ThiTc hien
Chien lirgfc Tang tru'dng xanh dam bao phat trien ben vutig
tai Han Quoc va gtfi y cho Viet Nam
TRtfdNG MINH BtSC PHAM TH! HANH"
Chi^n lrfdc Tang trrfdng xanh cua Han Qud'c drftfc Tdng thd'ng Lee Myung- bak cdng bd' vao ngay 15/08/2008. D3y 1^ mdt chid'n Irfrfc t^ng th^ \ i ldnh td' - mdi trrfcfng - xa hdi nham t^o si^ gan kd't giifa tdng trrfdng \d\ phat tri^n xa h^i va bao vd mdi trrfoTng. Han Qud'c la qud'c gia da va dang th^ hi^n quy^t t§m rSTt cao trong hidn thrfc hoa tang trrfdng xanh d tam qud'c gia. Thrfc td' cho thd'y, n i n kinh td' cua Han Qud'c da co nhrfng thanh cdng nhd't dinh va kinh nghidm vd phat tri^n kinh td'xanh cua Han Qud'c xvtng dang drfrfc nghidn cihi va hpc hoi.
TANG TBLfdNG XANH 0 HAN QUOC: N 5 LL/C VA N H O N G T H A N H TI/U
Ludt Tang tttfdng xanh, it phdt thai cdc bon da chinb thtfc dtfdc Tong thfi'ng Hdn Quo'c Lee Myung-bak phfi ehuin vdo ngay 13/01/2010 vd chinh thtfe cd hieu Itfc kd ttf ngdy 14/04/2010, gdm 7 chtfdng, 64 dilu. Ddy Id luat loan dien, dl cdp dfi'n mfit Ioai cde va'n d l v l nang Itfdng, bidn ddi khi bdu va phdt ttidn b i n vtfng... Muc tifiu cfla Luat nay Id: (1) Tad stf cdn bang giffa pbat trifi'n kinh tfi'va bao vfi mdi trtfdng thdng qua Ihifi't ldp nin tdng cbo phdt tiidn cdc bon thd'p vd tdng trtfdng xanh; (2) Thuc day tang trtfdng kinh te* Ihfing qua viec thtfc hifin cdng nghiep xanh va phat tridn cdng nghe xanh nbtf Id ddng Itfc cfla tang tttfdng;
(3) Ddng gdp cai thifin chd't Itfdng cufic sfi'ng; vd (4) Bie'n Hdn Qudc tid tbdnh qudc gia phdt tridn vd cd ttach nhiem trong epng ddng qufi'e tfi' ihfing qua viec hifin thtfc hda xa hdi cde bon thd'p.
Chifi'n ltfdc Tang trtfdng xanh cfla Han Qud'e dai difin eho btfdc di dang khich Ifi xfit v l mat chinh sach, cdi each phdp ly vd tai chinh can thiet de dat dtfde mot nen
kinb te xanh. Hal muc tieu chinh sach ldn cua chifi'n ltfdc tang trtfdng xanb cua Han Qufi'c Id nham kich thich phuc hdi kinh tfi' vd tdng trtfdng dai ban bang each dau ttf vdo cde linh vtfc mfii trtfdng va tao ra vific ldm.
Dd tbtfc bifin thanh cdng Chifi'n ltfdc Tdng ttrfdng xanh vdi tfi'c dp tang trtfdng cdc bon tha'p cin cd sd Itfa chpn giffa tang trtfdng vd Itfdng khi thai cdc bon. Dilu nay, doi hdi phdi giam dang kd ctfdng dfi ede bon cfla tdng trtfdng, ngbia la phai giam ddn vi Irfdng khi thdi cdc bon tten mdt ddn vi tang trtfdng kinh te. Chidn lrfdc Tang ttrfdng xanh bao gdm mpt so' bifin phap eu thd va muc tifiu giam phat khi thai ttong ede ITnh vtfc:
Hieu qud nang Irfdng va nhifin lifiu; Nang Irfdng ldi lao; va Hfi sinh thai vd hanh phuc con ngtfdi. Trong dd, phuc hdi he sinh thdi va hanh phuc con ngrfdi cung la nhffng khia canh ttung tdm cua Chien ltfdc Tdng tttfdng xanh cua Han Qudc, ddnh da'u stf thay ddi mfi hlnh tff tang trtfdng sd Itfdng sang cha't Itfdng.
