Biochar-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Organic Pollutants
6.8 Future Scenario
Most of the sorbents discussed in this chapter have been used at a labora- tory scale, but because of the potential they have (high adsorption capac- ity), they can find application in water treatment plants in developing countries, for example, where synthetic sorbents are expensive. This can easily be achieved by loading the biosorbents instead of the commercial activated carbon. Column studies mimic the real situations better than the static/batch. Only a few studies have reported column experiments.
Various process configurations have been designed and studied, and down-flow columns are in theory the most economical systems owing to their complete dependence on gravity to transport the water through the filter bed. Overall, future research has to delve into developing process design parameters and consequently up-scaling biochar technology as a cost effective technology for water treatment.
References
1. Khraisheh, M., Kim, J., Campos, L., Al-Muhtase, A.H., Al-Hawari, A., Al Ghouti, M., Walker, G.M., Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) pollutants from water by novel TiO2–Coconut Shell Powder (TCNSP) composite. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, 979–987, 2014.; Maletic, M., Vukcevic, M., Kalijadis, A., Jankovic-Castvan, I., Dapcevic, A., Lausevic, Z., Lausevic, M., Hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2/carbon composites and their application for removal of organic Pollutants. Arabian J. Chem., 2016.
2. Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Noubactep, C., Mukome, F.N.D., Biochar-based water treatment systems as a potential low-cost and sustainable technology for clean water provision. J. Environ. Manage., 197, 732–749, 2017.
3. Madikizela, L.M., Tavengwa, N.T., Chimuka, L., Status of pharmaceuti- cals in African water bodies: Occurrence, removal and analytical methods.
J. Environ. Manage., 193, 211–220, 2017.
4. Ferreira, V.R.A., Amorim, C.L., Cravo, S.M., Tiritan, M.E., Castro, P.M.L., Afonso, C.M.M., Fluoroquinolones biosorption onto microbial biomass:
Activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 110, 53–60, 2016.; Jung, K., Choi, B.H., Hwang, M., Jeong, T., Ahn, K.,
Fabrication of granular activated carbons derived from spent coffee grounds by entrapment in calcium alginate beads for adsorption of acid orange 7 and methylene blue. Bioresour. Technol., 219, 185–195, 2016.
5. Dzionek, A., Wojcieszyńska, D., Guzik, U., Natural carriers in bioremedia- tion: A review. Electron. J. Biotechnol., 2016. Jung, K., Choi, B.H., Hwang, M., Jeong, T., Ahn, K., Fabrication of granular activated carbons derived from spent coffee grounds by entrapment in calcium alginate beads for adsorption of acid orange 7 and methylene blue. Bioresour. Technol., 219, 185–195, 2016.
6. Mukome, F.N.D., Zhang, X., Silva, L.C.R., Six, J., Parikh, S.J., Use of Chemical and Physical Characteristics To Investigate Trends in Biochar Feedstocks.
J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 2196–2204, 2013.; Kan, T., Strezov, V., Evans, T.J., Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: A review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 57, 1126–1140, 2016.;
Nanda, S., Dalai, A.K., Berruti, F., Kozinski, J.A., Biochar as an Exceptional Bioresource for Energy, Agronomy, Carbon Sequestration, Activated Carbon and Specialty Materials. Waste Biomass Valorization, 7, 201–235, 2016.; Mailler, R., Gasperi, J., Coquet, Y., Derome, C., Buleté, A., Vulliet, E., Bressy, A., Varraulta, G., Chebbo, G., Rocher, V., Removal of emerging micropollutants from waste- water by activated carbon adsorption: Experimental study of different activated carbons and factors influencing the adsorption of micropollutants in wastewater.
J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 4, 1102–1109, 2016.
7. Duku, M.H., Gu, S., Hagan, E.B., Biochar production potential in Ghana - A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 15, 3539–3551, 2011.; Zhou, Y., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A.R., Cao, X., Biochar-supported zerovalent iron reclaims silver from aqueous solution to form antimicrobial nanocomposite.
Chemosphere, 117, 801–805, 2014.
