Introduction
Background of the Study
2 within poor urban or informal settlements earn a living by undertaking a series of activities which mainly take place in the informal sector. Some of the informal settlement developments in Jika Joe resulted in the creation of employment opportunities for slum dwellers to earn a living and reduce their poverty.
Problem Statement
This study, according to the researcher, became imperative as little or no academic research has been done on the livelihood strategies of slum dwellers in communities such as Jika Joe located in the Pietermaritzburg environs. Slum dwellers make up the majority of the urban population and are among the most vulnerable groups.
Main Objectives
Su-Objectives
Questions to be asked
Study Justification
Outline of the Dissertation
Conclusion
Introduction
Definition of Concepts
Informal Settlements/ Slums
Livelihood Strategies
Urban Poverty
Theoretical Framework
Sustainable Livelihood Approach
The concept of sustainable livelihoods (SL) is an attempt to go beyond the conventional term related to poverty eradication, Weiss (2014). Sustainable livelihoods are also concerned with creating opportunities and strategies for the livelihoods of poor and excluded people.
Critics of the Sustainable Livelihood Approach
In addition to the limitations presented above, past experiences indicate many strengths of the sustainable livelihoods approach. Perhaps the most positive force is that the sustainable livelihoods approach provides a useful framework for better understanding slum dwellers' livelihood strategies and how interventions can be better tailored to improve livelihoods (DFID, 1999).
Development Approach
Definition of Development
Scholars such as Tissington argue that "development is one of the oldest and most powerful of all Western ideas". Furthermore, the mainstream of development thinking can be analyzed along a continuum that runs between two ideological opposites, socialism versus capitalism Scholars such as Tissington (2011:250).
Development and its Significance as an Approach
For development to take place, there should be an integration of resources (Butler and Mazur 2007). Various programs should be in place to meet physical, social and economic development needs.
Factors that Influence Development
The focus (in terms of this study) should be on building the capacity, resources and social networks of NGOs and CBOs in Msunduzi. The social resources (networks, social claims, social relations, preferences, associations) that people draw on in pursuing different livelihood strategies require coordinated actions.
Conclusion
The skills, knowledge, ability to work, and good health and physical ability are important for the successful pursuit of various livelihood strategies (Butler and Mazur 2007). 18 ways in which slum livelihood strategies can be sustained and what the legislative framework is to protect the slum dwellers.
Introduction
Legislative Framework
- The 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
- The Housing White Paper
- The Housing Act no 107 of 1997
- Breaking New Ground policy
The Housing Act followed the Housing White Paper as a continuation of the guidelines, programs and provisions set out in the White Paper. This became the de facto housing policy in 1997 with the introduction of the Housing Act. Breaking New Ground is the second phase of housing policy in post-apartheid South Africa.
The purpose of the BNG was to conduct a review of the housing program after identifying a number of deficiencies in the housing program (Tissington 2011).
Conclusion
For example, in the case of Sbusiso Zikode of Kennedy Road in Durban, who is president of Abahlali Basemjondolo, his life was threatened by politicians after the Abahlali Basemjondolo won the case against Ethekwini Municipality. The argument is that the authorities assume that the settlements are the problem, and not the material and political reality that gives rise to the settlements. Instead of trying to reduce injustice, they attack the attempts of ordinary people to survive in an unjust society, at Abahlali base Mjondolo. Additionally, shack dweller organizations across the country and across the political spectrum have strongly rejected the Slums Act.
People have been beaten, shot with rubber bullets and arrested while marching against their discontent Abahlali base Mjondolo (2007).
Introduction
Research Design
- Research Method Adopted
Source of Data Collection
- Primary Data
- Secondary Data
- Direct Observation
The in-depth interview is a technique that gives the researcher the freedom to elicit information from the respondents in an uninhibited and desired pattern. In general, interviews allow the researcher to go deeper into the initial responses of the respondents to get a more detailed answer or perspective on the issue raised (Babbie & Mouton, 1998). Therefore, the researcher was able to see things through the participants' eyes.
The researcher also observed how business people or participants in the Jika Joe community interact with each other.
Sampling Method
- Non- Probability Sampling Method
- Purposive Sampling
- Snowballing Sampling
The process enabled the researcher to learn about the activities of the people being studied in the natural environment through observation and participation in those activities. The researcher observed the area by looking at the activities around the area that the residents adopted to earn a living. The municipal officials were included in the study to give the researcher more complete insight into the study area and provide maps of the settlement.
These families helped the researcher identify and contact others in the settlement.