Chie'n ltfdc Tang trtfdng xanh Han Qude dtfdc xdy dtfng hrfdng tdi lang titfdng thong qua tai ca'u tnic nin kinh te, thay ddi phtfdng tbtfc san xuat va tifiu dting, tao ra nhtfng nganh cfing nghifip xanb, vific ldm xanh va thay ddi Ifi'i sdng cfla ngtfdi ddn tiieo htfdng xanb.
Chien lrfdc lang tttfdng xanh dtfdc ban hdnh tdp ttung giai quyfi'l cdc vd'n d l chfl yeu Id xanh hda ngdnh cfing nghifip, cfing nghfi xanh, tiTag phd vdi bifin doi khi hdu, chinli sach ndng Itfdng va phdt ttien bin vffng, Id'i sfi'ng xanh, da't dai xanh va he thd'ng giao thfing it cdc bon, hdp lac vd dam phan qudc td ve tang titfdng xanh, it
'TS., Vien Quan trj Kinh doanh, Trtfdng Dai hpc Kinh te, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi
" T h S . , Hpc vi§nPhg ntf
HiN RA THE GICJl
cdc bon kdt hdp vdi chinh sdch tai chitih, thud, dao lao ngudn nhdn hie, tuyfin truyin, giao due, ndng cao nhan tbtfc.
Dd ddp tfng dtfdc muc lifiu giam 30% khf phat thai vdo ndm 2020, Han Qudc da dp dung mot ehien Itfdc gidm nhe todn dien, thdnh ldp mfit trung tdm chuyfin nghifip v l kidm ke khi nha kinh vd huy dpng stf tham gia efla cdc tbdnb phin kinh tfi' vdo mfit sd chtfdng ttinh giam phdt thai, tao ra Cd ehd mua ban tin cbi phdt thai Han Qufi'c (K-ETS).
Giai doan dlu eua tdng trtfdng kinh id nbanb, Han Qudc da dp dung edng thtfc Itfa ehpn va tap trung vo'n, thu hep khoang each vd cdng nghe so vdi cdc ddi tdc todn cau. Trong so' 27 cdng nghe xanh chti chd't dtfde ehpn lam lmh viic tfu tifin dlu ttf vd thtfdng mai hda, Ihl pin thtf cdp vd LED da cho thd'y kdt qua tdt nhat.
Nhffng thanh trfu ttong ITnh v\ic nay ed tinh chd't rd't quan ttpng, tao nen mdng cho viec tao ra cdc dpng cd tdng trtfdng mdi.
Nham chuydn ddi cd cd^u cfing nghifip sfl* dung nhieu nang Irfdng cua cdc thanb phd, Ke boacb 5 nam da lap ttung vao 3 diem khdi dlu chinh: quy hoach dfi thi, cfing trinh xdy dtfng vd giao thfing vdn tai. Nhieu drf an thi didm v l xanh bda cde boat dpng v^n banh cua thanh phd va ldi tao do tbi do cdc bp, cbinb quyen dia phrfdng thtfc hifin da gdp phin ldm han ehd stf gia tdng tifiu thu ndng Itfdng cfla dfi thi. Hifiu qua cfla he thd'ng giao thfing cdng cdng cua Han Qufi'c da dtfdc cdi thien ddng kd qua nhilu ndm, thfing qua sfi'Itfdng hanh khdch vd ngdy nay da tid thanh tifiu ehuin eho cae ntfde khde, chang ban nhtf: De dn xe buyt ban cfing va he thfi'ng tau dien ngam ticb hdp. Chinh phu ciing da cho xdy dtmg hfi thfi'ng "vdn tdi xanh", bao glm dtfdng sat thdi It khi ede bon vd 3.000km dtfdng xe dap quanh 4 con sfing xanb. Khoang 2 trieu ngoi nba xanh va van phdng lam vific sff dung it nang Itfdng vd difin se dtfde xay dtfng. Tht^c hifin mue tifiu eat giam 30% kbi CO, vd cdc vd'n d l , nhtf: dam bao an ninh nang ltfdng, an ninh Itfdng thrfe, cdc van de mdi trtfdng, bie'n doi khi hdu va giai quyfi't cdc van de xa bfii vdo nam 2020.
Ddng thdi, Cbinh phu dtfa ra gdi kich thich kinh id 38,1 ty USD, ttong dd ddnh 81% eho muc tifiu ehuyen ddi mfi hlnh tang trrfdng, dffng dau the gidi, vrfdt xa EU (59%), Trung Qudc (38%). Cac hdp phan gdm:
10,5 ty USD dlu trf cai tao cdc ddng sfing; 5,8 ty USD eho mue tieu sfl: dung hieu qua nang Itfdng; 1,8 ty USD eho ttdng rtfng... Hdn Qufi'c cbn dlu trf gin 40 ly USD trong 4 nam (2008-2012) nh^m phat tiifi'n linh vtfc cfing nghifip vd ky thudt xanh ciing cfing nghifip mui nhpn tong hdp.
Han Qufi'c theo dudi "chuyen ddi xanh" nganh cdng nghifip, tap trung vao ddi mdi theo htfdng xanh cac ngdnh efing nghiep cdt ldi, ldi ed edit edng nghiep de phdt tridn cdc bon thd'p vd xanh hda chudi gid tri.
Viec thuc dp cdc doanh nghifip dtfa cdc yfiu elu v l mfii trtfdng vdo ttong boat dfing kinh doanh da mang Iai nhiing tifi'n bp ddng kd ttong vific xanh hda cdc nganh edng nghiep ldn, nhtf: tiifip, hda cha't, fi to va difin ti, la
nhihig ngdnh tifiu thu nhilu nang Itfdng va phdt thai nhidu khi nha kinb. De thiic dly cai cdch cd cd'u, ehinh phfl da Itfa chpn 17 ngdnh cfing nghiep cd tiem ndng cao nhait de tao ra cdc thi trtfdng mdi va mang lai hifiu u^g lan tda tieh ctfc. Viec xanh hda ehudi gid tri doi hdi stf hd trd ede doanh nghifip xanb vtfa va nhd, tbiic day qud trtnh quay vdng tdi nguyen tiong san xuat efing nghifip, thdnh Idp cdc td hdp cdng nghiep xanb de nufii dtfdng cdc nganh cfing nghiep cfing nghfi eao, quan hfi dfi'i tdc cfing - ttf ddi mdi.
Hdn Qufi'e eung tifin phong ttong thanh ldp Vien Tang trtfdng xanh todn cau (GGGI) vdi chtfc nang ho tid cdc qud'c gia dang phat tridn ttong viee thiet lap cdc chinh sdch tdng trtfdng xanh thfing qua vific ehia se kinh nghifip phdt trien cua Han Qudc, dtfa ra cdc kdt qud nghien ctftf chd't Itfdng cao cho cdc nhd hoaeh dinh ehinh sdch vd xdy dtfng mang lrfdi tdng tiirdng xanh. Ndm 2012, mang Irfdi nay cd thanb vifin Id cdc ntfdc tdi ttd, b a o ^ d m : Uc, Dan Mach, Dtfc, Nhdt Bdn, A rSp Saudi, Anh cung nhtf eae td chffc qudc te va cdc doanh nghipp (UNDP&GGGI, 2015). Thdng 03/2012, Hdn Qudc thdnh Idp Trung ldm Cong nghfi xanh qude gia, vdi muc tifiu phdt tridn cdc cfing nghe xanh chd't Itfdng eao va lao mang ltfdi todn elu ttong hdp tdc cfing nghfi xanh.
Han Qudc dtfdc Itfa chpn dilu hdnh Ban Thtf ky Quy khi hau xanh. Quy ndy dtfdc xem nhtf mfit ed ehd ldi chinh ho ttd tff cdc ntfde phdt trien cbo cdc ntfdc dang phat trien ttong cdc cac hdnh dpng, chtfdng ttinh, cbinh sdch thich ffng vd giam thidu bifi'n ddi khi hdu. Cdc qudc gia phdt ttidn Id cde nha tdi ird cua Quy va Ngan hang The gidi dtfdc It/a chpn lam ddn vi uy thdc cho tdi nam 2015.