8. Xue, Y., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Inyang, M., Zhang, M., Zimmerman, A.R., Ro, K.S., Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aque- ous heavy metals: Batch and column tests. Chem. Eng. J., 200-202, 673–680, 2012.; Sneath, H.E., Hutchings, T.R., de Leij, F.A.A.M., Assessment of bio- char and iron filing amendments for the remediation of a metal, arsenic and phenanthrene co-contaminated soil. Environ. Pollut., 178, 361–366, 2013.
9. Hu, X., Zhou, Q., Luo, Y., Occurrence and source analysis of typical veteri- nary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China. Environ. Pollut., 158, 2992–2998, 2010.
10. Gwenzi, W., Nyambishi, T.J., Chaukura, N., Mapope, N., Synthesis and nutri- ent release patterns of a biochar-based N–P–K slow-release fertilizer. Int. J.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 15, 2, 405–414, 2017.
11. Namasivayam, C. and Kavitha, D., Removal of Congo Red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste. Dyes Pigm., 54, 47–58, 2002.
12. Gwenzi, W., Musarurwa, T., Nyamugafata, P., Chaukura, N., Chaparadza, A., Mbera, S., Adsorption of Zn2+ and Ni2+ in a binary aqueous solution by
biosorbents derived from sawdust and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).
Water Sci. Technol., 70, 8, 2014.; Jin, H., Hanif, M.U., Capareda, S., Chang, Z., Huang, H., Ai, Y., Copper (II) removal potential from aqueous solu- tion by pyrolysis biochar derived from anaerobically digested algae-dairy- manure and effect of KOH activation. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 4, 365–372, 2016. Park, J., Ok, Y.S., Kim, S., Cho, J., Heo, J., Delaune, R.D., Seo, D., Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw biochar in aque- ous solutions. Chemosphere, 142, 77–83, 2016.
13. Beesley, L., Moreno-Jiménez, E., Gomez-Eyles, J.L., Harris, E., Robinson, B., Sizmur, T., A review of biochars’ potential role in the remediation, reveg- etation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environ. Pollut., 159, 3269–
3282, 2011.; Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Mukome, F.N.D., Machado, S., Nyamasoka, B., Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa:
Opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties. J. Environ. Manage., 150, 250–261, 2015.; Chaukura, N., Gwenzi, W., Tavengwa, N., Manyuchi, M.M., Biosorbents for the removal of synthetic organics and emerging pollutants:
Opportunities and challenges for developing countries. Environ. Dev., 19, 84–89, 2016.
14. Mukome, F.N.D., Zhang, X., Silva, L.C.R., Six, J., Parikh, S.J., Use of Chemical and Physical Characteristics To Investigate Trends in Biochar Feedstocks.
J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 2196–2204, 2013.
15. Sag, Y. and Kutsal, T., Recent Trends in the Biosorption of Heavy Metals:
A Review. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., 6, 376–385, 2001.; Gwenzi, W., Musarurwa, T., Nyamugafata, P., Chaukura, N., Chaparadza, A., Mbera, S., Adsorption of Zn2+ and Ni2+ in a binary aqueous solution by biosorbents derived from sawdust and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water Sci.
Technol., 70, 8, 2014.
16. Ozacar, M. and Sengil, I.A., Adsorption of metal complex dyes from aqueous solutions by pine sawdust. Bioresour. Technol., 96, 791–795, 2005.
17. Annadurai, G., Juang, R., Lee, D., Use of cellulose-based wastes for adsorp- tion of dyes from aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater. B, 92, 263–274, 2002.
18. Fagervold, S.K., Chai, Y., Davis, J.W., Wilken, M., Cornelissen, G., Ghosh, U., Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in E.
fetida from floodplain soils and the effect of activated carbon amendment.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5546–52, 2010.
19. Tomaszewski, J.E., Werner, D., Luthy, R.G., Activated carbon amendment as a treatment for residual DDT in sediment from a superfund site in San Francisco Bay, Richmond, California, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 26, 2143–50, 2007.
20. Zimmerman, J.R., Ghosh, U., Millward, R.N., Bridges, T.S., Luthy, R.G., Addition of Carbon Sorbents to Reduce PCB and PAH Bioavailability in Marine Sediments: Physicochemical Tests. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5458–
5464, 2004.
