W i pemberat yang menggambarkan tahap kepentingan responden i berbanding semua responden
Jadual 4 Perincian kriteria tahap prestasi berdasarkan piawai pemeriksaan
4.2 Aplikasi Pendekatan Wright Dalam Fasiliti Ourdoor Learning-Pemebelajaran di Luar Kelas
Seperti yang telah di perbincangkan di atas, pendekatan Wright terhadap alam yang begitu mendalam telah membuahkan satu pemikiran dalam mengaplikasikan konsep tersebut dalam fasiliti outdoor learning. Terdapat beberapa contoh pendekatan alam sekitar pada sekolah-sekolah outdoor learning yang juga dikenali sebagai Sekolah Alam di Indonesia.
12― She‖ me-
refer pada ibu dari Frank Lloyd Wright.
13 Wright, Olgivanna Lloyd (1966), Frank Lloyd wright: His Life, His Work and His Words, hal 15 14 Lihat Manuskrip persembahan Dr Tajuddin M Rasdi,
Towards a Theory of Islamic Architecture from the Sunna, University Malaya 8 Julai 2003.
161
Gambar 1:Fasiliti outdoor learning perlu memanfaatkan dan menghormati alam sekeliling. Pendekatan alam ini yang dimaksudkan dengan kata-kata Wright;
―Why is any cow, red, black or white, always in just the right place for a picture in any landscape? Like a cypress tree in Italy, she is never wrongly placed. Her outlines quite down so well into what ever contours surround her…‖16
Rekabentuk fasiliti yang menghormati alam tanpa menghilangkan struktur alam yang sememangnya terbentuk secara semulajadi kerana bagi Wright alam semulajadi itu merupakan―The only body of God that you can see‖.
Pemanfaatan alam semulajadi dalam sistem pembelajaran juga merupakan satu pengadaptasian pendekatan Wright yang menghormati alam semulajadi kerana di situ terdapat beribu jawapan kepada semua persoalan.
―Young Wright saw that nature was a wonderful teacher and had answers to many question that theoretical learning could not explain nearly so well.‖17
Bagi Wright, membentuk suatu bangunan harus bermula dari alam semulajadi. Membina sebuah struktur dengan intergrasi alam dan manusia tanpa merosakkan lingkungan alam sekitarnya.
― We must conceive and integrate: begin again at the beginning to build the right kind of building in the right way in the right place for the right kind of people.‖18
4.3 Kesimpulan
Pengajaran serta pelajaran dari rekabentuk Wright dalam pengaplikasian rekabentuk fasiliti pembelajaran di luar kelas sedikit sebanyak telah mengilhamkan satu proses
16 Lihat Wright, Frank Lloyd. An Autobiography. hal 23. 17 Blake, Peter (1960), Master Builders, hal 270.
162 pembelajaran―Smart Green Education‖. Satu kaedah pembelajaran yang baru berkonsepkan penghormatan alam dengan menggunapakai alam semulajadi sebagai kaedah utama pengajaran dan pelajaran di peringkat pra-sekolah.
Rekabentuk fasiliti perlu dan wajib menghormati alam tanpa menghilangkan struktur alam yang sememangnya terbentuk secara semulajadi kerana bagi Wright alam semulajadi itu merupakan―The only body of God that you can see‖. Pemanfaatan alam semulajadi dalam sistem pembelajaran juga merupakan satu pengadaptasian pendekatan Wright yang menghormati alam semulajadi kerana di situ terdapat beribu jawapan kepada semua persoalan.
Rujukan
Blake, Peter. 1960. The Master Builders. New York: Alfred A Knopf.
Blake, Peter. 1974. Form Follow Fiasco. USA: Atlantic Little, Brown Books.
Curtis, William JR. 1982. Modern Architecture since 1900. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd.
Heinz, Thomas A (1996). Frank Lloyd Wright: Field Study. London: Academy Editions. Heinz, Thomas, A. 2002. The Life and Works of Frank Lloyd Wright. Kent: Grange Books Plc. Hitchcock, Henry Russell. 1941. The Nature of Materials. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. Hoffman, Donald. 1978. Frank lloyd Wright‘s Fallingwater: The House and Its History, New
York: Dover Publication Inc.
Kaufmann, Edgar, J. 1989. 9 Commentaries on Frank Lloyd Wright. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Laseau, Paul. 1937. Frank Lloyd Wright; Between Principle and Form. New York: Van Nosrand Reinhold.
Nute, Kevin. 1993. Frank Lloyd Wright and Japan. New York: Van Nosrand Reinhold. Perry, Marvin. 1981. Western Civilization. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Peter, John. 1958. Masters of Modern Architecture. New York: George Braziller Inc. Pevsner, Nikolaus. 1936. Pioneers of Modern Architecture. Middlesex: Penguin Books. Pevsner, Nikolaus. 1943. An Outline of European Architecture. Middlesex: Penguin Books. Peel, Lucy. 1989. An Introduction to 20th Century Architecture. London: Quantum Books Ltd. Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks. 1984. Letters to Architect; Frank Lloyd Wright. California: California State
University Press.
Sullivan. Louis, H. 1918. Kindergarten Chats and Other Writing. New York: Dover Publications Inc. Sullivan. Louis H (1924). A System of Architectural Ornament: According with a Philosophy of Man
Powers. New York: The Eakin Press.
Sullivan, Louis H. 1954. The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: Dover Publication.
Tajuddin, M. Rasdi,. Mohd. 2001. Identiti Seni Bina Malaysia: Kritikan Terhadap Pendekatan Reka Bentuk. Johor Bahru: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Utaberta, Nangkula. (ed). 2003. KALAM Books: Sejarah, Teori dan Kritikan Seni Bina. Johor Bahru: Pusat Kajian Alam Bina Dunia Melayu (KALAM).
Willard, Charlotte. 1972. Frank Lloyd Wright: American Architect. New York: The Macmillan Company. Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1943. An autobiography by Frank Lloyd Wright. New York: The Frank Lloyd
Wright Foundation.
Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1949. Genius and Mobocracy. New York: Horizon Press.
Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1957. Truth Against the World. New York: A Wiley-interscience Publication.
Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1957. A Testament. London: Architectural Press. Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1958. The Living City. New York: Horizon Press.
Wright, Olgivanna Lloyd. 1966. Frank Lloyd Wright; His Life, His Work, His Words. London: Pitman Publishing.
163 ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING PERFORMANCE DURING SUMMER EQUINOX BETWEEN SINGLE DOME AND PYRAMID ROOF MOSQUE IN MOSTAR, BOSNIA-
HERZEGOVINA 1
Hassan,A,S., 2Arab.Y
School of Housing, Building and Planning Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
1[email protected], 2[email protected]
Abstract
This study analyses a level of lighting performance between pedentive dome and pyramid roof mosque‘s construction in Mostars, Bosnia Herzegovina. The selected case studies are Karadjoz Beg (pedentive dome) and Neziraga Mosque (pyramid roof) which are located less than 500 metres apart from each other. The purpose is to assess information on the architectural roof design in relation to lighting performance. This assessment is simulated during summer equinox where it provides results when the sun is perimetering at its maximum position at the tropic of cancer. This study apply simulation analysis for of the case study using an Autodesk software known as 3DStudio Max programme. This programme creates simulation of the illuminance level to the indoor building areas during summer season in the northern region of the equator on June 21th. A weather file is inserted in the programme during simulation process as a tool to gain accurate condition of the local weather. The analysis shows that mosque design using pedentive dome provides evenly distributed illuminance level with Scale 3 and 4 lighting performance inside the mosque compared to the pyramid roof design with Scale 2 and 3. The study concludes that having excellent illuminance level distributed at all the locations is one of the crucial reasons why the mosques with pedentive dome roof cover are popularly built in Bosnia as well its neighbouring regions since introduced by the Ottoman master builders.
Keywords: illuminance, pendentive dome, pyramid roof, Mostars
1.0 Introduction
This study aims to identify with reference to indoor lighting performance why pedentive dome is very popular roof form in the mosque design since this type of dome was introduced during the reign of Ottoman Empire in Bosnia as well as its neighbouring provinces in Balkan region. Assessment to obtain result of illuminance level is this research approach to measure the lighting performance inside the building. The focus of this study is to compare results of indoor lighting performance between pedentive dome and pyramid roof mosque by using lighting simulation analysis created in a computer programme known as 3dStudio Max 2010. Karadgoz Beg Mosque represents pedentive dome mosque whereas Neziraga Mosque exemplifies pyramid roof mosque which are rarely built in Ottoman architecture. Both of these mosques are located in Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina about 500 metres apart from each other. Adoption of pedentive dome concept had made possible for a mosque design with vast interior and ‗double space‘ in height; as a result, the design with excellent natural lighting is necessary which it reflects its impact on architectural grandeur. It is an ingenious works of Ottoman master builders by reinventing the pedentive dome concept of Hagia Sophia‘s architecture translated to more elaborated lighting performance from natural sunlight in the mosque design (Necipoglu, 2005). The idea is to transmit the sunlight into the interior space from upper window openings at the projected primary and secondary domes that besides intensifying a sense of sacredness (Hillenbrand,
164 1994). Mosques with ‗pedentive dome‘ for roof construction are popular compared to pyramid roof form in this region. Pedentive dome design is a basic construction in Ottoman as well as Byzantium architecture. Pedentive dome means a construction of ‗dome built above dome‘
concept, a dome design in a way as if it is ‗hanging in the air‘ over four giant arched supports
(Mango, 1976). The uniqueness is that it has a large double space design to the mosque interior. During this time, the construction technology complies with load bearing technique. The dome has no structural system, therefore; it bears its own weight. The upper dome is supported by four grand arches which constitute as the lower dome. The advantage of this construction is that it consumes efficient usage of building material such as stones, bricks and marbles for the construction which leads to dematerialised concept of the building construction.
2.0 Materials and Methods
Indoor lighting performance of these two mosques in this study is evaluated based on the illuminance level. This illuminance level used is measured in lux or lumen per metre square (lumen/m2), which means the amount of luminance (lumen) affected on a 1m x 1m surface area. By referring to this measurement, the study can determine the indoor lighting performance by using comparative analysis between pedentive dome and pyramid roof form (Runsheng, Meir & Etzion 2009). Building design using daylight system is considered as having excellent passive design. Daylight is lighting obtained from indirect sunlight source. It provides the best source
which comfortably matches with human visual response. The amount of daylight‘s penetration
into a building is mainly through sunlit area from window and door openings which provide the dual function not only of admitting natural light to the indoor environment but also allowing the occupants to have visual contact with the outdoor environment (Chel, Tiwari, & Chandra, 2009; Chel, Tiwari & Singh).