Nghien cihi | Research Asia-Pacific Economic Review
Xudt khau gao cua Vifit Nam sau 5 nam gia nhap WTO:
Thuc trang vd giai phap
Thavo van Hiing Trtrfmg Dgi hpc Thuong mgi
PGS.TSPli9mVanI5llng Truftng Dgi tipc Klnti l« - DHQGHN
giim 3,1% so vdi 2006, nhung kim ng?ch vSn d?t 1,45 (Jr USD ting 13,9% so v(M 2006. NguyCn nhSn chinh li gao xu4t khiu nam 2007 duoc gii hon 2006 [ 1 ;551. Th|
iniimg xueit khclu trong nam cila gs»o VN vkn chii ygu la Phlllppin (chigm Wn 33% t6ng Idm ng^ch xuSl khdu), Malaysia {Wn 10%), Cuba (tren 8%), Nhjt Bin (tren 3%), Nam Phi (trSn 2%),...ll;551. Tren thj Imftng thfi gidi, m$c dil gia g^o xu&t khdu cua VN da c6 cai thl$n nhung nhin chung gia vAn th^p hon gia gao xuSt khiu cua Thai Lan. Gao xu^t khSu 25% t^m trung binh th4p hon cua Thai Lan trSn 9,2 USD/t4n, gao 15% lim thSphomtrta 15,4USD/t4n |l;551.
- Nam 2008, xu5t khdu dat 4.424 ngtlin t ^ v6 lupng va 2.758 trl$u USD v^ gia tr|. So vdi nam 2007, glim 2,4% vS luong va tang Idl 87,4% v4 gia trl. Nhu v^y, xuSt khclu g90 ddng gdp 17,2% trong tdng kim ngach xudt khdu ndng, lam, thuy sdn nam 2008, tang 5,4% so vdi nam 2007 |2;401. D«n 12/2008, 5 th| trudng nhJp khdu gao chlnh (chl€m 71,4% tdng kim ngach xudt khdu gao) cua VN: PhlUpin (dat 1.086 tri^u USD va 1.475 nghin tdn, chl«m 39,4% v4 gia tr) va 33,3% ve lupng);
Cu Ba (dat 410,6 trifu USD vd 489 nghin tdn, chidm 15% vi gia U1 va 11,1% v^ lupng); Malaysia (dat 263 trlfu USD va 460 nghin Idn, chlSm 9,6% v4 gia tr) vd 10,4% \i lupng); Angola (dat 119,3 lri«u USD vd 205 nghin tdn, chidm 4,3% \i gia hi va 4,6% vd lupng);
Senegal (dat 90,5 tri$u USD v i 204 nghin Idn, chidm 1. Dal van de
Trong xu thd todn cdu hda, khu vpc hda va tu do hda thuong m^i, cdng vdi tidn bd cua khoa hoc va cdng nghd hidn dai da, dang va sd didn ra sp canh tranh gay gdt ddi vdi cac mat hang ndng sdn trdn tht trudng thd gidi, canh tranh gitra cdc doanh nghidp, cdc qudc gia trong vide chidm glQ nhung phdn gid tr] cao trong chudi gid trt ndng sdn todn cdu. Vidt Nam hdi nhdp vdo ndn Wnh td thd gidi vd tham gia WTO chdm hon cdc nirdc khac, nhting cam kdt phdi thi,rc hidn khi gia nhdp td chdc ndy piidn ndo gdy dp li,rc ddn ndng nghidp tiong giai doan trude mat nhung vd lau dai sd mang lai hidu qua Idn vd vi thd chdng ta khdng thd diing ngoai xu hudng nay ma phai chd ddng tham gia, phdi Ipa chpn cho minh each thuc tham gia dd cd hidu qud cao nhdt.
Nhung nam gdn day, xudt khdu ndng sdn cQa VN da dat dupe nhflng thdnh tuu ndi bjt. Chidm trdn 20% tdng kim ngach xudt khdu cua cd nude, mpt s6 mat hdng ndng sdn ddng v! tri hang ddu thd gidi, trong dd ddng chii y la mat hdiig gao. Tuy nhidn, ydu cdu cua CNH, HDH vd dd th) hda sd lam cho ddt canh tac b) thu hep niianh hon. Vdi gidi han vd didn tich vd sdn lupng, cpng thdm cdc ydu cdu ngdy cdng khdt khe hon eiia nude nhap khdu va canh tranh gitia cdc nude xudt khdu gao ngdy cang gay gdt, chung ta piiai tim each gia tdng gid tr), tham niidp vdo mang kinh doanh todn cdu, ndng cao V) thd trong chudi gid tr) gao. Gia nhdp WTO vd thuc hidn ede cam kdt cda td chiic ndy eho thdy, ndng nghidp Id linh vpc dlju dp ivc canh tranh Idn nhdt do nude ta mdi tham gia vdo cac khdu tao ra gid tr) gia tdng thdp. Do dd Id thdnh vidn ciia WTO, nhting bidn ddng td bdn ngodi sd cd tac ddng ngay tdi sah xudt vd xudt khdu gao. Trong bdi cdnh nhu vdy, ddi hdi Nhd nude phai hoach d)nh, td chiic thpc tiidn, didu chinh chinh sdch nhdm tac dpng vao sdn xudt, chd bidn, xudt khdu gao mOt cdch hpp \^ dd tdn dyng dupe hdt thdi co vd vupt qua thdch thdc dua gao VN canh tranh sdng plidng vdi gao eiia ede nudre khde vd dem vd gia tr) xudt khdu eao cho ddt nude.