21. Gomez-Eyles, J.L., Yupanqui, C., Beckingham, B., Riedel, G., Gilmour, C., Ghosh, U., Evaluation of Biochars and Activated Carbons for In Situ Remediation Of Sediments Impacted With Organics, Mercury, And Methylmercury. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 13721–13729, 2013.
22. Beesley, L., Moreno-Jiménez, E., Gomez-Eyles, J.L., Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil.
Environ. Pollut., 2282–2287, 2010.
23. Chaukura, N., Gwenzi, W., Tavengwa, N., Manyuchi, M.M., Biosorbents for the removal of synthetic organics and emerging pollutants: Opportunities and challenges for developing countries. Environ. Dev., 19, 84–89, 2016.
24. Rashed, M.N., Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater, in: Environmental Sciences “Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment, M. Nageeb Rashed (Ed.), 2013.
25. Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Mukome, F.N.D., Machado, S., Nyamasoka, B., Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties. J. Environ. Manage., 150, 250–261, 2015.
26. Mahamadi, C. and Nharingo, T., Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions onto Eichhornia crassipes in binary and ternary systems. Bioresour.
Technol., 101, 859–864, 2010.
27. Aksu, Z. and Donmez, G., A comparative study on the biosorption char- acteristics of some yeasts for Remazol Blue reactive dye. Chemosphere, 50, 1075–83, 2003.
28. Vijayaraghavan, K. and Yun, Y.S., Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption.
Biotechnol. Adv., 26, 266–91, 2008.
29. Crini, G., Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review.
Bioresour. Technol., 2005.; Anastopoulos, I. and Kyzas, G.Z., Composts as Biosorbents for Decontamination of Various Pollutants: a Review. Water Air Soil Pollut., 226, 61, 2015.
30. Gadd, G.M., Biosorption: critical review of scientific rationale, environmen- tal importance and significance for pollution treatment. J. Chem. Technol.
Biotechnol., 84, 13–28, 2009.
31. Toniazzo, L., Fierro, V., Braghiroli, F., Amaral, G., Celzard, A., Biosorption of model pollutants in liquid phase on raw and modified rice husks. J. Phys.:
Conf. Ser., 416, 012026, 2013.
32. Noreen, S. and Bhatti, H.N., Fitting of equilibrium and kinetic data for the removal of Novacron Orange P-2R by sugarcane bagasse. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, 1684–1692, 2014.
33. Lee, L.Y., Chin, D.Z.B., Lee, X.J., Chemmangattuvalappil, N., Gan, S., Evaluation of Abelmoschus esculentus (lady’s finger) seed as a novel biosor- bent for the removal of Acid Blue 113 dye from aqueous solutions. Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 94, 329–338, 2015.
34. Gupta, V.K., Bhushan, R., Nayak, A., Singh, P., Bhushan, B., Biosorption and Reuse Potential of a Blue Green Algafor the Removal of Hazardous Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solutions. Biorem. J., 18, 179–191, 2014.
35. Huang, Y., Zhang, S., Lv, M., Xie, S., Biosorption Characteristics of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Mycelium for Anthracene. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 23, 378–383, 2010.
36. Aksu, Z., Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review. Process Biochem., 40, 997–1026, 2005.
37. Ma, X., Wu, L.L., Fam, H., Heavy metal ions affecting the removal of poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fungi with heavy-metal resistance. Appl.
Microbiol. Biotechnol., 98, 9817–9827, 2014.
38. Williams, P.T. and Besler, S., The Influence of Temperature and Heating Rate on the Slow Pyrolysis of Biomass. Renewable Energy, 7, 233–250, 1996.;
Savova, D., Apak, E., Ekinci, E., Yardim, F., Budinova, T., Razvigorova, M., Minkova, V., Biomass Conversion to Carbon Adsorbents and Gas. Biomass Bioenergy, 21, 133–142, 2001.; Kazuhiro, M., Sato, N., Sakoda, A., Production and Characterization of Carbonaceous Adsorbents from Biomass Wastes by Aqueous Phase Carbonization. Adsorption, 11, 669–673, 2005.; Mochidzuki, K., Sato, N., Sakodo, A., Production and Characterization of Carbonaceous Adsorbents from Biomass Wastes by Aqueous Phase Carbonization. Adsorption, 11, 669–673, 2005.;
Bosong, L., Enchen, J., Xiwei, X., Qiang, Z., Min, L., Mingfeng, W., Reforming of Biomass Pyrolysis Gas Over Bio-Char and Steam, International Conference on Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Advances in Biomedical Engineering, vol.
