Work Preference
Jadual 1 : Suku Kaum Masyarakat Orang Asli Semenanjung Malaysia.
6.1 Rumah Bot
Masyarakat Orang Asli yang tinggal dipersisiran pantai dan tebing sungai pada dahulunya dikenali sebagai orang laut atau orang lanun. Orang laut ini merupakan kaum daripada kumpulan masyrakat Orang Asli Melayu-proto. Suku kaum masyarakat Orang Asli yang juga dikenali sebagai orang laut ini adalah daripada suku kaum orang seletar, orang kuala, dan orang semelai. Di mana suku kaum ini tinggal di kawasan perairan dan menjadikan pengangkutan bot sebagai tempat tinggal mereka. Orang laut ini juga akan turun ke darat untuk mendapatkan sumber bekalan makanan dan keperluan lainnya.
Tidak banyak bukti yang jelas dijumpai mengenai rumah bot masyarakat Orang Asli ini. Oleh yang demikian jangka hayat serta sejarah latar belakang rumah bot ini tidak dapat diketahui. Hal ini berkemungkinan disebabkan oleh keadaan persekitaran dan penghijrahan masyarakat Orang Asli daripada suku kaum ini serta akibat daripada penjajahan telah memaksa orang asli daripada suku kaum ini telah mengubah cara hidup mereka. Keadaan ini telah terbukti
Gambar 12: Rumah Bot Sumber: Muzium Orang Asli
109 apabila Sir Stamford Raffles telah berjaya menawan Singapura di dalam buku penulisan Skeat & Blagden di dalam buku Pangan Race of The Malay Peninsula Volume One ( 1906 ) ada menerangkan serba sedikit tentang rumah bot ini.
7.0 Binaan Lain
7.1 Rumah Sewang
Mengikut kepercayaan masyarakat Orang Asli suku rumah Sewang merupakan binaan yang terpenting dalam pembinaan sesebuah penempatan masyarakat Orang Asli. Tidak kiralah apa juga rekabentuk rumah Sewang ini walaupun dengan hanya pelantar dengan ruang yang terbuka ataupun rumah yang dibina dengan anyaman buluh yang indah, rumah Sewang ini telah menjadi kemestian kerana rumah selain daripada sebagai tempat pemujaan dan pengubatan rumah Sewang ini juga bertujuan untuk upacara adat dan keramaian serta tempat bermesyuarat. Di samping halaman juga bertindak sebagai tempat berkumpul bagi penduduk kampung. Hal ini adalah untuk menyesuaikan dengan kehidupan orang asli, di mana biasanya menghabiskan masanya di luar rumah, dan rumah hanya untuk, rehat, tidur dan makan. Rumah ini bertindak sebagai dewan berkumpul untuk masyarakat mereka dan rumah tetamu untuk orang luar
Rumah Sewang pula merupakan ciri yang terpenting dalam seni bina Orang Asli sehingga mempengaruhi orientasi susun atur rumah kediaman.. Rumah Sewang ini biasanya ditempatkan di tengah-tengah perkampungan atau selalunya bersambung dengan rumah batin. Untuk perkampungan yang berkelompok, dan terdapat halaman di tengah, rumah Sewang diletakan di tengah-tengah halaman. Kemudianya, orientasi rumah kediaman, seharusnya menghadap ke tengah halaman iaitu menghadap rumah Sewang.
8.0 Perbincangan dan Kesimpulan
Masyarakat pribumi yang terdapat di Semenanjung Malaysia terdiri dari pelbagai kaum yang menetap di pelbagai daerah dan persekitaran yang berbeza. Setiap suku kaum juga mengamalkan cara hidup yang berbeza diantara satu sama lain. Cara hidup dan persekitaran tersebut jugalah
Gambar 13: Rumah sewang yang menjadi tempat berkumpul masyarakat Orang Asli suku kaum Semai
110 yang membuatkan rekabentuk dan gaya rumah kediaman mereka juga turut berbeza. Sehingga kini mungkin telah banyak dibuat bancian, kajian dan penulisan tentang jumlah dan jenis suku kaum masyarakat pribumi tersebut serta kedudukan penempatan mereka tetapi mungkin masih belum ada kajian dan penulisan yang dibuat bagi membincangkan gaya atau perwatakan rumah- rumah kediaman setiap dari suku kaum tersebut serta pola tatatur perumahan yang telah mereka bangunkan dalam sistem kemasyarakatan dan sistem ekonomi dalam kehidupan mereka. Mungkin mereka agak ketinggalan dalam pembangunan tamadun jika dibandingkan dengan masyarakat Melayu yang sama-sama tinggal ‗sebumi‘ dengan mereka, tetapi mereka juga telah menunjukkan peningkatan dalam membangunkan kehidupan. Mereka juga mempunyai budaya tersendiri yang mengandungi garispanduan, pantang larang, kepercayaan dan amalan kehidupan. Budaya tersebut jugalah sebenarnya yang berperanan dalam mencorakkan gaya dan perwatakan senibina rumah kediaman dan corak penempatan setiap dari suku kaum Orang Asli.
Rumah kediaman perlu dibangunkan berdasarkan amalan kehidupan penghuninya serta persekitaran dimana ianya dibangunkan. Kesimpulannya kita tidak boleh mengambil model pembangunan rumah kediaman dari tempat lain yang masyarakatnya memiliki budaya dan cara kehidupan yang cukup berbeza lalu diberikan model pembangunan tersebut kepada masyarakat pribumi di Semenanjung Malaysia dengan harapan mereka juga akan maju sebagaimana pemilik model kepada pembangunan tersebut. Ini adalah pandangan yang meleset dan bertentangan dengan konsep pembangunan dalam amalan senibina. Melalui senario yang telah dibincangkan di atas, adalah jelas bahawa masyarakat pribumi tersebut telah menolak pendekatan pembangunan yang telah ditawarkan kepada mereka dan sudah sewajarnyalah kita mencari suatu pendekatan yang lebih menepati citarasa mereka sekiranya kita benar-benar ikhlas untuk membantu mereka.