2. Tbirc trang xuat khau gao sau 5 nam Viet Nam gia nhap WTO
2.1. Tdng quan xudt khdu gao sau 5 ndm Vi^t Nam gia nhdp WTO
- Nam 2007, xudt khdu dat khdi lupng 4,5 tridu Idn,
3,3% vd lupng va 4,6% vd gid tl)),
- Nam 2009, nhd chu ddng dupe ngudn cung trong nude va co hdi thudn Ipi td thj u\jdng thd gkSi, xudt khdu gao eua Vidt Nam nam 2009 dd dat dupe thdnh tviu ddng kd. Theo VFA, xudt khdu gao nam 2009 da dat 6.006.000 Idn, muc cao kf Ipc Id trude tdi nay vd bd xa kjr ipe dat dupe d ndm 2005. Theo dd, xudt khdu gao nam 2009 dd tdng 13,6% tuong duong 708 ngdn tdn, Sd vdi muc 5,2 tridu tdn ciia ndm 2005 vd IdP ^ lyc mdi vd khdi lupng gao xudt khdu. So vdi nam 2008, xudt khdu gao tang 26,23% vd iupng tuong duong 1,23 hidu tdn, tuy nhidn gid trl xudt khdu lai gidm 10,13%
tuong duong 270 tridu USD, do gid xudt khdu nam nay thdp hon so vdi nam 2008 nhung gia h) xudt khdu gao nam 2009 vdn cao hon 27% so vdi muc gia trj xudt khdu binh qudn giai doan 2006-2008 16;7].
- Nam 2010, xudt khdu gao dat 6,88 tridu tdn vd lupng vd 3,23 t^ USD vd gid tr). So vdi ndm 2009, xudt khdu gao tang 15,4% vd lupng vd 21% vd gia tr). Nhu
28
KINH T^ CHAU A - THAi BJNH DUONG S6 367 (6/2012)v$y, xu^t khSu lUa ggo d6ng g6p 16,9% bong t6ng kim ngqich xu^t khiu n6ng \km thOy sAn nam 2010, gidm 0,1% so v6i nam 2009 (d^t 17%). Xuit khdu g^o ciia VN khOng n^m ngoai v6ng xody cua thj trudmg xuit khiu gao th€ gioi. Trong nhung thing diu n i m 2010, gii gao xuit khiu lifin tyc giim do vko th6i difim niy xuit khiu bl chiing l^i, c i c doanh nghidp hiu h^t chi xuit khiu theo hgrp d6ng da ky k&, c6n c i c h<?p d6ng thuong m^i rit it nhimg 6€n niia cudi n i m 2010, gii g^o d i c6 xu hu(5Tig tich eye hem ciing vdi nhu c i u nh$p khiu ting Ign nfin gii ggo d i dugc cii thi^n ding k^ [4;431. Chiu A vin l i thi tmemg xuit khiu g^o chinh cila VN vdi kh6i luong 3,88 tri^u tin, chi^m 58,72% lugng g?io xuit khiu; thu hai ii thi trudng Chiu Phi vdi 1,64 tri^u tin, chi^m 24,89%; tifi'p d^n l i Chiu My vdi 492 nghin tin, chi^m 7,45%. Trong nhung th(
truang xuit Idiiu chinh ciia VN, ding chu y li Indonesia, thi truang xuit khiu idn thu 3 cua Vi^t Nam, vdi tdc d6 ting tru6ng nh^p khiu n i m 2010 6 miic rit cao (2.934%) so vdi cOng ky n i m 2009. Tit kim ng^ch nh$p khiu g^o 6,9 trifiu USD n i m 2009 d i ting 16n 209,3 tri^u USD trong nim 2010 |4;451.
- Nim 2011, xuit khiu g?o dqit 7,2 hi0u tin v^
lugmg v i 3,7 tj USD v^ gii hi. So vdi n i m 2010, xuit khiu gao ting 4,4% v^ luong va 14% v^ gii tri. Nhu viy, xuit khiu Ma gao ddng gdp 14,8% bong tdng kim ng^ch xuit khiu ndng lim thuy s i n n i m 2011. Ggo li nginh hing cd kim ng^ch xuit khiu diing thii 3 v i tdc do ting truang kim ngach xuit khiu diing thii 9 trong nim.