9, pp. 59–54, 2012.; Kantarelis, E., Yang, W., Blasiak, W., Production of Liquid Feedstock from Biomass via Steam Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Energy Fuels, 27, 4748–4759, 2013.
39. Plaza, M.G., Pevida, C., Arias, B., Fermoso, J., Rubiera, F., Pis, J.J., A Comparison of Two Methods for Producing CO2 Capture Adsorbents.
Energy Procedia, 1, 1107–1113, 2009.; Giron, R.P., Gil, R.R., Suarez-Ruiz, I., Garcia, A.B., Fuente, E., Preparation and Characterization of Adsorbents/
Catalysts From Forest Biomass Fly Ash. 1st Spanish National Conference on Advances in Materials Recycling and Eco-Energy, Madrid, 12–13 November 2009, 2009.; Fathy, N.A., Girgis, B.S., Khalil, L.B., Farah, J.Y., Utilization of Cotton Stalks Biomass Waste in the Production of Carbon Adsorbents by KOH Activation for Removal of Dye Contaminated Water. Carbon Lett., 11, 224–234, 2010.; Khalil, H.P.S.A.M., Jawaid, M., Firoozian, P., Rashid, U., Islam, A., Akil, H.M., Activated Carbon from Various Agricultural Wastes by Chemical Activation with KOH: Preparation and Characterization.
J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy, 7, 1–7, 2013.
40. Fathy, N.A., Girgis, B.S., Khalil, L.B., Farah, J.Y., Utilization of Cotton Stalks Biomass Waste in the Production of Carbon Adsorbents by KOH Activation for Removal of Dye Contaminated Water. Carbon Lett., 11, 224–234, 2010.
41. Brownsort, P., Biomass pyrolysis processes: performance parameters and their influence on biochar system benefits. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 2009.
42. Gwenzi, W., Musarurwa, T., Nyamugafata, P., Chaukura, N., Chaparadza, A., Mbera, S., Adsorption of Zn2+ and Ni2+ in a binary aqueous solution by bio- sorbents derived from sawdust and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).
Water Sci. Technol., 70, 8, 2014.
43. Park, J., Hung, I., Gan, Z., Rojas, O.J., Lim, K.H., Park, S., Activated carbon from biochar: Influence of its physicochemical properties on the sorption characteristics of phenanthrene. Bioresour. Technol., 149, 383–389, 2013.
44. Shen, W., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Guo, Q., Zhang, Y., Oxidization activated carbon fiber through nitrocellulose combustion. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng.
Asp., 308, 20–24, 2007.
45. Budai, A., Rasse, D.P., Lagomarsino, A., Lerch, T.Z., Paruch, L., Biochar per- sistence, priming and microbial responses to pyrolysis temperature series.
Biol. Fertil. Soils, 52, 749–761, 2016.
46. Beesley, L., Moreno-Jiménez, E., Gomez-Eyles, J.L., Harris, E., Robinson, B., Sizmur, T., A review of biochars’ potential role in the remediation, revegeta- tion and restoration of contaminated soils. Environ. Pollut., 159, 3269–3282, 2011.
47. Yu, L. and Luo, Y., The adsorption mechanism of anionic and cationic dyes by Jerusalem artichoke stalk-based mesoporous activated carbon. J. Environ.
Chem. Eng., 2, 220–229, 2014.; Chaukura, N., Gwenzi, W., Tavengwa, N., Manyuchi, M.M., Biosorbents for the removal of synthetic organics and emerging pollutants: Opportunities and challenges for developing countries.
Environ. Dev., 19, 84–89, 2016.
