The theoretical framework of the study, to narrow it down, is poverty alleviation through rural development. 5 The government's unwillingness to accept responsibility for paying the recurring costs was instrumental in the termination of the project.
Significance of the study
3 As the farmers failed to fulfill their obligations to the loan offered by the project, the project was closed. The covered literature is also intended to reflect on the functioning of the process that leads to the subtle interweaving of bureaucratic politics, economic interests and local institutions in development planning; all of which can influence the swing towards success or failure of a program or project.
Lesotho's Agriculture and Rural Development Projects
In addition, it was the focus on poverty that led to the concept of integrated rural development projects, which were implemented in Lesotho and in many of the developing countries. It also highlights the manifestations of power relations along the aid chain in order to show that they can benefit or harm the development program or project.
PERCENT OF GPP AT FACTOR COST BY SECTOR
Crop farming
Cole (1993) compared gross margins per hectare for farmers using improved practices under prevailing management conditions with farmers using traditional low input packages. The 1993 poverty survey of 1,719 households found a slightly positive but statistically insignificant correlation between production per hectare and expenditure per hectare.
Rural Development Projects in Lesotho
He states that some Basotho farmers do not like to work collectively on the land and tend to withdraw their labor input into the program to be borne by other farmers. He continues his position by stating that rural development projects are widely distributed across the African continent and that on closer inspection these projects appear to be planned, implemented and justified in much the same way as in Lesotho.
The Political Machinations of Foreign Aid
- The Multilateral Development Banks as Sources of Official Development Assistance
- Multilateral Development Banks, Bilateralism and the rules of the game
- The Modalities And The Nature of Conditionalities
- Issues Around Ownership
As a result, the lending capacity of each of the RDBs in its respective region began to close the gap with that of the World Bank in the same region. He continues his discussion to mention that the World Bank Group constitutes the core of the multilateral institutional sector of the aid regime.
Executives And Bureaucracies
What is not clear is whether the project belongs to the donor, to the staff or to the people affected. In fact, African elites involved in the system have strong ties of social obligation to the countryside and to the patterns of patronage, nepotism and corruption that have arisen from it. As a result, there are many projects that are not well thought out and should never have been started.
Or parastatal projects have been placed in the wrong places and this has increased production costs. In sum, widespread political interventions—driven by the need to build a political following or by the desire for personal economic gain—have been instrumental in undermining the functioning of public enterprises and projects. Ministers, army officers and parliamentarians have been identified as going down to banks and taking large loans, often with insufficient or non-existent collateral.
Government-owned banks have often been forced to lend significant sums to political figures. Many of these loans have been non-performing and such large 'non-performing' assets have rendered public commercial banks insolvent.
The Agricultural And Rural Development Projects in Developing Countries
He cites the case of the massive Rio Grande do Norte project in Brazil, where the directly accessible target population consisted of less than 20 percent of the total population in the project area, adding that this is far from atypical of other banking projects. In this review, the audit notes that agricultural projects are classified as "poverty-oriented" and "non-poverty-oriented", the term poverty-oriented does not refer to projects where the overwhelming majority of the intended direct beneficiaries are members of certain target groups, but only where these groups make up at least half of all beneficiaries. 34; It was becoming clear that the position of the poor masses within this development framework was deteriorating" (Kotze 1997).
This is widely recognized by donors; indeed, the shift to IRDPs, with their multifaceted components, was in part a recognition of the complexity of the rural development process. The core problem lies not so much in the failure of particular types of development aid intervention, but more fundamentally in the failure of all the various actors and observers - the official aid agencies, the recipient governments, the critics and the poor themselves - to determine how exactly to achieve rural to promote development and to improve the economic well-being of the poor (Riddell, 1987). There are many assertions and beliefs and a sparse supply of facts." Given the complexity of the issues of agricultural development and the lack of knowledge about the distinctive and highly heterogeneous features of African agriculture, it is important to recognize that ignorance and uncertainty with respect to the design and implementation of agricultural strategies are unavoidable and serious flaws.
In fact, one of the most serious sources of failure and frustration in Africa has been the false confidence that donors have. This chapter is divided into two parts, namely the discussion of research methodologies and methods and the justification of the chosen methods.
Discussion of Methodologies And Methods of Reseach
According to Rist (1975, pi 8), the epistemological foundations of the qualitative motive state that there are definable and quantifiable 'social facts'. In fact, his view stands in opposition to the qualitative position that reality cannot be subsumed under numerical classification. Burns (2000) asserts that qualitative researchers often find themselves forced to defend their methods due to resistance presented by their counterparts who are ideologically committed to quantitative methods. It has been emphasized that most of the rationale for the qualitative approach lies within the criterion of meaning.
The direct interview is considered important because of the face-to-face interaction between the two parties. With this method, instead of using a specific interview schedule, an interview guide can be developed for some parts of the research in which, without fixed wording or fixed order of questions, a direction is given to the interview, so that the content focuses on the crucial issues. Another important data source I used was the examination of the project documents: all written material that contains information about the phenomena we want to study.
These include minutes of meetings, inter-office memoranda, financial records, memoirs, official publications, reports and files containing various other materials relevant to the maintenance of the organization. For these reasons, I found it necessary to examine the documents of the PIRDP.
COLLECTION OF DATA
The History of The Project
In March 1981 an identification/preparation mission was sent to Lesotho to attempt to prepare the project based on the information available. The data provided to the mission by the consultancy firm was insufficient for the full preparation of the proposed project. The Brief (PIRDP Phase 1, 1996) concludes by noting that the success of the project is considered modest, hence the recommendation for Phase II.
Specifically, the use of fertilizers by project beneficiaries was nearly double that of non-beneficiaries. Costs related to transportation and cultivation through mechanization, and labor intensity were also higher in relation to project beneficiaries relative to non-beneficiaries. Costs of transport and cultivation through mechanization as well as labor intensity were also higher in relation to project beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries.
The impact of the project shows that at the end of the project, the impact of production on yield and output was high. Estimates of economic prices for various project inputs and outputs under various possible assumptions are given in Annex 7.
Why The Replication of The PIRDP Never Materialized
He was glad to meet someone interested in PIRDP matters. He then explained that the PIRDP will be an integral part of the new project. As a result, the project did not sell much in terms of seeds and fertilizers.
The workshop was attended by the chairman, secretary and treasurer of the farmers' association. They were aware that most of the leading people in the district owed the Project a lot of money. To get to the heart of the matter, five hypotheses were formulated.
February 2000 in the office of the Principal Secretary of Agriculture (P.S.), between P.S., Director of Economic Planning and the Project Manager (PIRDP) to discuss the Lesotho Bank (commercial bank) proposal on Berea RD. There had to be a bank that would manage the credit funds on behalf of the government on terms acceptable to the Fund (ADF). The fourth hypothesis is formulated on the assumption that the privatization of the public enterprises contributed to the completion of the project.
In this respect, my submission was that it did contribute to the closure of the Project.
LESOTHO
3:2)/T Maize
AIDE MEMOIRE to the ADB Post Assessment Mission on the Credit Activities of the Berea Rural Development Project 1 3 - 2 1 July 1997: Kingdom of Lesotho. Lesotho: Project Completion Report, Phuthiatsana Integrated Rural Development Project, African Development Bank - African Development Fund, 1995. School of Development Studies, University of Natal, Durban, October 30 and 31 Transparency for Accountability: Civil Society Monitoring of the Multilateral Development Bank -poverty projects' Oxford: Oxfarm GB. 1976) International Aid and National Decisions - Development Programs in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1986) 'Preliminary Assessment of USAID Activities to Promote Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa', MADIA: The World Bank, (draft, mimeo). 1997) Development administration and management - a holistic approach The need to coordinate central and rural development planning and administration." in Johnson, E. 1985) 'Integrated Rural Development in Latin America, World Bank Staff Working Papers No. 1993) Practical Research ; 1986) Managing Development in the Third World - Constraints and Choices. eds) Implementing Rural Development Projects: Lessons from Aid i, and World Bank Experiences, Boulder: Westview.
Thompson (1991) Development in Practice: Paved with i ' Goodlntentions. 1997) 'The Donors' Discourse: Official Social Development Knowledge in the 1980s' in Discourses of Development Anthropological Perspectives, Oxford: Berg. Transit Southern Africa', ki ga je organizirala School of Development Studies, University of V Natal, Durban 30.-31. oktober 2001 . ed) (1995) Pomoč in politično pogojevanje.