Tir sd lifiu bing bfen cho thiy, xuit khiu g^o sau 5 nim tang c i v^ luong va gii bi, rifing n i m 2009 m i c do tang v^ luong nhung lai giim v^ gii hi (3,2%) so vdi n i m 2008. £li^u niy cho thiy, sin lugng va thj mrdng xuit khiu gao ciia VN tuong ddi dn dinh. Nhin chung, sau 5 nam gia nhip WTO, tifiu thy gao trfin thi tnremg th^ gidi giQ viing vj tri thii hai sau Thai Lan. Bfin c^nh dd cQng cho thiy vific di^u hinh kinh doanh v i xuit khiu gao c i n phii linh hoat hom nOa d^ cd nhOng giii phip phO hgp vdi di^u kifin thvc t^, khi n i o c i n thiic diy xuit khiu, khi n i o c i n h^in chg dd d i m b i o an ninh luong thi^ trong nude.
2.2. Dinh gia chung v^ xuit khiu gao sau 5 nim Vifit Nam gia n h i p WTO
Nhi^u nam bd lai diy, Yi^t Nam ludn diing vQng chic vi hi Ihii hai v^ xuit khiu g^o, chi sau Thii Lan.
Lugng gao xuit khiu kd tu khi gia nhip WTO d^u nim sau cao hon nam budc. Di^u nay phin i n h sin lugng gao ciia VN tifiu thy h-fin thi truemg thd gidi tuong ddi dn dinh. V6 gii c i , g^io Vifit Nam nim d phin khiic thj huong g^o c i p thip nfin gii ludn ludn
Bang1: Ur(rng v4Wm mwch xuit khiu ggo (2007-20111
thip hon ggo Thii Lan. V^ thi trudng xuit khiu, Vifit Nam dang chju i p Igc c^nh hanh mdi tii mOt sd nude mdi ndi. Chiu A v i Chiu Phi vin ii hai thi trudng xuit Ithiu g^o chij y^u cOa VN. Thii Lan ia qudc gia xuit khiu g^o hing diu thd gidi — die bifit d phin khue g^o cao cip. Trfin thgc td, nhifiu doanh nghi§p xuit khiu gqio cOa Vifit Nam dang chu trong diu tu xuit khiu ggo dd v i g^o thom. Tmng Qudc, Hdng Kdng, Dii Loan vi Singapore li nhiing khich hing chinh ciia logi ggo niy. 0 phin khiic niy, VN Igi g$p phii ddi thO mgnh li Thii Lan. Thii Lan vdn cd th^ mgnh v^ logi ggo cao c i p tir rit liu vi khd cd nude n i o cd thd canh hanh Igi ggo thom cCia nude niy. Tmng binh iugng tifiu thy ggo thom hing nim trfin thd gidi vio khoing 2-3 tri^u tin, hong dd rifing Thii Lan d i xuit khiu khoing 1,5-1,8 tri§u tin. Vi viy, doanh nghi$p VN rit khd chen chin vio cinh ciia h?p niy. Ddi vdi gao cip thip, Yi^t Nam cd uu thd vi ii qudc gia xuit khiu nhi^u nhit trfin thd gidi. Tuy nhifin, hifin nay VN dang ehlu sv cgnh hanh khde iifit d phin khde thj trudng niy vdi sg vuon ifin mgnh mfe td Xn DO, Myanmar, thim chi li c i Campuchia. Ndu bin gao gii cao thi khdng Igi vdi Thii Lan, ma canh tranh gii thip thi vip phii An DO, gao VN dang gip khd khin thuc sg khi ed su tham gia cua An DO i ^ ggo cua qudc gia nay chit iugng khdng thuc sg tdt nhimg Igi cd uu thd v^ gii. vd gii thi ngudi dd se chidm dugc uu thd. Mic dd viy, Vidt Nam chii ydu sin xuit gao tring, Vd co ciu xuit khiu e i c logi ggo, thd hifin d bing sau:
Hai bing trdn cho thiy, VN chO ydu xuit khiu gao cip thip, thj trudng chd ydu li Chiu A vi Chiu Phi, thi hudng Chiu Au vi My eon hgn chd tiic li ggo 15 — 25% tim li chii ydu. u mit hing gao cao cip va e i c thj hudng Chiu My vi Chau Au, gao chit lugng cao cdn hgn chd, die bifit logi ggo niy chii ydu tifiu thu d cic nude phit tridn, gii hi gia ting mang Igi rit Idn thi gao eiia Vi$t Nam vin chua khing dinh dugc ch&
dinig ciia minh.
Bins i : Ctf ciu cic loft flfo mk khiu cua VHl Nam nim 2011 Cic lofi o«o u i h UtOu
G«o2'10«tAn G9o15-25%tim G«o 25 - 50% tim Gfottwm Tim CAcl09io«okh*c Tingc^ns
AftuiS"-[5,116] (IPSA
Khil kivna xuit khiu (ngNn tin) 1 901.827 3114,598
764,763 467.439 396.689 270,196 6.915,522 RD, tdng tKFp tCr s i li«(i cila VPA)
T*l*l%) 27.50 45,04 11,06 6.78 5.74 3.90 100.00
(nghin tin) Klmng«ch (tn«u USO) Ngu0n:16c
2007 4.532
1.472
^ t 4 p h 9 p 2006 4.424
2.758 l i II4U tfr [1
2009 5.958 Z664
2010 6870
3.229 2011 7.187 3,703
B ^ S i C v c i u t h j tnfi>ng xuit k h i u g90cQa\fl$( Mam nam 2011 T t i j t i v i ^
Chdu A Citiu Phi Trung O&ng C h i u M f ChOuAu ChauUe T i n g c9na
KhAl k f ^ n g x u l l k h i u (ntfiln tdn) 4.608.566 1.559,450 60,874 456.352 174.760 55,520 6.915,522
T V I f f W 66,64 22,55 0,68 6,60 2.53 0.80 1IM,00 Atoudn [5:1171 (MARD)
' 3 6 7 (6/2012) K I N H T ^ O H A U A - T H A I B I N H D I X J N G
Nghien cihi | Research Asla-Paclfic Economli: Review
3. Giai phap thuc day xuat khau gao trong thol gian tol
3.1. Nhdm giii p h i p cho s i n xulft, chd bi^n g^o - Hinh thdnh vdng sdn xudt lua hdng hda t0p trung, quy md Idn: Theo Quydt djnh sd 124/QD - TTg ngiy 2/2/2012 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phCi v^ vide phfi duydt quy hoach tdng thd phit tridn sin xuit nginh ndng nghidp ddn n i m 2020 vi tim nhin ddn nim 2030: Phil b i o v^ quy dit Ida dn djnh hi nim 2020 li 3,812 tridu ha, trong dd lua nude 2 vy trd idn li 3,2 tridu ha; i p dyng ddng bO c i e bidn phip thim canh tifin tidn dd dgt s i n lugng 41 - 43 tri§u tin n i m 2020 vi 44 tridu tin nim 2030, d i m b i o an ninh luong thgc vi xuit khiu.
Ri soil vd dit trdng Ida hidn nay 6 cic vOng, dgt bi^t i i dil lua d hai vdng DBSCL vi DBSH dd xic d|nh dung thgc trgng di^n tfch, ning suit, sin lugng tCmg chung logi gidng Ida d tiing vOng. Trfin ca sd dd xie dinh quy hogch dit trdng liia liu dii trfin quy md c i nude v i d tiing vCing, tdng tinh. Nhi nirdc tip tmng vdn ngin sich vi thye hidn cic chfnh sich huy dOng c i c thinh phin khic cdng bd vdn diu tu ddng bd hg ting phuc vy sin xuit lua: thuy Igi, giao thdng ddng mdng; hd thdng xu ly sau thu hogch; kho ehda th6c,...E)d'i vdi ngudi trdng lua hong vung d i quy hogch, Nhi nude eoi vific s i n xuit lua gao ciia hg li thgc hifin nhifim vy b i o d i m an ninh luong thye qud'c gia vi nghia vy qudc td vd cung c i p luong thye. Theo dd, Nhi nude ehil dOng khdi xudng vi^e xiy dyng qu?
b i o hidm nii ro s i n xuit lua gao vdi sg tham gia cua Nhi nude, ngu^ sin xuit lua, ngudi mua gom, ngudi ehd bien va nha phin phdi gao va sy tham gia ddng gdp eua edng ddng qudc td. Quy b i o hidm sin xuit lua cd ehdc ning h6 trg ndng din trdng lua dd ndng dan khic phyc nhiing nii ro vd thidn tai vi thj trudng trong sin xuit ilia gao [7;2151.
- Ndng cao chdt luong gidng: Vi$c cii thidn chit lugng gao ein phii dugc bit diu td vific cii thi^n gidng va e i c dich vy khuydn ndng cho ndng din. Hidn nay vide thidu nhOng quy djnh vd quydn b i o hO cda ngucri tao gidng d i lim giim ddng ea ning cao chit lugng cOa c i c cdng ty sin xuit gidng. Phii td chue Igi sin xuit theo hudng cinh ddng mOt gidng Ida d nhOng td hgp tie, trang bgi, hgp tic xi. Didu niy sfi tao thuin Igi cho vide gieo sg ddng logt, khdng ehd djch bdnh v i cho phdp thye hidn qui trinh co gidi hda mdt cich ddng bO. Di kdm theo dd, c i n cd chfnh sich h6 tro hgp \y eho ndng din vi doanh nghidp h-ong vide sin xuit v i tidu thy sin phim.
- Phdt triSn cdng nghidp chi bidn ggo: Theo Quydt dinh sd 124/QD - TTg ngiy 2/2/2012 eiia Thu hrdng Chinh phd vd vide phfi duydt quy hogch tdng thd phit hidn san xuit nginh ndng nghidp ddn nim 2020 v i tim nhin ddn n i m 2030: Phii diu tu cdng suit chd bidn cdng nghidp dgt 25 hidu tiiVnim, dd ning lye chd bidn 60% tdng sin li^ng thdc. Tuin thii cic quy hinh cdng ngh§ trong chudi sin xuit sin phim td thu mua, siy
3 0 KINHT^CHAuA-THAlBlNHDUCfNG S6367 (6/2012)
b i o quin, xay xit, dy trtr, luu thdng, dua ty Id ggo thu hdi trdn 68%; giim tdn thit sau thu hogch liia cdn 5-6%;
eii thidn chit lugng ggo xuit khiu: Ty trpng ggo 5-10%
tim chidm 70% sin lugng, ty Id hgt tring bgc khdng qui 4%, ty Id hgt hu hdng khdng q u i 0,2%, hgt ving khdng qui 0,2%. Ddn 2015, gii hi gia ting eiia ggo xuit khiu ting 10-15% so vdi hidn nay do i p dyng cic tidn bd ky thuit, ning cao chit lugng sin phim.