48. Guyo, U., Makawa, T., Moyo, M., Nharingo, T., Nyamunda, B.C., Mugadza, T., Application of response surface methodology for Cd(II) adsorption on maize tassel-magnetite nanohybrid adsorbent. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3, 2472–2483, 2015.; Hu, X., Ding, Z., Zimmerman, A.R., Wang, S., Gao, B., Batch and column sorption of arsenic onto iron-impregnated biochar syn- thesized through hydrolysis. Water Res., 68, 206–216, 2015.
49. Vithanage, M., Rajapaksha, A.U., Tang, X., Thiele-Bruhn, S., Kim, K.H., Lee, S., Ok, Y.S., Sorption and transport of sulfamethazine in agricultural soils amended with invasive-plant-derived biochar. J. Environ. Manage., 141, 95–103, 2014.
50. Akar, S.T., Yilmazer, D., Celik, S., Balk, Y.Y., Akar, T., Effective biodecoloriza- tion potential of surface modified lignocellulosic industrial waste biomass.
Chem. Eng. J., 259, 286–292, 2015.
51. Yakouta, S.M. and Daifullah, A.A.M., Removal of selected polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution onto various adsorbent materi- als. Desalin. Water Treat., 51, 6711–6718, 2013.
52. Olivella, M.A., Jove, P., Oliveras, A., The use of cork waste as a biosorbent for persistent organicpollutants–Study of adsorption/desorption of polycyclic- aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, 46, 824–832, 2011.
53. Ranzi, E., Cuoci, A., Faravelli, T., Frassoldati, A., Migliavacca, G., Pierucci, S., Sommariva, S., Chemical Kinetics of Biomass Pyrolysis. Energy Fuels, 22, 4292–4300, 2008.; Nanda, S., Dalai, A.K., Berruti, F., Kozinski, J.A., Biochar as an Exceptional Bioresource for Energy, Agronomy, Carbon Sequestration, Activated Carbon and Specialty Materials. Waste Biomass Valorization, 7, 201–235, 2016.; Kan, T., Strezov, V., Evans, T.J., Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: A review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters.
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 57, 1126–1140, 2016.; Tripathi, M., Sahu, J.N., Ganesan, P., Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 55, 467–481, 2016.
54. Chaukura, N., Gwenzi, W., Mupatsi, N., Ruziwa, D.T., Chimuka, C., Comparative Adsorption of Zn2+ from Aqueous Solution Using Hydroxylated and Sulphonated Biochars Derived from Pulp and Paper Sludge. Water Air Soil Pollut., 228, 7, 2017.
55. Williams, P.T. and Besler, S., The Influence of Temperature and Heating Rate on the Slow Pyrolysis of Biomass. Renewable Energy, 7, 233–250, 1996.
56. Kantarelis, E., Yang, W., Blasiak, W., Production of Liquid Feedstock from Biomass via Steam Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Energy Fuels, 27, 4748–4759, 2013.
57. Bosong, L., Enchen, J., Xiwei, X., Qiang, Z., Min, L., Mingfeng, W., Reforming of Biomass Pyrolysis Gas Over Bio-Char and Steam, International Conference on Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Advances in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 59–54, 2012.
58. Gao, P., Zhou, Y., Meng, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, W., Xue, G., Preparation and characterization of hydrochar from waste eucalyptus bark by hydrother- mal carbonization. Energy, 97, 238–245, 2016.
59. Giudicianni, P., Cardone, G., Ragucci, R., Cavaliere, A., Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Steam Pyrolysis Cellulose. XXXIV Meeting of the Italian Section of the Italian Section of the Combustion Institute, pp. 1–7, 2011.
60. Kazuhiro, M., Sato, N., Sakoda, A., Production and Characterization of Carbonaceous Adsorbents from Biomass Wastes by Aqueous Phase Carbonization. Adsorption, 11, 669–673, 2005.
61. Adeleye, S.A., Conway, J.R., Garner, K., Huang, Y., Su, Y., Keller, A.A., Engineered nanomaterials for water treatment and remediation: Costs, ben- efits, and applicability. Chem. Eng. J., 286, 640–662, 2016.
