maximise the potential of football by making a concrete contribution to sustainable development (FIFA, 2013).
Football officials, including match officials, administrators, club presidents and owners of the FECAFOOT and the Nigerian Football Association (NFA), were interviewed.
To minimise the study limitations, the questionnaire was self-administered with the assistance of trained fieldworkers, who possessed basic knowledge of the relevant study areas in both Cameroon and Nigeria. In total, 10 key informants each were interviewed in Cameroon and in Nigeria.
articles, thesis and dissertations and internet websites. The data were critically examined to construct a comprehensive literature review. The information gleaned during the secondary data collection enabled previous relevant studies to be linked to the current research and facilitated the designing of the questionnaire.
4.5.2 Primary data
As primary data often denote the collection of ‘new’ and original data, in this study, such data were collected by means of designing and administering questionnaire surveys to the relevant participants. Two primary data collection instruments were used in this study: a fan survey (See Appendix A) and key informant interviews (See Appendixes B). Both questionnaires considered the predefined objectives and research questions of the study.
4.5.2.1 Pilot survey
de Vos et al. (2006) posit that pilot studies are increasingly employed as a standard practice in present-day empirical research. Although a study may be planned in a careful and logical manner, practicality remains the key unknown determinant, until a full assessment is presented (Babbie and Mouton, 2002; De Vos et al., 2006; Neuman and Krueger, 2003). A pilot study is generally considered to be a small-scale trail of the proposed procedures, materials and methods adopted for the main study (Mackey and Gass, 2005). In addition, according to Mackey and Gass (2005: 44), “a pilot study is an important means of assessing the feasibility and usefulness of the data collection methods and making any necessary revisions before they are used with research participants”. De Vos et al. (2006) further contend that, although the researcher may plan his or her investigation in a careful and logical way, the practical situation remains an unknown factor until it is accessed in full. Within such a context, a pilot study is deemed a dress rehearsal for the main investigation (Brynard and Hanekom, 2006; Maree and van der Westhuizen, 2009) and, in the case of the current study, it serves to ascertain the degree of effectiveness of the measuring instrument.
In the current study, before the researcher’s planned investigation was conducted, a total of 40 questionnaire surveys were administered to soccer fans in both case study areas. The 40 surveys were equally split (20 each) and administered during a local soccer match, using the adopted sampling technique that was previously discussed. The data were coded, captured and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 19. This was done together with the researcher’s supervisor, with the aim of identifying and ratifying common problems and errors, and of ensuring that the chosen procedures would be suitable,
valid, reliable and effective for the study concerned. The findings of the piloting revealed minor grey areas or gaps that were addressed prior to the main fieldwork. In addition, the piloting revealed the need to educate chosen fieldworkers on the basic nature of the study focus, given its uniqueness.
4.5.2.2 Fan questionnaire design and development
According to de Vos et al. (2006: 166), the basic objective of a questionnaire is to obtain facts and opinions about a phenomenon from those who are knowledgeable about a particular issue.
They further indicate that questionnaires are the most commonly used technique in social science research. The questionnaires, which were used in this study (see Appendices A and B), included open-ended questions aimed primarily at determining the level of planning, challenges and problems experienced in an attempt to maximise African legacy benefits, as perceived by the respondents. Fixed close-ended questions were further used to determine the characteristics of the respondents (their age, gender, sex, race, income, and level of education) and their general perceptions and attitudes towards the African legacy impacts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The instrument consisted of five parts, as discussed below:
Section one of the questionnaire consisted mainly of closed-ended questions that were aimed at determining the respondents’ interest in football at three different levels:
locally, in relation to their clubs; nationally, in relation to their national team; and internationally. The aim of the questions was to determine what kind of fan the respondent was. The section also included questions relating to the respondents’
participation in, and attendance at, previous FIFA World Cup events.
In the second section of the questionnaire, the emphasis was based on the respondents’
awareness and perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and South Africa. The focus was placed on measuring attendance and participation levels that were also linked to tourism activities undertaken during the hosting of the event and on comparing them across the two case study areas.
The third section of the instrument contained six open-ended questions that were designed to encourage the respondents to express their feelings about the support for South Africa as the host nation of Africa’s first mega-event and the adopted African Legacy Programme intentions/ objectives and expectations, as agreed upon by the host nation, FIFA and the AU.
The fourth section was dominated by fixed, close-ended statements that were further designed to measure expectations linked to the objective of achieving a legacy for Africa. Clark et al. (1998) recommend the use of attitudinal scale in social science research, where the focus is on measuring and comparing the perceptions of specific events by the relevant stakeholders. In this sense, the traditional Likert-type scale was used to measure stakeholder perceptions, where the statement scale values (1=strongly agree; 2=agree; 3=neutral; 4=strongly disagree; and 5=disagree) were used.
The last section of the questionnaire (section 5) focused on the demographic profile of the respondents, with regards to their age, gender, race and employment status.
Several means of administering a questionnaire exist (Bless and Higson-Smith, 1995; Dwyer et al., 2012; Veal, 2011). Questionnaires can be mailed, administered telephonically, self- administered or administered by trained interviewers (de Vos et al., 2006). To simplify the process of data collection in the current study, the questionnaire was administered face-to-face by trained interviewers, as was previously mentioned using the paper-and-pencil interviews (PAPI) method of administration. Use of the process also enabled any unclear questions to be clarified. A cover letter detailing the purpose of the study was also designed and attached to the questionnaire (see Appendix A and B). The data obtained in response to the questionnaire was collected in Cameroon (South West Province) and Nigeria (Cross River State).
4.5.2.3 Key informant interview schedule
The key informant interviews were administered by the researcher in a semi-structured manner and in an open-ended manner with a view to providing the respondents with the opportunity to elaborate and also to allow for freedom of expression. The key informant interviews were in-depth in nature and considered key resource persons in the government and in non-governmental organs, as listed earlier. The primary aim was to gather information on key management-related issues regarding future mega-events to be hosted on the African continent. Such information included, for example, how to leverage legacy impacts and the role that their organisations could play, how legacy impacts created by the 2010 FIFA World Cup in Africa should be managed and who and how legacy impacts should be monitored and evaluated.