H6 trg phit tridn mgng ludi ca sd chd bidn ggo qui md nhd vi vda d ndng Ihdn, ning c i p c i e ed sd xay xit, bd sung miy phin logi, dinh bdng ggo, miy tich hgt dd ning cao phim c i p ggo chd bidn. Chd hgng cung c i p vi trang b| cho ndng thdn nhiing miy xay xit nhd cd cdng nghd hidn dgi tich tgp chit, giim ty 1$
ggo giy, ting ty Id thu hdi tu 63 — 65% Idn 66 — 67%.
D4 ning cao chit lugng v i hidu q u i chd bidn ggo, khuydn khich e i c doanh nghidp d i u tu ning cao, hidn dgi hda miy mdc thidt bj, cdng nghd vi ning cao chit lugng quin ly s i n xuit, hg gii thinh s i n phim.
Khuydn khich diu tu c i e nhi miy chd bidn siu eic sin phim td ggo gin vdi xiy dyng c i c viing liia nguydn lidu sin xuit ggo chit lugng cao tifiu thy hong nude v i xuit khiu. Viing nguyfin lidu l i didu kidn tidn dd cho phit tridn cic n h i miy chd bidn ggo, Nhi nude ein td chiic quy hogch c i e viing sin xuit liia nguydn lidu gin vdi hg ling vi n h i miy chd bidn. C6 chinh sich h6 trg phit tridn c i c vdng s i n xuit liia nguydn lidu cho chd bidn, tgo didu kidn thuin Igi dd thu hdt diu tu phit hidn c i e n h i miy chd bidn ggo, d i e bidt d c i e viing ehuydn canh Ida, vung lua xuit khiu n i m trong quy hogch [7;2]6].
- Tdng cudng Mn kdt sdn xudt vd ti^u thg ggo: Xu thd qudc td trong vide phit hidn nhiing nginh dya vio ndng nghidp li i p dyng md hinh hgp tie theo chidu dpc giua e i c tic nhin trong chudi gii tri nhu lidn kdt giua ndng d i n — nhi ehd bidn — n h i xuit khiu — nhi nhip khiu. Xu thd niy chii ydu dugc djnh hudng vi Igi nhuin, ngoii ra cdn do c i c ydu td khic nhu nhu ciu ngiy cing ting cda thj hudng vd chit lugng, an toin thye phim, h'nh x i c thye v i xuit xu ciia sin phim. Ting cudng phdi h<7p giua e i c bdn tham gia vio nginh hing li mdt phuong thdc hidu q u i dd cd thd kidm soit dugc c i c ydu td niy. Mdi lidn kdt chit chd giua n h i s i n xuit v i n h i ehd bidn vi vide hgp ly hda hd thdng xay xit hai lin sd giiip giim thidu cic vin dd nhu sy pha tgp cic logi ggo khic khau, giim chi phi xay xit vi ty Id ggo tim. Trong thda thuin Udu thy s i n phim gida doanh nghidp v i HTX, doanh nghidp cd thd thud cin bO khuydn ndng huin luydn ndng din, theo ddi ddn ddc s i n xuit, d i m b i o cd sin p h i m theo chit lugng m i doanh nghidp cin; hoic khi HTX cin vay vdn ngin hing dd s i n xuit theo hgp ddng vdi cic doanh nghidp, ngin hing ed thd thufi c i n bO khuydn ndng theo ddi, giiip ndng d i n vd ky thuit s i n xuit dd thye hidn thinh edng dugc hgp ddng vdi doanh nghidP, nhu viy edng giup d i m bio khi ning tri dugc ng ngin hing ciia HTX.
- Xdy dung m^t khung phdp If, thi chd dd hinh thdnh cdc cgm doanh nghiep tai vdng sdn xudt Ida ggo xudt khdu tdp trung, thuc ddy cdc hogt d^ng kinh doanh trong ngdnh theo chudi gid trj Ida ggo. Nhdng chinh sich khuydn khich sin xuit vi xuit khiu ggo ein hudng tdi quydn Igi ciia ndng din vi nhdng ngudi kinh doanh ggo dd duy tri khi ning cung c i p cgnh tranh vio thj trudng ggo thd gidi. Sy phdi hgp giua
"bdn nhi" gdm nhi ndng, nhi nude, nhi khoa hgc vi nha doanh nghidp trong qui trinh sin xuit liia ggo can dugc ting cudng chit chd hon. Tuy nhidn, sg phin hdi v i lifin kdl trong linh vyc khuydn ndng gida nhi ndng va nhi khoa hgc hidn vin cdn tuong ddi ydu. Cie n h i khoa hgc cung c i p nhdng ky thuit mdi nhit cho doanh nghidp vi HTX vi c i c ngin hing s6 cung cip tin dyng eho ndng din dd ling dung ky thuit, phit hidn sin xuit.