62. Jain, C.K., Malik, D.S., Yadav, A.K., Applicability of plant based biosorbents in the removal of heavy metals: a review. Environ. Process., 3, 495–523, 2016.
63. Hu, X., Zhou, Q., Luo, Y., Occurrence and source analysis of typical veteri- nary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China. Environ. Pollut., 158, 2992–2998, 2010.
64. Yao, H., Lu, J., Wu, J., Lu, Z., Wilson, P.C., Shen, Y., Adsorption of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics by Wastewater Sludge Biochar: Role of the Sludge Source. Water Air Soil Pollut., 224, 224–1370, 2013.
65. Redding, A.M., Cannon, F.S., Snyder, S.A., Vanderford, B.J., A QSAR-like analysis of the adsorption of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceu- ticals, and personal care products on modified activated carbons. Water Res., 43, 3849–3861, 2009.; Tijani, J.O., Fatoba, O.O., Babajide, O.O., Petrik, L.F., Pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, personal care products, nanomateri- als and perfluorinated pollutants: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett., 14, 27–49, 2016.
66. Yu, Z., Peldszus, S., Huck, P.M., Adsorption characteristics of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound - Naproxen, car- bamazepine and nonylphenol - on activated carbon. Water Res., 42, 2873–
2882, 2008.; Chang, H.S., Choo, K.H., Lee, B., Choi, S.J., The Methods of Identification, Analysis, and Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in Water. J. Hazard. Mater., 172, 1–12, 2009.
67. Barnhoorn, I.E.J., vanDyk, J.C., Pieterse, G.M., Bornman, M.S., Intersex in feral indigenous freshwater Oreochromis mossambicus, from various parts in the Luvuvhu River, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Ecotoxicol. Environ.
Saf., 73, 1537–1542, 2010.
68. Montes-Grajales, D., Fennix-Agudelo, M., Miranda-Castro, W., Occurrence of personal care products as emerging chemicals of concern in water resources: A review. Sci. Total Environ., 595, 601–614, 2017.
69. Zhang, S., Gitungo, S., Axe, L., Dyksen, J.E., Raczko, R.F., A pilot plant study using conventional and advanced water treatment processes: Evaluating removal efficiency of indicator compounds representative of pharmaceuti- cals and personal care products. Water Res., 105, 85–96, 2016.
70. Krupadam, R.J., Sridevi, P., Sakunthala, S., Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from contaminated industrial groundwater using chitin as a bio- sorbent. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 86, 367–374, 2011.
71. Jung, C., Park, J., Lim, K.H., Park, S., Heo, J., Her, N., Oh, J., Yun, S., Yoon, Y., Adsorption of selected endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuti- cals on activated biochars. J. Hazard. Mater., 263, 702–710, 2013.
72. Yu, Z., Peldszus, S., Huck, P.M., Adsorption characteristics of selected phar- maceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound - Naproxen, carbamaz- epine and nonylphenol - on activated carbon. Water Res., 42, 2873–2882, 2008.
73. Raman, C.D. and Kanmani, S., Textile dye degradation using nano zero valent iron: A review. J. Environ. Manage., 177, 341–355, 2016.; Reza, K.M., Kurny, A.S.W., Gulshan, F., Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degrada- tion of dyes using TiO2: A review. Appl. Water Sci., 7, 1569–1578, 2017.
74. Akar, S.T., Yilmazer, D., Celik, S., Balk, Y.Y., Akar, T., Effective biodecolorization potential of surface modified lignocellulosic industrial waste biomass. Chem.
Eng. J., 259, 286–292, 2015.; Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Mukome, F.N.D., Machado, S., Nyamasoka, B., Biochar production and applications in sub- Saharan Africa: Opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties. J. Environ.
Manage., 150, 250–261, 2015.; Fang, J., Gao, B., Chen, J., Zimmerman,
A.R., Hydrochars derived from plant biomass under various conditions:
Characterization and potential applications and impacts. Chem. Eng. J., 267, 253–259, 2015.; He, Q., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Zou, Z., Zhou, J., Yang, K., Zheng, L., Lotus seedpod as a low-cost biomass for potential methylene blue adsorption. Water Sci. Technol., 2016.
