Carbon-based nanocomposites have therefore shown high potential for the catalytic degradation of aqueous segment contaminants. The book highlights scientific progress and recent scientific development in the field of emerging carbon-based nanocomposites.
Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Remediation of Heavy Metals and
- Introduction
- Graphene Oxide
- GO and GO-Nanocomposite for Water Remediation via Adsorption
- Carbon Nanotube
- CNTs as Adsorbent
- Conclusion
Low adsorption at low pH due to competition between H+ and Co2+, while pH is attributed to negative surface charge which facilitates more adsorption of metal ions. In another report, the adsorption of Ni(II) onto MWCNTs preferentially follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm due to the observed lack of interactions between Ni2+ and MWCNTs along with the high active surface area [121].
Acknowledgements
Wang, Y., Pan, C., Chu, W., Vipin, A.K., Sun, L., Use of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for environmental remediation: adsorption and catalysis. Sarker, M., Song, J.Y., Jhung, S.H., Adsorptive removal of anti-inflammatory drugs from water using graphene oxide/metal-organic framework composites.
Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal
Introduction
Although pesticides and industrial chemicals remain major threats, greater focus is being placed on pollution emissions of pharmaceuticals and chemicals with heavy metals from consumer goods [3]. These materials provide relatively superior stability, better recyclability, magnetic regeneration and superior performance in aquatic environment and relevantly excellent for the reduction of various toxic heavy metals from water.
Water Contamination by Heavy Metals
Proper treatment of health risks caused by heavy metal toxicity is difficult to achieve because safety conditions differ from country to country. At most, heavy metal toxicity will cause nausea, muscle spasms, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, vomiting, cardiovascular failure, aplastic anemia, and eventually death [22].
Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites
These can be overcome by interrelated mechanisms; high temperature processing conditions during the preparation of nanocomposites can result in physical and chemical changes in the surface and structure of the material [37]. The related mechanisms are discussed, which will facilitate further development of these promising green carbon materials for pollution remediation in the future.
Advanced Removal Techniques in Water
- Sedimentation
- Chemical Coagulation/Flocculation
- Chemical Oxidation/Reduction
- Ion-Exchange Process
- Adsorption
Compared to the coagulation process, the sludge yield in the ion exchange phase is very low [56]. Most of the removal of heavy metals using green carbon-based nanocomposites is through the adsorption process.
Conclusion and Future Directions
Rehman, K., Fatima, F., Waheed, I., Akash, M.S.H., Prevalence of heavy metal exposure and their impact on health outcomes. Thuan Le, V., Kieu Ngan Tran, T., Lam, T., Sinh, L., Van Dat, D., Dung Bui, Q., Nguyen, H.T., One-pot synthesis of a novel magnetic activated carbon/ clay composite for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution.
Green Nanocomposites: Advances and Applications in Environmentally
- Introduction
- Nanocomposites and their Processing Methods
- Structures of Carbon Materials
- Polymer/Carbon-Based Nanocomposite
- Removal of Chemical Contaminants
- Energy Sector
- Gas Sensors
- Conclusion and Outlook
The use of carbon-based nanomaterials and their nanocomposites can eliminate the limitations of traditional water treatment techniques and. In the energy sector, carbon and carbon-based nanocomposites have successfully considered the green technology. Carbon nanomaterials and their carbon-based nanocomposites have become widely developed functional materials in water treatment and the energy field.
Acknowledgment
Osorio, AG, Silveira, ICL, Bueno, VL, Bergmann, CP, H2SO4/HNO3/HCl - Functionalization and its effect on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous media. Gupta, VK, Agarwal, S., Saleh, TA, Synthesis and characterization of alumina-coated carbon nanotubes and their application for lead removal. Saleh, N. B., Pfefferle, L. D., Elimelech, M., Aggregation kinetics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aquatic systems: measurements and environmental implications.
Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Heterogeneous Catalysts
Introduction
However, oxygen functionalized carbon-based materials are the most studied due to the formation of various organic acids or bases. Thus, carbon-based materials are one of the emerging research areas for the rational development of new generation heterogeneous catalysts. The use of carbon-based materials for sustainable organic transformation reactions is a rapidly growing field in recent decades and is discussed in detail in this chapter.
Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Coupling Reactions
- C-C Coupling
- C-N Coupling
The key principle for the sustainable Green chemistry is the replacement of the hazardous solvents with environmentally friendly solvents. Furthermore, the prepared nanocomposite was used. The catalyst showed excellent activity due to the π−π interactions of the reactants with the catalyst (Table 4.3).
Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Oxidation Reactions
- Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes/Ketones/Acids
- Oxidation of Amines to Imines
- Oxidation of Other Functional Groups
The prepared catalyst showed excellent efficiency and good selectivity for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols under aqueous conditions. The reaction conditions are favorable for the oxidation of alcohols to synthesize aldehydes in good yield, high selectivity and without any side products. In general, heterogeneous carbon-based catalysts are very important. Table 4.5 Oxidation of amines to imines catalyzed by GO [41]a.
Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Reduction Reactions
- Reduction of Nitro Compounds
- CO 2 Reduction
- Hydrogenation Reactions
Furthermore, a possible photocatalytic mechanism was formulated for a better understanding of the CO2 photoreduction process. It has been observed that the nitrogen functions improve. the CO2 capture capacity of the catalyst without bringing any change in its textural properties. For example, the use of the metal supported carbon-based materials is widely used for the hydrogenation reactions.
Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Other Organic Transformation Reactions
- Aza-Michael Addition
This reduction reaction can be carried out under ambient conditions using a heterogeneous carbon-based catalyst. 66] fabricated the Ru@gC3N4 photocatalyst and used it for the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols under visible light irradiation. Charge carriers formed in the Ru/gC3N4 heterostructure lead to the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols.
- Tandem Reaction
- Esterification Reaction
- Synthesis of Amides From Alcohols
- Conclusion and Perspectives
The tandem reaction involves carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bond formation to form functionalized amines, which are further used for the synthesis of various bioactive molecules [70]. Heterogeneous carbon-based catalysis has proven to be a simple and affordable method for the synthesis of such products. GO sheets uniformly decorated with MnO2 nanorods as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of amides from alcohols in an environmentally friendly aqueous medium.
Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite and Environmental Perspective
- Introduction
- The Vision of the Study
- The Vast Scientific Doctrine of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
- Environmental Sustainability and the Vision for the Future
- Environmental Protection, the Scientific Ingenuity, and the Visionary Future
- Recent Advances in the Field of Nanocomposites
- Recent Advances in the Field of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites and Environmental
- Carbon-Based Polymer Nano-Composites for Adsorbent Applications
- Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites as Anti-Microbial Agents and Membranes
- Applications of Carbon Nanocomposites in Removal of Hazardous Organic Substances
- Water Purification, Groundwater Remediation, and the Future of Science
- Arsenic and Heavy Metal Groundwater Remediation and Composite Science
- Integrated Water Resource Management, Human Factor Engineering, and Nanotechnology—
This chapter opens up newer vision and newer targets in the field of environmental protection science and the big world of nanocomposites. The vision and the tremendous challenges in the field of nanocomposites today are large and multifaceted. In this paper, the authors deeply discuss the future perspectives in the field of water science and technology and the vast world of nanocomposites.
A Definite Vision
Technology Management, Environmental Protection, and Water Resource Management
Global water scarcity is in the midst of a profound scientific crisis, so a concerted effort in technology management and environmental engineering science is needed. Technology management is thus the immediate need of the hour to design and organize a comprehensive water resource management scheme. The challenges and vision of technology management should be reviewed in relation to its application in water resources management.
Future of Nanocomposite Applications and Future Research Trends
Today, the management of technology and the redemption of science and engineering are the greatest needs of the time as civilization moves forward. Throughout this chapter, the authors deeply discuss scientific success, scientific needs, and outstanding scientific ingenuity in applying technology management to the advancement of global science and engineering [15-22]. Technological validation and scientific reconstruction will then certainly open up newer visions and newer thoughts in the field of composite science and nanotechnology [15-22].
Conclusion, Summary, and Vast Scientific Perspectives
Palit, S., Nanofiltration and ultrafiltration - the next generation environmental engineering tool and a vision for the future. Palit, S., Recent advances in the application of engineered nanomaterials in the environmental industry- a critical overview and a vision for the future, Chapter 47, Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications, pp Palit, S., Recent advances in the application of nanotechnology in the food industry and broad vision for the future, Chapter-1, Nanoengineering in the beverage industry, Academic Press, Elsevier, The Netherlands, p.
Important Websites for Reference
Ajay Kumar Mishra, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain en Shivani Bhardwaj Mishra (reds.) Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications Scrivener Publishing LLC.
Biochar-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Organic Pollutants
Introduction
However, recent research has focused on the use of produced carbon derived from various agricultural wastes to sequester a wide range of pollutants (e.g. [5]). Despite its limited chemoselectivity, this is useful in the adsorption of a wide range of anions, organics and metal pollutants. In addition to water treatment, biochar can be used in many other applications.
Biosorbents
- Raw Biomass
- Activated/Synthetic Biomaterials
In light of the disadvantages associated with raw biomass, other studies have focused on modifying the sorptive properties of biochar through activation. AC is the most widely used biosorbent for the removal of organic pollutants in water treatment plants. It is plausible that the functionalization of biochar by hydroxyl (-OH), hydrophilic sulfone (-SO2OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups can improve the adsorption of cationic organic contaminants [47].
Biochar Production Techniques
Application of Biosorbents for the Sequestration of Selected Organic Pollutants
- Sequestration of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Pharmaceuticals
- Removal of Dyes
- Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Two chemically modified biochars, synthesized under oxygen- and oxygen-free conditions, were effectively used for the removal of atrazine, bisphenol A, 17 α-ethinyl estradiol, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac and ibuprofen [71]. The removal of a wide range of dyes using biosorbents derived from biomass such as sugar cane bagasse, lotus seed pods, peanut shells, sawdust, sugar beet pulp, lady's finger, scab seed, pineapple peel, algae [74]. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a variety of biomass-derived adsorbents for the removal of PAHs.
Removal Mechanisms
Due to the co-occurrence of PAHs and toxic metals, it is imperative to investigate the competitive removal of both pollutants. In addition, pore filling was another important mechanism for the adsorption of organic pollutants onto biochar [81].
Challenges Associated With Biochar Technology
Conclusion
Future Scenario
Chaukura, N., Gwenzi, W., Tavengwa, N., Manyuchi, M.M., Biosorbents for the removal of synthetic organics and emerging pollutants: Opportunities and challenges for developing countries. Eng Chaukura, N., Gwenzi, W., Tavengwa, N., Manyuchi, M.M., Biosorbents for the removal of synthetic organics and emerging pollutants: Opportunities and challenges for developing countries. Zaheer, S., Bhatti, H.N., Sadaf, S., Safa, Y., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Biosorption characteristics of sugarcane bagasse for the removal of phoron blue dye E-BL from aqueous solutions.
Advances in Carbon Nanomaterial- Based Green Nanocomposites
- Introduction
- Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Green Nanocomposites
- CNT-Filled Green Nanocomposites
- Graphene and Its Derivative Filler-Based Nanocomposites
- Nanodiamond-Filled Green Nanocomposite
- Methods of Processing for Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
- Melt Intercalation
- Exfoliation Adsorption
- Emulsion Polymerization
- In Situ Polymerization
- Template Synthesis (Sol-Gel Technology)
- Green Methods
- Unique Properties of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites
- Size and Structure
- Thermal and Mechanical Properties
- Electrical Properties
- Applications of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites
- Wastewater Treatment
- Packaging and Coating
- Sensing and Detection
- As Catalyst
- Biomedical Applications
- Miscellaneous
- Future Prospects
- Conclusions
Different forms (fibers, beads and hydrogels) of sodium alginate/graphene oxide NCs (SA/GO) have been used for the removal of dyes MB from wastewater. CS/RGO mesoporous NCs were used for the removal of the anionic azo dye such as Reactive Black 5 [59]. CS/GO NCs have been used for the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II) with high adsorption capacity under acidic conditions with 5 wt% GO [110].