3.2. Nhdm giii p h i p n h i m da dgng hda s i n p h ^ v i ting cudng xdc tidn (huong mai
- Ndng cao ndng luc cgnh tranh: Di ning cao khi ning cgnh tranh cua gao VN cin chii trpng c i hai vin de: gii va chit iugr^. Dd lim dugc didu niy, ngay td khiu thu hogch phii dugc lim tdt, chii trgng diu tu cho cdng nghidp chd bidn dd giim ty id tdn thit, ning cao chit lugng gao VN. Bfin canh dd, m i c dO VN l i nude xuit khiu ggo idn, nhung chua c6 thuang hidu ggo ndi tidng hoic d i e bung eho gao VN, hong khi cac thuong hifiu gao "Huong nhai — Jasmine", ggo Basmati dugc gin lidn vdi e i c qudc gia sin xuit la Thai Lan, Aii Dd v i Pa-kit-stan trfin thi hudng thd gidi.
Do viy, 66 ning cao khi ning cgnh tranh vi phit trien thi hudng, can thidt phii xiy dyng thuong hidu cho ggoVN.
Thi hudng xuit khiu ggo cap bung va c i p thip cua VN cung mang lai hifiu qua tdt v i thinh edng hong nhidu nim qua khi didu kidn s i n xuit liia gao cOa VN chua thd cung c i p ggo ddn thi trudng c i p eao nhu Thii Lan. Vi viy, hong ngin ban, ^idc tidp tyc khai I thic v i ting thi phin xuit khiu ggo ddn cic thj trudng niy li cin thidt, ddng thdi cOng cin quan tim diu hi i chit lugng liia gao dd phit tridn thj phin xuit khiu gao tgi cic thi trudng Udu thy ggo cao cip hon trong I dii hgn.
^ - Ba dgng hda sdn phdm vd tdng gid tri sdn phdm ' bang ggo dac sdn: Tao ra sin phim mdi cung nhu su ' khac bidt cua s i n phim l i nhiing chidn luge m i u ehdt ' dd ting them gii hi eho sin phim. Die bifit, nhung ' sin phim da ehd bidn Uiudng mang Igi Icri nhuin eao ' ban, VN co nhidu tidm ning sin xuit e i c sin pham ' lim hi ggo cd gii bi gia ting cao ban nhu: mi, binh ' ngot v i keo....Tuy nhifin, dd lam dugc didu niy, ein
* ning eao ning lye va cdng nghfi chd bidn cdng nhu ky
" ning Udp thi vi b i n Id. Hidn nay, mdt sd viing midn ii niii phfa Bic v i phia Nam dang da dgng hda cic gidng
" Ida dd s i n xuit e i c logi ggo d i e s i n nhu ggo thom,
» gao ndp, gao "sgch", v i ggo dd chd bidn c i e sin phim d i e bidt, nhim hudng tdi eic phin dogn thj
trudng khic nhau. Nhd viy ndng din nghdo d eic vdng eao, vung siu edng cd thd tham gia cae eo hdi niy bing cich trdng cie gidng Iiia dgc sin eiia vOng eao hay trdng liia sgch khdng diing phin bdn. Dd giiip ndng din ting thu nhip td Ida ggo, cin khuydn khich hg da dgng hda gidng liia chit Iugng cao, khdi phyc sin xuit eic gidng ed tmydn c6 chit Iugng dugc thj trudng ua ehudng, xiy dyng nginh hing ggo die sin dd tifiu Ihy d thj trudng trong nude vi liing budc tidp thj ra thi trudng nude ngoii. Diy cflng li mdt giii phip giiip ngudi nghdo tham gia sin xuit Ida ggo, trinh dugc vide cgnh Iranh vdi nhdng hd quy md Idn d nhdng vCing thuin Igi khi sin xuit cic gidng liia ning suit eao.
- H6 trg vi$c cdp chung nhdn vd xdy dung thuong hi$u sdn phdm: Giii phip sin xuit ggo die sin d i p ung eic phin dogn thj trudng khic nhau ed thinh edng hay khdng edn phy thuOc vio khi ning xiy dyng dugc mdt hfi Uidng cie logi giiy chdng nhin dd phin bifit gida ggo "thinh phim" d i qua chd bidn, eo thuong hidu vi dugc ddng gdi vdi ggo "nguyfin lidu"
chi dugc phin loai vi Udu chuin hda. Khi lya chpn xin cip loai giiy chiing nhin logi nio, cin xem xet mdt sd ydu td CO bin nhu: chit lugng sin phim, do an toin thgc phim, Unh xic thue (ddi vdi cic sin phim cd ten ggi xuit xu dugc bio hd va sin phim "sgch") vi khi ning xic dinh xuit xu. Do vide xin giiy chdng nhin cd thd rit tdn kem, d i e bidt i i ddi vdi thj trudng xuit khiu, ndn phgm vi chdng nhin cin dugc xic dinh eho phu hgp vdi ydu ciu cua thj trudng myc Ufiu. De chuyen ddi tu bin ggo "nguydn lidu" sang bin ggo
"thinh phim" cdn cd nhieu thich thuc khic. Bin gao Uianh phim li mdt cdng vide phuc tgp hon nhieu vi se can nhidu ky ning kinh doanh va Udp thj hon dd cd thd quing ba dugc thuang hifiu, xiy dyng dugc hfi thdng bin id phu hg vi duy hi dugc ngudn eung cip 6n dinh dd d i p dng kip thdi nhu ciu Udu dung.
