Almost half of the respondents believe that the municipality does not take non-revenue water management seriously. Therefore, it is recommended that the municipality acquires equipment for the management of non-revenue water that can detect leaks and also intensively measure water consumption.
INTRODUCTION
- Introduction
- Background
- Motivation of the study
- Focus of the study
- Problem statement
- Objectives
- Research Questions
- Justification of the study
- Limitations of the study
- Summary
This study also attempts to answer the question related to the commitment and ability of the municipality to try to reduce NRW consumption in Lidgetton. The municipality will also use this study to introspect in terms of the entire water supply chain process to their communities.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Theoretical literature
Sid argued that due to a large volume of water loss, a serious intervention was needed in the city of Souk Ahra. Therefore, this statement supports the argument that the human factor can also play a critical role in reducing water losses and NRW.
Strategy to reduce NRW
Looking at what happened at the Tampa Department of Water Services in Washington DC, it's a good case study of the impact of the human factor on increased water consumption. Their water consumption increased to beyond 82 MGD which was their maximum limit to extract from river extraction.
Planning and implementing a Non-Revenue Water strategy
- Water balance: Amount of water lost
- Water balance component: sections that are losing water in the water
- Review of network operating practices: Reasons for losing water
- Upgrading and strategy development
- Establishing NRW reduction strategy team
- The zoning concept
- Flow metering
- Leakage management policies
- Pressure management
- Infrastructure management and repair policy
- Passive control
- Active leakage control (ALC)
- Regular survey
- Leakage monitoring
- Selecting the most appropriate policy
- Finding the leaks
- Measuring Performance
- Maintaining the strategy
- Customer metering policy
- Technology transfer and training
- Operation and Maintenance
- NRW assessment methods
- Top down approach
- Bottom up approach
- Component based analysis
- The reverse approach equation
System Input Volume is the annual volume of input to that part of the water supply system. Roland Liemberger and Farley (n.d.) argue that the question "why is water lost?" can be addressed by a review of the network and the way it is operated. A physical survey of the DMA can be useful in finding households with heavy nighttime use.
Summary
NRW = Real losses + outdoor consumption + inflow from wastewater plants + exfiltration of sewers - infiltration of sewers - billed water. Quac: Unbilled authorized consumption: metered consumption that has not been billed, as well as any type of authorized consumption that has not been billed or metered. Qout: Outdoor consumption: water used for lawn irrigation or watering plants, washing cars, cleaning houses and refilling ornamental fountains, ponds and surface lagoons (Nunez, et.al., 2010).
Qex: Exfiltration: Wastewater flows out of a sewer Qin: Infiltration: Groundwater entering a sewer system. The methods adopted by the IWA to calculate and differentiate commercial losses from physical losses have also played an important role in guiding the industry to measure and monitor water losses and allowable consumption as set out in the IWA Best Practice Standard Water Balance. All these methods are part of the NRW management strategy that municipalities and water boards should adopt.
The strategy also suggests that leakage management policies should be in place to monitor and address water losses. Leak management programs are implemented in the distribution network as part of the effort to reduce NRW.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Introduction
- Aims and objectives of the study
- Participation and location of the study
- The Sample
- Data collection strategy
- Research design and methods
- Description and purpose
- Pretesting and validation
- Administration of the questionnaire
- Reliability Statistics
- Analysis of the data
- Summary
The survey was carried out in Lidgetton township, from the water treatment plant to the consumers' shops. The data, analyzed in Chapter 4, were collected using questionnaires, they were distributed and collected from employees working in different departments in the municipality. The burst pipe and incident record was collected from water and sanitation technicians in the operations and maintenance section in the Lidgetton area.
Questionnaires were distributed along with a consent letter, and a gatekeeper's letter was also produced prior to the distribution of questionnaires to respondents. In order to pre-test and validate the questionnaires, the questionnaires were distributed to four Budget Officers from the finance department and Senior Technicians from the technical department. An expert in statistics was also consulted to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the questionnaire.
In order to check for coding accuracy in the coded paper, at least 10% of the data must be checked (Sekaran and Bougie. The research methodology used in this study allowed the municipal employees involved in water-related activities to contribute to the study by responding to the questionnaire provided to them.
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
Introduction
Factor Analysis
The KMO and Bartletts’s Test tables, and Rotated Component Matrix table
- Customer Level of Satisfaction
To perform a factor analysis, the researcher must believe that the factors actually exist, but in practice the factors are usually interpreted, named, and talked about as real things. Water consumption monitoring equipment is useful There is technical capacity to monitor water consumption. The municipality takes non-revenue water. Principal component analysis was used as the extraction method, and Varimax with Kaiser normalization was the rotation method.
This is an orthogonal rotation method that minimizes the number of variables with high loadings on each factor. Quality of work of municipal employees .392 .656 Response time of the municipality that should be paid attention to. An examination of the content of items loading at or above 0.5 (and using the higher or highest loading in cases where items load higher than this value) was effectively measured along the different components.