75. Vidal, C.B., Barros, A.L., Moura, C.P., de Lima, A.C.A., Dias, F.S., Luiz.
Vasconcellos, C.G., Fechine, P.B.A., Nascimento, R.F., Adsorption of poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions by modified periodic mesoporous organosilica. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 357, 466–473, 2011.
76. 2006/0129 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy and amending Directive 2000/60/EC, European Commission, Brussels, 2006.; 2007/C 97/02 Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on environ- mental quality standards in the field of water policy and amending Directive 2000/60/EC, Off. J. Eur. Union C97, 2007.
77. Yakouta, S.M. and Daifullah, A.A.M., Removal of selected polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution onto various adsorbent materi- als. Desalin. Water Treat., 51, 6711–6718, 2013.
78. Tan, X., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, X., Hu, X., Gu, Y., Yang, Z., Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere, 125, 70–85, 2015.; Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Noubactep, C., Mukome, F.N.D., Biochar-based water treatment systems as a potential low-cost and sustainable technology for clean water provision. J. Environ. Manage., 197, 732–749, 2017a.
79. Tan, X., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, X., Hu, X., Gu, Y., Yang, Z., Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere, 125, 70–85, 2015.
80. Zhang, P., Sun, H., Yu, L., Sun, T., Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of carbaryl and Atrazine on pig manure-derived biochars: Impact of structural properties of biochars. J. Hazard. Mater., 244–245, 217–224, 2013.; Lupul, I., Yperman, J., Carleer, R., Gryglewicz, G., Adsorption of atrazine on hemp stem-based activated carbons with different surface chemistry. Adsorption, 21, 489–498, 2015.
81. Nartey, O.D. and Zhao, B., Biochar Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorptive Capacity and Its Effect on Bioavailability of Contaminants:
An Overview. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2014.; Huang, D., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Zeng, G., Peng, Z., Zhou, J., Cheng, M., Wang, R., Hu, Z., Qin, X., Sorptive removal of ionizable antibiotic sulfamethazine from aqueous solution by graphene oxide-coated biochar nanocomposites: Influencing factors and mechanism. Chemosphere, 186, 414–421, 2017.
82. Zaheer, S., Bhatti, H.N., Sadaf, S., Safa, Y., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Biosorption characteristics of sugarcane bagasse for the removal of foron blue E-BL dye from aqueous solutions. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 24, 272–279, 2014.
83. Singh, K. and Padmesh, T.V.N., Biosorption of Dyes onto Mango Seed and Pineapple Peel, pp. 45–46, EURECA, 2013.
84. Huang, Y., Zhang, S., Lv, M., Xie, S., Biosorption Characteristics of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Mycelium for Anthracene. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 23, 378–383, 2010.
85. Tomczak, E., Kaminski, W., Tosik, P., Adsorption dynamics studies of azo dyes removal by biosorbent. Desalin. Water Treat., 55, 10, 1–6, 2014.
86. Wang, M., Zhang, Q., Yao, S., A novel biosorbent formed of marine- derived Penicillium janthinellum mycelial pellets for removing dyes from dye-containing wastewater. Chem. Eng. J., 259, 837–844, 2015.
87. Lee, L.Y., Chin, D.Z.B., Lee, X.J., Chemmangattuvalappil, N., Gan, S., Evaluation of Abelmoschus esculentus (lady’s finger) seed as a novel biosor- bent for the removal of Acid Blue 113 dye from aqueous solutions. Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 94, 329–338, 2015.
88. Deniz, F., Optimization of Biosorptive Removal of Dye fromAqueous System by Cone Shell of Calabrian Pine. Sci. World J., 2014, 1–10, 2014.
89. Maurya, R., Ghosh, T., Paliwal, C., Shrivastav, A., Chokshi, K., Pancha, I., Ghosh, A., Mishra, S., Biosorption of Methylene Blue by De-Oiled Algal Biomass: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Artificial Neural Network Modelling.
PLoS ONE, 9, 1–13, 2014.
175
Ajay Kumar Mishra, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Shivani Bhardwaj Mishra (eds.) Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications, (175–202) © 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC