Anecdotal evidence of a decline in maize consumption per per capita is based on an expected higher employment rate for the population. The demographics of the black African population, as the dominant consumers of maize flour, are characterized by attention.
INTRODUCTION
- O b j e c t i v e s of the study
- Limitations of the study
- Structure of the study
- Summary of Chapters .1 Introduction
- L i t e r a t u r e Review
- Research methodology
- Primary research
- Recommendations and conclusions
- The research problem
- Value of the research
The most dominant features of the phenomenon were then considered in the Gauteng context. Parts of the study are highlighted and the structure to be found in the following chapters is briefly described.
TRENDS IN EATING HABITS AND GAUTENG POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS - a Literature Review
Global Trends and Perspectives
- Urbanisation to accelerate
- The G l o b a l i z a t i o n of the food distribution system
- The impact of the food processing and fast food industry
- Robust growth in personal income
At nearly 4%, their economies are expected to grow more than twice as fast as those in the developed world. Gauteng can also be considered a microcosm of socio-economic trends in the country as a whole.
National and regional population demographics
- The Impact of HIV/AIDS
- Population growth and migration streams
- Age Group Dispersion
- Population Group proportions of Gauteng population
- Employment rates and income
What they do agree on, however, is the trend effect of AIDS on population growth and in particular the decline in population life expectancy. The share of Gauteng and the Western Cape in the national population increased, at the expense of the Eastern Cape, the Free State, Limpopo and Kwa-Zulu-N a t al in particular.
Eating habits by population group and region
Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng Kwa Zulu Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape Northwest Western Cape. The Western Cape is also a highly urbanized region, but in addition, black Africans represent only 22.4% of the region's population. There is therefore a direct correlation between the proportions that black Africans make up of a province's total population, and the share of total food expenditure in that province that is spent on maize meal.
East Cape Free State Gauteng Kwa Zulu Natal Limpopo Mpumulanga North Cape North West Western Cape. Baked dishes/meals (meat, fish poultry) Baked dishes/meals (vegetables) Meals and snacks. Due to increased i n t e r n a t i o n a l trade, Western companies try to export to the new emerging markets and the advertising and other marketing tools used tend to export not only food but also n e g a t i v e aspects of life.
Maize milling and maize consumption
- Maize Milling
- Maize Consumption
- The demand substitution effect
Milling ex t r a c t i o n , or the mill separation, is the result of the process of converting corn into an edible product, removing the husk, bran, and other inedible components of the seed. The cornmeal that remains can be further divided into different flour grades, usually based on the corn oil content of the flour. Paradoxically, the nutritional value of cornmeal is higher in flours with a higher oil content.
34;The increased use of grain crops for human consumption is an important phenomenon in the last two populations emerging from grain-based diets. One of the most decades was the shift entirely towards meat and dairy consumption. While corn production (agriculture) continues unabated, corn milling and consumption shows a static if not marginal increase in production, but it is the declining corn consumption PER CAPITA, as shown in Table 4.5, that is of concern to the industry.
Conclusion
These factors would maintain to some extent the current trends of corn milling, which is showing a slight increase in production. The study then conducted an in-depth examination of existing demographic d e t a i l i n g literature in Gauteng in an attempt to draw parallels between c i r c u m s t a n e prevailing in the province and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude with a reasonable degree of confidence that c i r c u m s t a n prevails reflect g l o b a l l y eating trends. The i t e r a t u r e review concluded that some published datasets should be further analyzed and presented in alternative formats to add credibility to the p i c u r e emerging from the literature review.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction
- Step 1: - Choosing and developing a subject to study This study originates from within the maize milling industry and as such
- Step 2: - Determine research strategy
- Step 3: - Literature search strategy
- Step 4: - The research strategy
- Conclusion
This study is being made available to industry in the hope that it will be of value to better understand the demographic changes occurring in the nation's urban areas and to begin the process of innovating "out of the p r o b l e m ". The industry remains a critical link in the country's food chain and still supplies the necessary nutrition and sustenance for a large part of the country's purchases. It is therefore of national interest that the industry remains competitive and viable in the long term.
Qualitative: - D e s c r i p t i o n s of the urbanization phenomenon as depicted by agencies of the United N a t i o n s were collected and analyzed to determine relevance in the context of changing eating behavior. After the research approach was determined in the literature review, the research strategy could now be formulated. Secondly, the demographic trends prevailing in Gauteng were analyzed from a deductive point of view where data was quantitative and already partially existed in the p u b l i c a t i o n s of STATS SA and the BMR report.