Personal data
Age and gender analysis
This category of men between the ages of 35 and 44 constitutes 24.5% of the total sample. This category of women between the ages of 18 and 34 constitutes 9.1% of the total sample.
Qualification breakdown
Racial analyses
Section Analysis
- Water management scoring patterns
- Illustration of significances in scoring patterns
- Financial management
- Summary of financial responses
- Significance testing
- Water expenditure savings
- Social Questionnaire
- Customers level of satisfaction for water service
- Chi square testing results
- Water conservation management
- Chi-square test for water conservation
- Legality of Water Usage
- Illegal water users
- Who does illegal water connections?
- Reasons residents resort to illegal water consumption
The significance of these differences was tested using the chi-square test for a single variable, as shown in Table 4.8 below. Since all but two p-values are below the 0.05 significance level, this implies that the observed differences were significant. It also examines the level of knowledge that municipal employees have about NRW management and matters that affect consumers on a daily basis.
The following table 4.10 shows the level of satisfaction of municipal employees regarding their ability to meet consumer expectations. This table below illustrates the level of awareness of municipal employees regarding the municipal commitment to water conservation. As shown in Table 4.12 above, consumers do not seem to monitor their monthly water consumption, and the municipality does not seem to be efficient enough.
Information campaigns in the local community are effective Table 4.13 above shows that all differences are significant except "If consumers are taught, they apply what they have learned from the municipality". The above table 4.16 shows that the three highest rated items at between 36.4% and 41.8% are all related to money paid by consumers.
Reaction of Municipal employees to Municipal policies
Of respondents who were aware of illegal connections, approximately two-thirds (66.3%) indicated that community members were responsible for establishing the connections. Percentage of consumers not aware of the application procedure 17.3 Complicated application process for new home connections 17.3. The lowest ranking contains two items, each with a score of 17.3%, and both relate to the application process.
It is also worth noting that the most valued item is "the municipality should impose a fine for illegal water users" with 89.5%.
Hypothesis Testing
The p-value between “highest level of qualification” and “water meters working properly” is 0.030, and it is less than the significance value of 0.05. There is a significant relationship between the two variables which are, "there is technical capacity to monitor water use" and "gender". The p-value is 0.001 between the two variables and it is less than 0.05 which is the significance value.
The p value for these two variables is 0.044 and this number is less than 0.05 which is the significant value. There seems to be a significant correlation between "Race" and "Do you know the actual number of consumers in Lidgetton?". The p value is 0.013 for these two variables and it is less than the significant value of 0.05.
The other variables that have a significant relationship are "how is the illegal use of water in Lidgetton" and "gender". These two variables have a significant correlation with a p-value of 0.005, which is also less than 0.05. All values without an. or p-values greater than 0.05) do not have a significant association.
Correlations
Summary
DISCUSSION
- Introduction
- Responses according to departments
- Discussion by objectives
- Objective 1
- Objective 2
- Objective 3
- Objective 4
- Summary
What was even more worrying is that 50.46% of the respondents did not think that the municipality takes NRW management seriously. The result shows that 89.5% of the respondents agree that the municipality should impose penalties on illegal water users. In order for the municipality to be considered proactive, this will mean that all the systems regarding NRW management are in place.
The probability that the employees know about the NRW management is high if the municipality takes the above-mentioned approach. The results in figure 5.3 above show that there is a positive development regarding the work that the municipality carries out towards their consumers. While the level of dissatisfaction varies from 51% to 58% for the three items, "Water charges", "meter readings" and "water billing", the level of satisfaction varies from 16% to 23%.
It then shows the three highly rated reasons for water misuse and these are "the belief that water should be free" at 41.8%, "connection charge" at 39.1% and "water charges" at 36.4%. It also means that the municipality does not inform consumers thoroughly about how to save water, therefore the 50% on "the municipality informs consumers about how to save water"; as a result, the unbilled authorized consumption will be high.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
- Introduction
- Has the problem been solved?
- Findings
- Implications of this research
- Recommendations to solve the problem
- Limitations and area for future studies
- Summary
The findings of this study exposed some of the things that the municipality should be aware of and these will benefit the municipality in many ways. It is recommended that the municipality obtains any known equipment for monitoring and measuring NRW. The municipality does not have to implement all the aforementioned recommendations immediately; these may be done in phases depending on the availability of funds.
It is therefore recommended that a skills audit be carried out for the municipality in the future to identify the actual capacity of the municipality in relation to NRW management. It is also recommended that more field work be done in future studies to gather all the information that may be needed to assist the municipality to manage NRW effectively. The research questions are designed in such a way that they address the challenges that the municipality faces in relation to NRW management related matters.
As already mentioned, most of the requested technical information could not be received from the municipality. 1 The municipality must punish illegal users of water. 2 Is 6,000 liters of free monthly basic water enough?
![Strongly disagree [ ] Disagree [ ] Agree [ ] Strongly agree [ ] 2](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)