- Thdnh Idp cdc hi$p hdi sdn xudt cua nong ddn:
Dd sin xuit hang hda quy md Idn thi ndng din cin dugc tu vin tdng hgp vd mit kinh te x i hOi, dao tao vd khuydn ndng v i Udp cin cic djch vy ndng nghidp.
Ndng din cin dugc giup dd trong cie vin de nhu td chue hidp hdi sin xuit nhim td chde Igi nginh hang, tidp till, ddng gdi bao bi, ding ki nhin m i c hing hda..., vi diy l i nhiing vide m i cic hd ndng din c i thd khd ty Uigc hidn. Nhdng ndng din tham gia hidp hdi se cd dugc ttidng Un ttij budng tdt ban, dugc hudng Igi tu e i c dich vy khuydn ndng, Udp thj, tu vin vd quin Iy, thuong mgi, hp edng co thd mua chur^ cic vit tu diu vio rd hon, giim dugc gii thinh san xuit, dam b i o chit lugng dn dinh, ddng nhit v i didu phdi dugc ttiu mua mdt cich chu ddng hon dd d i p ling dugc cie hgp ddng thuong mgi.
3.3. Nhdm giii phap ttihkm cii thidn mdi trudng kinh doanh lua gao
- Hodn thi^n quy chd diiu hdnh xudt khdu ggo:
Theo kinh nghidm eiia Bd Thuong Mai Thai Lan, hp
i 3 6 7 (6/2012) KINHT^ CHAU A-THAI BINH DITCJNG
31
Nghien cuu | Research Asla-Paclflc Economic Review cho cdng bd rOng rii lugng ggo xuit khiu trong nim
rdi thu mua Ida dg tru sin vdi mdc gii d i m b i o cho ndng din c6 lii. Lugng ggo niy dugc kidm tra dinh gii chit lugng tdng logi, d i m b i o tfnh ddng nhit, sau 66 b i n cho DN cd nhu c i u xuil khiu. Cich td chiic niy vda d i m b i o an ninh lucmg thgc, vda didu hda dugc diu ra, gii c i dn djnh, ndng din ludn c6 lil vi DN cung chu dOng tich cgc md thdm thj trudng, h6 trg ndng d i n diu tu phit tridn sin xuit. Ngoii h6 trg Um kidm khich hing, hp edn tgo didu kidn cho DN d i u tu kho bd, CO sd lau bdng, ddng bao bi ngay chfnh thj tnrdng xuit khiu dd cung cip cho thj trudng dd. Vi thd ggo Thii Lan ed thuong hidu, gii bin cao nhd chit Iugng 6n djnh. Diy l i kinh nghidm tdt cd thd vin dyng trong td ehdc didu hinh xuit khiu ggo eiia nude ta.
- Phdt tridn kinh td trang trgi, kinh td HTX di sdn xudt Ida ggo tdp trung: Dd khic phyc tinh trgng manh mdn vd rudng dit dudi hinh thdc sin xuil Ilia theo ndng hd, Nhi nude cin td chue vi hd trg ndng din ehuydn din kinh td hO thinh kinh td trang trgi vda vi nhd, kinh td HTX vi hinh thdc khai thic dd phit tridn sin xuit Ilia ggo lip tmng, tgo didu kidn dng dyng Udn bd cdng nghd, chuin hda chit lugng liia ggo, ning cao hifiu q u i ning xuit. Khuydn khicii phit tridn kinh tfi' trang trgi ehuydn mdn hda s i n xuit liia gao ho$c kdt hgp s i n xuit Ida ggo vdi chin nudi, nudi trdng thiiy sin, gieo trdng c i c ciy ngin ngay khic trfin co sd luin canh, luin vy hgp ly. Tgi vung s i n xuit liia ehuydn canh d DBSCL v i DBSH khuydn khich tip trung sin xuit Idn, phit tridn kinh td trang trgi bing e i c chinh sich nhu ndi rdng qui djnh vd muc ban didn, mien thue ehuydn nhugng cho ndng din ed nhu ciu md rgng qui md s i n xuit lua, khuydn khich eho thud dat de sin xuit liia trang trgi.
- Chinh sdch tin dung phuc vu sdn xudt Ida ggo:
Ban hinh ca ehd, ehinh sich cho hd ndng din vay uu dii dd s i n xuit liia ggo vi d i u tu phuang tidn, miy mdc ea gidi hda s i n xuit vdi e i c didu kidn eho vay uu dii nhu ddi vdi c i c hO ndng din nghdo. Ddi vdi e i c hO ndng din diu tu miy mdc sin xuil Ida c6 thd xem xdt cho vay uu dii khdng phii thd chip ndu ttiam gia sin xuit Ida gao xuit khiu ttiu0c c i c viing c6 qui hogch s i n xuit ilia. Hinh thinh v i phit tridn ngin hing liia gao d c i e vdng ehuydn canh liia dd huy dOng vdn vi cho vay vdn mua s i m phuong tidn, miy mdc thye hifin ea gidi hda sin xuit Ida ggo v i eho vay uu dii diu tu ddi mdi cdng nghfi Udn Udn ddi vdi c i c doanh nghidp chd bidn gao.
- Tdng cudng khd ndng dg tru Ida ggo: Vidt Nam li mdt trong nhdng nude xuit khiu ggo Idn nhit thd gi(31.
Do viy, mdi khi Vidt Nam xuit hay khdng xuit khiu ggo ddu CO t i e ddng ddn gii c i trfin thi trudng thd gidi.
Ndu Chinh phu c6 chidn luge h6 trg cho ndng d i n dy trd dong nhdng luc thu hoach rd thi ndng d i n sfi dugc Igi, v i gii gao trfin thi trudng qudc td khdng giim mgnh, nhu viy sfi giim hdt nhiing b i t Icri ddi v(5i vide xuit khiu ggo cua Vidt Nam va sd gia ting loi fch cho
ndng din. Cin cd chuong trinh h6 trg cho vide lip dy tni d c i c ndng hO, c i c cdng ty xuit khiu, khic phyc tfnh thdi vy trfin thj trudng thd gidi thudng xuydn giy bit Igi vdi ggo xuit khiu cda Vidt Nam [7;222-223].
4.
Ket lu^n
Ndng nghidp VN c6 Igi thd cgnh tranh do didu kidn ty nhifin thuin Igi vi ehi phi nhin cdng thip. Tuy nhifin, nhdng Igi thd niy ngiy cing giim trong di^u kidn cgnh tranh thuong mgi toin c i u hi$n nay. Sau 5 n i m gia nhip WTO, ndng s i n VN d i ed vj tri quan trpng trfin ttij trudng ndng s i n thd gidi, cdng vdi nd Ii nhdng cam kdt dugc thye hidn nghidm tijc, dflng vdi quy dlnh cua WTO. Nhung bdn cgnh dd edn tdn tgi nhidu hgn chd vd m i t ehinh sich khidn cho bii toin vd vide diy mgnh tifiu thy vd lugng ggo xuit khiu nhung chua di kdm vdi nhflng Igi ich thidt thye mang vd cho dil nude, eho ndng din. Nguydn nhin cfla tinh trgng niy li didu hinh v! md chua thit sy linh hogt trong bdi cinh lh| trudng ggo thd gidi dang ed nhidu xu hudng phit tridn mdi cflng nhu ehda dyng nhiing ca hOi v i rfli ro. Dd thfle diy xuit khiu ggo hong thdi gian tdi, Nhi nude e i n cd c i c ehfnh sich ddng bd: sin xuit v i chd bidn ggo; phit bidn Uij hudng vi da dang hda sin phim; didu hinh Idnh doanh v i xuit khiu ggo hgp ly, theo dflng sy vin ddng cfla thi hudng.
Ngoii ra, do d i e thu eua m i l hing niy cdn lidn quan ddn d i m b i o an ninh luong thgc ndn su can thifip tryc tidp td trung uong, phdi hgp giua tmng uong v i chinh quydn dja phuang noi c i c vya lua Idn phii thudng xuydn v i nhip nhing.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bio c i o ttiudng nifin nginh ndng nghidp (2008), Ndng nghidp Vidt Nam 2007, bidn vpng 2008, Tmng tim thdng Un phit tridn ndng nghidp ndng thdn.
2. Bio c i o thudng nifin nginh ndng nghidp (2009), Ndng nghidp Vidt Nam 2008, didn vgng 2009, Tmng tim thdng Un phit tridn ndng nghidp ndng thdn.
3. Bio c i o thudng nidn nganh ndng nghidp (2010), Ndng nghidp Vidt Nam 2009, bidn vgng 2010, Trung tim thdng tin phit hidn ndng nghidp ndng thdn.
4. Bio c i o ttiudng nifin nginh ndng nghifip (2011), Ndng nghidp Vidt Nam 2010, tridn vpng 2011, Trui^
tim thdng tin phit tridn ndng nghidp ndng thdn.
5. Bio c i o thudng nidn nginh ndng nghidp (2012), Ndng nghidp Vidt Nam 2011, hidn vpng 2012, Tmng tim thdng Un phit tridn ndng nghidp ndng thdn.
6. BO ndng nghidp v i phit tridn ndng thdn (2010), Bin Un ttij budng mdt sd ndng s i n quy 1,2,3,4 nim 2009, Cdng Uidng Un didn td.
7. Dinh Vin Thinh (2010), Ting cudng ning lye tham gia cfla hing ndng s i n vio chudi gii hi toan ciu trong didu kidn hidn nay d Vidt Nam, Nxb Cdng thuang.