Trong ngan ban, cdc ntfdc phdt trien cam kfi't hd trd 30 ty USD vao ndm 2020 vd sau dd la 100 t^ USD mdi ndm tdi ndm 2020 (UNDP&GGGI, 2015). Cung vdi vific thdnh ldp GGGI va trung lam cfing nghe xanb Han Qudc, Quy khi h^u xanh dd lao nfin "tam giac xanb" vd Id dpng ii/e tbtfc dly lang trtfdng xanh d Hdn Qudc. Can eff vdo tam nhin qudc gia vS nin tdng luat phap cho ldng trtfdng xanh, Hdn Qufi'e da dtfa ra cac giai phdp thiic day cde tiem ndng phdt ttien ndng Itfdng mdi vd ndng Itfdng tdi tao.
Trong giai doan hifin nay, tdng trtfdng xanh vdn dtfdc eoi la mpt chinh sdch
gin liln vdi Chien Itfdc Phdt ttien cfla Han Qudc vdi sd ra ddi cua Ke boacb 5 ndm lln tiitf hai ve tdng trtfdng xanh (2014-2018), tap trung vao vific dat dtfdc nhflhg kdt qua ddng ke trong viec thie't lap mfit kdt cd'u ba ting kinh te' - xa hfii cac bon thd'p, dat dtfdc mfit nin kinh tfi' sang tad thfing qua stf hfii tu efla cdng nghe xanh vd cfing nghe thfing lin, vd xay diJng mpt mfii trtfdng thich tfng vdi bie'n ddi khi hau.
Nhffng thanb qua thiet thffc ve kinh le' thu dtfde btfde dau cho thay, chinh sdch tang trtfdng xanh cfla Hdn Qudc mang tinh kha thi, dem lai ddng ltfe tdng trtfdng mdi cho quo'c gia ndy cung nhtf hdp tdc qudc te' ve tang tttfdng xanh. Vdi ehinh sdeh tang tttfdng xanh nay, Han Qudc ky vpng se ttd thdnh mdt ttong "7 ctfdng qudc kinh tfi' xanh" vao nam 2020 vd mfit ttong "5 etfdng qudc kinh tfi' xanh" efla the'gidi vdo nam 2050.
MOT SO G(?I Y CHO VifT NAM 6 Viet Nam, trfin cd sd phdn tich xu htfdng eliung tten thd gidi vd tham khdo kinh ngbifim chlnh sach cfla mfit sd qudc gia di tien phong ttong phdt tridn nen kinb tfi' xanb, Thfl ttfdng Chinh phfl da ban hanh Quyfi't dinh sd 1393/QD-Trg, ngdy 25/09/2012 phfi duyfit Chifi'n ltfdc Qufi'c gia v l tdng O^dng xanh thdi ky 2011- 2020 vd tim nhin ddn nam 2050. Tifi'p theo, ngdy 20/03/2014, Thfl ttfdng Chinh phu ban hdnb Quydl dinh sd403/QE)-TTg phfi duyfit Kdhoach Hanh dfing Qudc gia vl ldng tiirdng xanh giai doan 2014-2020, bao gdm 4 ehu d l , 12 nbdm hanh dfing vd 66 nhifim vu. Cde ehu d l cbinh Id:
xdy diftig the chd vd ke hoach tang trtfdng xanh lai dia phtfdng; giam ctfdng dp phdt thai khi nha kinb va thiic day stf dung ndng Itfdng sach, nang Itf^g tai tao; thrfc hien xanh hda san xudt; tbtfc hifin xanb hda ldi sdng va tifiu dung bdn vffng.
Trfin cd sd kinh nghiem cua Han Qude, dd ed thd dat dtfdc cac muc tieu dat ra ttong Chie'n Itfde Qude gia v l tang trtfdng xanh Viet Nam can sdm giai quye't trifit dd nhttng vdn di ttpng tdm, nhtf sau:
Ddi vdi Chinh phu: Vai tto dieu tiet nen kinh tfi' thi trtfdng dinb btfdng xa hdi cbu ngbia cua Cbinh phu ve chuyen dich cd cau kinh te', ban cbe va loai bd nhiing nganh nghi cd anh htfdng tifiu etfc ddn mfii ttfdng, khuyfi'n khich phdt tridn va md rfing cac nganh nghe mdi thdn thifin vdi mfii trtfdng, cu the:
- Uu tien hang dau ttong vific phdt ttien efing nghiep xanh Id de tao ra mfit tbi trtfdng xanh. Dieu nay ngu f, ch hai ldi vao cua san pham xanh vdo thi trtfdng hifin ed va tao ra tbi trtfdng cho eae san pham xanh mfit edeh rifing bifit ttf cdc thi trtfdng hien cd;
- Chlnh phu md rfing dau ttf phdt tridn cfing nghfi.
Cin xdy dtfng Ke hoach dlu ttf phdt trien edng nghfi xanh dtfde hoach dinh dtfa trfin Id trinh cdng nghfi, chl ra cde ITnh vrfc cdng nghfi quan ttpng Id tfng cff vifin tidra nang cho tang ttrfdng xanh;
- Chlnh phfl khdng chi nfin lao ra mdt thi ttrfdng xanh, md edn phai cung cd'p cac bien phdp bd ttd kbdc dd cho phdp cac cfing ty ttf nhdn mdi gia nhdp lif do vdo thi ttrfdng xanh;
- Nfin phdt ttidn rapt hfi thfi'ng cap gid'y chiftig nhan cfing nghfi xanb de bao dara stf khde bifit cdng nghfi xanh vdi cdc cong nghfi khac bang each eung d p thdng tin chinh xac tdi ngtfdi tifiu diing va ngtfdi sff dung.
Ddi vdi cdc ngdnh cdng nghiip: Thu hep va loai bd ede doanh nghifip cdng ngbiep lac hdu ed anh htfdng xd'u tdi mfii trtfdng, khuye'n khich dlu ttf phdt trien cac doanb nghifip cfing nghiep than thien vdi mfii tirfdng.
Ddi vdi ngudi lao dong va cgng dong cUddn: Ndng cao kifi'n tbtfc, dao dtfc thay ddi nhan thtfc vd thai dp v l tang tttfdng xanb, phdt trien bin vihig.Q
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO — 1. Bp Kd hoaeh vd Dau ttf (2018). Bdo cdo tgi Hdi thdo tham vdn bdo cdo ddnh gid giUa ky thtfc hiin chiin luac tdng trudng xanh Viit Nam, ngdy 24/01/2018 , , ' 2. Trin Ngpc Ngoan (2016). Chinh sdch thdc ddy tdng trudng xanh - Kinh nghiem qudc ti va tkuc tiin Viit Nam, Nxb Chinb tri Qudc gia - Sir tiidt
' 3. CIEM (2017). Chinh sdch tdng trudng xanh cua Hdn Qudc: Kit qud dgt dugc va mgt so kho khdn. thdch thdc - - u //
4. Bui Ta't Tbang (2018). Hoc Nhgt Bdn. Hdn Qudc ve md hinh tdng truang xanh, ttuy cap tif https://
tinnhanhchungkhoan.vn/tiioi-su/hoc-nhal-ban-han-quoc-ve-mo-hmh-tang-ttiiong-xanh-219069.btinl 5. UNDP and GGGI (2015). Global Green Growth: Clean Energy Indistrial Investment and Expanding Job Opportunities. Volume ll ^r^^r^ T^ ;
6 Kang S, J. Oh and H. Kim (2012/ Korea's low carbon and green growth, OECD Development Centre Working Papers, access to http://www.oeedilibrary.org/development/korea-s-Iow-earbon- green-growtii-sttategy_5k9cvqmvszbr-en;jsessionid=2j71tb7erhe0.x-oecd-Iive-03
7. OECD (2012). The implementation of Korea Green Growth Strategy in Urban Areas
