dan tfl do Ifla chpn nhflng ngfldi cd tai, cd dflc de ganh vac cong viec nfldc nha.
Trong cupc tdng tuyen cCf, h i la ai mudn lo viec nfldc thi deu cd quyen ra flng cfl, he la cdng dan thi deu cd quyen di bau cfl... Do tdng tuyen cfl ma toan dan bau ra Qudc hpi.
Qudc hpi se cfl ra chinh phu. Chinh phu dd that la chfnh phu cua toan dan"*"'.
Nhan dan lam chu dat nfldc dfldi cac hinh thflc vfla trfle tiep, vfla gian tie'p thdng qua nhflng dai dien do minh bau ra. Ngfldi dai dien phai ludn ludn phan dau xflng dang vdi Idng tin va sfl tfn nhiem cua dan. Phai nghien cflu xao djnh cd che ro rang va to chflc de dan cd the thflc thi day du quyen han cua minh, dan cd quyen bau thi cung cd quyen bai m i l n nhflng ngfldi phu lai Idng tin dd. Ngfldi viet: "Neu chfnh phu lam hai dan thi dan cd quyen dudi chfnh phu"<''. Ddng thdi, can bp, cdng chflc lam tdt thi dflpc dan khen thfldng, lam xau thi bj dan xii phat. Dd la che dp bat ngudn tfl sflc manh cua nhan dan, la sfl khac nhau gifla che dp ta vdi cac
che dp phong kien va tfl sSn, the hien ban chat giai cap va tinh nhan -"an cua chinh quyen each mang.
Theo tfl tfldng Ho Chf Minh, de phat huy quyen lam chu cua nhan dan, nha nfldc phai thflc hien quan ly xa .ipi bang hien phap va phap luat. Ngay tfl nam 1919, ChCi tjch Hd Chf Minh da gCfi "yeu sach cua nhan dan An Nam" cho chfnh phui Phap trong dd ddi hdi phai: "cai each nen cdng ly d Ddng DflOng bang each ban cho ngfldi ban xfl cung dfldc quyen hfldng nhflng bao dam ve mat phap luat nhfl ngfldi chau Au"<". Ngfldi xem phap luat nhfl mdt phfldng tien de cung cd nha nfldc, gifla phap luat va nha nfldc cd mdi quan he hflu cO vdi nhau. Nha nfldc phai dfla vao phap luat dieu hanh xa hpi, phap luat dung se tao nen sfl dn djnh cua nha nfldc, lam cho bp may nha nfldc van hanh dung quy dao. Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh da trfle tiep soan thao va chf dao viec soan thao Hien phap nam 1946 va Hien phap nam 1960, cung nhfl 613 sac lenh tfl 1945 de'n 1969, trong dd cd 243 sac lenh quy djnh ve td chflc nha nfldc... cang chflng to Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh ludn danh gia dung vai trd cua phap luat trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi.
Ngfldi chi rd: "Nha nfldc dam bao quyen tfl do dan chu cho cdng dan, nhflng nghiem cam ldi dung cac quyen tfl do dan chu de xam pham den ldi fch cua nha nfldc, cua nhan dan"<^'.
Theo tfl tfldng Ho Chi Minh, ldi fch ciia nha nfldc, cua tap the cung ldi fch cua ca nhan can ban la nhat trf, thdng nhat. Cho nen, trong khi dflpc hfldng nhflng quyen Ipi do nha nfldc va tap the mang lai cho minh thi mpi ngfldi cdng dan phai tfl giac lam trdn nghTa vu dd'i vdi nha nfldc, ddi vdi tap the. VI vay, cdng dan cd nghTa vu tuan theo Hien phap, phap luat, ky luat lao dpng, trat tfl cdng cpng va nhflng quy tac sinh hoat xa hdi. Cdng dan cd nghTa vu tdn trpng tai san cdng cpng, ddng thue theo phap luat, lam nghTa vu quan sfl, bao ve To qud'c. Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh nhan manh: "Chi cd dfldi che
To chuc nh& nuoc so 11/3010
dp xa hdi chu nghTa thi quyen ldi ca nhan va quyen ldi nha nfldc cung quyen ldi tap the mdi nha't trf. Vi vay, chi cd hien phap xa hdi chiJ nghTa mdi lam cho mpi ngfldi cdng dan hang hai lam trdn nghTa vu cua minh ddi vdi xa hdi, ddi vdi To qudc""^'.
Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien tfl tfldng Hd Chf Minh ve nha nfldc dan chu kieu mdi d Viet Nam la ket qua cua sfl Ifla chpn sau sac nhflng tinh hoa tfl tfldng ve nha nfldc d cac nfldc phfldng Tay cung nhfl phfldng Ddng, dac biet la nhflng nguyen ly cua chii nghTa Mac - Lenin ve nha nfldc, van dung sang tao nhflng tfl tfldng dd vao dieu kien cu the cua Viet Nam de thiet ke, xay dflng mdt nha nfldc kieu mdi thflc sfl ciia dan, do dan va vi dan. Dd la mdt qua trinh lien tuc, nha't quan tfl khi chfla gianh dfldc chfnh quyen de'n liic gianh dflpc chfnh quyen va thflc sfl bat tay vao xay dflng nha nfldc, tfl dan chu nhan dan den dan chu xa hpi chu nghTa, ke ca ddi vdi xay dflng nha nfldc phap quyen d nfldc ta hien nay.
Tham nhuan tfl tfldng Hd Chf Minh ve xay dflng nha nfldc dan chu, Dang Cpng san Viet Nam da khang djnh "Nha nfldc la dai dien quyen lam chu ciia nhan dan, ddng thdi la ngfldi td chflc va thflc hien dfldng Idi chfnh trj ciia Dang. Mpi dfldng Idi, chfnh sach ciia Dang va phap luat ciia Nha nfldc deu phan anh ldi fch cua dai da sd nhan dan. Nhan dan khdng chi cd quyen ma cdn cd trach nhiem tham gia hoach djnh va thi hanh cac chii trflOng, chfnh sach cua Dang va phap luat cCia Nha nfldc"'^'. Day la mpt chu trfldng diing dan the hien dung quan niem dan lam chu,
"can bp, dang vien va cdng chflc phai thflc sfl la cdng bdc cua nhan dan, chju sfl giam sat ciia nhan dan"''°'. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam dfldc nhan dan Viet Nam tin nhiem, tdn vinh, giao trach nhiem, trpng trach lanh dao da't nfldc, lanh dao nha nfldc de thflc hien quyen lam chii ciia nhan dan, xay dflng va hoan thien nen dan chu dfch thflc tren da't nfldc Viet Nam. De thflc hien tdt sfl menh nhan dan giao phd, Dang can tap trung lanh
dao cdng tac tfl tfldng ddi vdi toan the can bd, cdng chflc ciia nha nfldc; lam tdt cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao due can bd, dang vien ve tfl tfldng dan chii va dao dflc, trpng dan, gan dan, nghe dan ndi, ndi dan hieu, phuc vu dan; xay dflng va hoan thien he thdng thd'ng nhat bd may nha nfldc tfl trung fldng den co sd, bao dam hoat dpng cd hieu Iflc, hieu qua, dii manh de hoan thanh cac chflc nang cua mlnh.v.v...
Nhfl vay, tfl tfldng Hd Chf Minh ve nha nfldc dan chii kieu mdi d Viet Nam vfla la van de cd tfnh khai quat cao, vfla rat cu the. Dd la he thdng cac quan diem cd gia trj thflc tien to Idn trong toan bd qua trinh xay dflng Nha nfldc cua dan, do dan va vl dan, mang ban chat giai cap cdng nhan, dfldi sfl lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam tfl ngay thanh lap den nay. Hien nay, sfl nghiep xay dflng chu nghTa xa hdi d nfldc ta dang didn ra trong bdi canh cd nhieu phflc tap, khi cudc da'u tranh xung quanh gia trj dan chii tfl san va dan chu xa hdi chu nghTa dang d i l n ra gay go quyet Net tren cac ITnh vfle chfnh trj, tfl tfldng, chiing ta cang tha'y gia trj cua tfl tfldng ve nha nfldc dan chu cua Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh mai mai la anh sang soi dfldng d ca phfldng dien ly luan va thflc t i l n cho toan Dang, toan dan ta xay dflng thanh cdng nha nfldc phap quyen Viet Nam xa hdi chu nghTa, thflc hien thang lpi muc tieu: dan giau, nfldc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan chii, van minh a
Ghi chu:
(1) l-lo Chi Minh, toan tap, tap 4, Nxb CTQG, H, 1995, tr.8.
(2), (3), (5) Sdd, Tap 5, tr.299; tr.60.
(4) Sdd, Tap 4, tr. 12.
(6) Ho Chi Minh, Nha nUdc va phap luat, Nxb Phap ly, H, 1985, tr.221.
(7), (8) Sdd. Tip 9, tr.593, tr.594.
(9) Dkig Cpng san Viet Nam, VKDHDBTQLTX, Nxb CTQG, H.2006, tr.44.
(10) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, H.2006, tr.45.