RESULTS OF NEW DATA 4.1 Introduction
- Per Capita Income growth and population spending power
- Eating habits of income earners verses the unemployed
- Members per household
- The increasing role of women in the labour force
- Conclusion
STATS SA provided the data on the number of income earners in each of the income categories, as well as the number of individuals in the population group who were employed. Unemployment for the population group as a whole is increasing, but women's participation in the labor force is increasing. The increase in unemployment among the black African population resulted in the total per capita income for the entire group increasing by only 32%, while in the same period the total per capita income for the white group increased by more than 123% has increased.
This monthly development of the white population has a significant impact on retail advertising and product availability in the past. The study showed that wage increases in the black African population group had exceeded inflation, but rising unemployment did result in the population becoming poorer in real terms. Women, as traditional meals, found their role in the black African workforce increasing in importance, specifically from 35.9%.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Introduction
Recommendations
- Non food uses for maize
- Business Models
The problem of declining corn consumption calls for a fresh look at the uses of corn in the search for alternatives. Milling companies should explore providing on-site preparation facilities, which will capture the demand for that company's product. Publicize the negative aspects of fatty and sugary diets and offer alternatives in the form of corn-based meals.
This is most likely for cultural reasons, as the industry is caught up in the mindset that maize is the staple food of the black African population group. Perhaps the greatest opportunity for corn to regain the value it once contributed to the national economy lies in the non-food uses of corn products. The vast majority of the country's population uses maize for daily survival and nutrition, and despite declining trends in consumption, this is unlikely to change in the long term.
Limitations of the study
The industry is facing profitability issues beyond its control and is refocusing its strategies to focus on urban areas where margins can be maintained to some extent. Despite the level of urbanization, the country's rural areas are still where the majority of the country's population lives, and this is the area where food security concerns are greatest. An alternative business model for the industry that maintains the viability of the industry while distributing products to the people is beyond the scope of this study.
C o n t r a d i c t i o n s were mainly found in data where the trends were more important than actual figures and fortunately in all cases authorities agreed on trends while disagreeing on actual figures. This is most likely the result of arithmetic or typical errors and again the trends suggested are more important than the figures quoted. Anecdotal evidence can confidently conclude that although significant purchases are made through the informal channels, these channels in turn purchase their requirement through the formal channels or w h o l e s a l e .
Avenues of further and new research
- Lottery and Cell phone spend
- Urban fast food and convenience food marketing
- Real demand vs Effective demand
- HIV/AIDS
- Migration to alternative carbohydrates
While the study concludes that urbanization leads a population to move towards alternative foods, money diverted to lotteries and cell phones should lead to people with limited disposable income actually eating less. The extent to which marketing campaigns for fast and convenience foods affect the urban poor and unemployed. The study concluded that it is not an increase in disposable income that enables people to migrate to alternative foods, but rather other issues such as time gaps etc.
In light of falling prices accompanied by falling demand, a question must be asked and perhaps warrants further research - "To what extent has the falling price of maize been outstripped by the decline in affordability of the p r o d u c t . The study has put it appears that the Black African population in Gauteng is impoverishing and unemployment is increasing. In the context of this study further research is essential on the predicted effects of maize consumption.
Conclusions on research and new data
- Per Capita income growth and spending power
- Per capita maize consumption
- Eating habits of income earners verses the unemployed
- Members per household
- The increasing role of woman in the labour force
However, the wealth of the population group as a whole fell in real terms by almost 3% during the period under review. This would limit the ability of the population group, by far the most dominant corn consumers, to exercise choice in the type of food pu rc h a s e . This aspect was considered in light of the fact that most of the income tended to be urban r e s i d e n t since urban areas are the p r o v i d e r of employment in the country.
Comparisons of household consumption of the different categories were drawn between groups of people based on degrees of income. In order to support this assumption, the study attempted to quantify the extent of the increase in single people residing in the province. This study discusses a number of the phenomena resulting from u r b a n i s a t i o n , which directly affect the food demand patterns of a p o p u l a t i o n .
Conclusion
Previously born from an environment of central control, the industry finds itself having to deal with both the rise of the market level and the phenomenon of u rb a n i s a t i o n . While much of the data presented in this study and the conclusions reached depend on reasonable judgment, it can be concluded that the process of u r b a n i s a t i o n will cause and be responsible for the decrease in maize consumption levels in Gauteng. Maize n e v e r t h e l e s remains an integral part of the n a t i o n food chain and is central to food security in South Africa.
The long-term sustainability of the mill industry is therefore of national strategic importance, mainly due to the fact that despite falling consumption per n. 34;The Effect of the South African Trade Policy Regime on the beef and maize sub s e c t o r s ", University of the Free State. Ebony Consulting The food security effects of the deregulation of agricultural marketing in South Africa".