Data Analysis
- Qualitative Content Analysis
The respondents were identified with the help of two community leaders, including a ward councilor and two influential families, whom the researcher contacted. This use of snowball flying is a form of purposive sampling because the researcher went to Jika Joe with the purpose of finding relevant people to participate in this research. 38 Furthermore, the researcher risks not collecting information that then becomes invalid because the data has not been collected correctly.
The importance of using content analysis for this research allowed the researcher to analyze large amounts of data.
Ethical Considerations
This study adopted content analysis to analyze the data which was collected from primary and secondary sources. With this method, data obtained from interviews and secondary materials were analyzed within the context of the research questions and study objectives. This method involves systematically dividing the data into themes and identifying similar ideas throughout the study (du Plooy-Cilliers 2014).
Anticipated Problems/Limitations
In research, experience has shown that not all potential participants may wish to participate in a study, and if they do, they may choose not to be identified. Although the Jika Joe informal settlement has four sections, this study focuses on two sections. The reason for choosing two sections was the suggestion of the district councilor of the area that the researcher should focus there, as the security in the selected areas is much better than in other areas of the settlement.
With the help of the ward councilor, people were given the opportunity to speak out as they hoped that the area ward councilor, who recommended them for participation in the study, would help them meet their needs.
Conclusion
Babbie (2001) argues that this is a normal expectation and, in accordance with the principles of ethical considerations, participant confidentiality will be guaranteed. The expected limitations were not experienced, all participants were willing to participate and provide information that was required of them.
- Introduction
- Background of the Study Area
- Jika Joe Informal Settlement Locality Map
- Study Population
- Other Research Findings
- Factors that Led to the Establishment of Jika Joe informal Settlement
- Survival Strategies of Jika Joe
- Small Businesses
- Social Grants
- Challenges Facing the Inhabitants of Joe Informal Settlements
- Unemployment
- Lack of Start-Up Capital
- Shortage of Space
- Crime
- Illegal Businesses
- Lack of Access to Education
- Lack of Infrastructure
- Government Support to the Slum Dwellers of Jika Joe
- Conclusion
By 'technical services' the researcher means those services that Jika Joe members provide to the rest of the community in exchange for money, which require a certain skill that not everyone in the settlement possesses. In the case of the Jika Joe settlement, the people who were interviewed receive child support grants. It uses three poverty lines - food poverty line (FPL), lower poverty line (LBPL) and upper poverty line (UBPL).
However, none of the participants were forced to close their activities due to crime in the area. Repopulation of slum dwellers is another challenge because even if they can provide houses for some, others will come to a shack built in the area. The study revealed that none of the activities or projects they do receive assistance from the municipality, instead they collect funds from their personal contributions if they want to implement projects in the area.
Introduction
- Livelihood Activities
- Survival Challenges
This confirms Mtapuri's (2011) contention that the residents of informal settlements have poor access to basic services, especially water, sanitation and electricity. There is no doubt that South Africa has come a long way in the struggle to eradicate informal settlements and provide adequate housing for the poor. This means that upgrading informal settlements should not be the sole responsibility of the Department of Human Settlements and Local Municipal Housing Units.
The researcher hopes that the findings of this study will contribute to further research on poverty and the survival strategies that people in informal settlements adopt to earn their livelihood.
Recommendations
- Upgrading Programs
- Community Participation
- Literacy
- Credit Facilities
- Relocation
This should include social projects to improve the living conditions of slum residents. The relocation of the slum dwellers impacted the residents in several ways. In addition, the government must provide the necessary infrastructure, including the provision of habitable housing (slum improvement), the incorporation of the slums into the physical and social fabric of the city, the provision of new housing and community facilities.
This should include social projects to improve the livelihood of slum dwellers.
Conclusion
The exploration of appropriate informal settlement intervention in South Africa: contributions from a comparison with Brazil. dissertation, South Africa: University of Cape Town, unpublished. Singh, N and Kalala, P (1995) Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: community and policy studies for Burkino Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and. Socio-economics Rights Institute of South Africa - A resource guide to housing in South Africa Legislation, policy, programs and practice Tissington, K.
Ziblim (2013) the dynamics of informal settlement improvement in South Africa: legislative and policy context, issues, tensions and contradictions.
Questions for slum dwellers
UN-HABITAT (2003); Squatters of the World: The Face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium.
Questions for Msunduzi municipality officials
Informed Content Form
I am studying for a Master of Housing at the Department of Built Environment and Development Studies at the University of KwaZulu Natal. This will require me to interview community members and municipal officials to conduct my research.