Rujukan
Mohamed Yusuf Bin Ahmad Adam Broughton. 2003. The Comparison To The Level
Of Beliefs Towards The Planning And Tradisionjal Architecture Between The Semai And Mahmeri. Universiti Teknologi Mara.
Permata, Pameran Tamadun Orang Asli, Universiti Pahang Malaysia. 2004. Portal Permata Orang Asli. Mengenali Tamadun Orang Asli, http://permataorangasli.blogspot.com/ (accessed April 2009)
Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli, Masyarakat Orang Asli.http://www.jheoa.gov.my . (accessed April 2009)
Skeat, Walter William & Blagden, Charles Otto, 1906. Pangan Race of The Malay Peninsular Vol. I & II Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Evans, I.H.N. 1937. The Negritos of Malaya. Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Rashid, M.N. Perbezaan Penempatan Dan Senibina Orang Asli Pendalaman Dengan Pinggir Pantai ; Universiti Teknologi Mara, Fakulti Perancangan Dan Ukur Seni Bina.
111
Scale of Measurement for Benchmarking in Building Maintenance
S.A.F.Al-Zawawi, L.C.Hsia, A.S.Ali* Building Performance and Diagnostic Group Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: +603-7967 4494 Fax: 603-7967 5713
Corresponding e-mail: asafab@um.edu.my
Abstract
Benchmarking is a systematic procession of comparison for standard performance measurement of product, aims in identifying best practice that can be adopted for high-improvement on a particular product or service. Nowadays, there are many failures occurred on the building asset, causing depreciation in asset performance especially in office or commercial buildings. Thus, benchmarking need to be implemented to increase the building asset performance, ensuring the building system is running smoothly. Hence, these paper aims to identify asset performance of office or commercial buildings around Klang Valley and develop a measurement scale in terms of maintainability. The steps carried out in this preliminary study includes selection of topic and formulation of research problem, formulation of research proposal focusing on selection of research design, data collection method, data analysis, conclusion and recommendations for future research. Quantitative approach has been used in the data collection. Questionnaires which consists of closed ended questions and open-ended questions has been highlighted and distributed to 30 respondents which consists of personnel with understanding and experience in the building maintenance industry to answer the questionnaires. The respondents were chosen from 30 different commercial or office buildings around Klang Valley. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were be used to interpret and evaluated the data collected from the respondents. In this paper, it was found that the asset performance of the commercial or office building around Klang Valley in terms of economic, sustainability, efficiency, functional effectiveness, functional safety and customer‘s satisfaction were good condition while the cost effectiveness is fair. In terms of asset value, there were in a poor condition. As to develop the scale, respondents‘ opinion mainly includes maintenance cost, routine maintenance, noise level of equipment, energy saving, environmental friendly and condition level of equipment.
Keywords:Benchmarking, Maintainability, Performance measurement, Asset performance
1.0 Introduction
Benchmarking is important in maintaining the building to ensure the building to perform, as stated by Al Najjar (2004) in his claim that it is important to identify properly performance measures required to achieve the organization objectives. He also noted that maintenance measurement is essential for companies to recognize their planned goals and this can be utilized by benchmarking which is one of the never ending improvement tools.
As an effort to establish performance measurement, Nayak (1998) stated that benchmarking is seen as a tool for measurement performance for improvement in economic sector among the companies in the Australian industry. Energy Star (2008) noted the experience of USAA Real Estate Co on how benchmarking can inform about the whole energy management process .The company went to benchmark 100 percent of its buildings and resulted in more than
112 10 million in energy savings over a five-year period through 2007. As an example of benchmarking saves appreciable economic loss, Marriott Hotel relied on benchmarking for observation and improvement of energy performance and as a result, Marriott Hotel save $4.5million annually in energy costs.
Meanwhile, KPI is also one of the tools to measure performance. The identification for Key Performance Indicator (KPI) helps in defining the roles and responsibilities for the maintenance to function against the assets for which they apply. According to Wireman (2005), when failures occurred in the facility, KPI dictated which assets need to be focused base on its consequence and impacts of failure and led to achievement of 12 percent return on net assets (RONA). It can be concluded that benchmarking indeed is a tool to help in cost-effective and time-efficient in terms of man-power and resource-usage of an organization.
2.0 Research Objectives
There are three objectives identified and need to be achieved in this topic:
To review types of benchmarking and its advantages in building maintenance
To identify the asset performance of the commercial building
To develop a standard graduated scale for asset condition in terms of maintainability of building
3.0 Benchmarking in Building Maintenance
Maintenance can be the largest part of any operational budget besides energy cost in a building. This shows the importance of maintenance management and its function since its total operational cost are grow over the years. Maintenance is important in all the work place condition to ensure the building can be well-operated. Horner (1997) highlights that there exist some policies from British Government whereby the requirement of building maintenance approach mainly focused on the housing sector.
Benchmarking in the other hand is a systematic process that can be adopted for measurement performance of particular products, services or practices to determine the extent for achievement of high-improvement performance and this has been agreed by Wober (2002) who
points out benchmarking as ―a systematic procedure of comparative measurement with objective
to achieve continuous improvement‖.
Horner et al. (1997) highlights there are two types of benchmarking mainly external and internal benchmarking. Zairi (1996) states that internal benchmarking is a benchmark between
the partners in the same organization which resembles the marks of the particular company‘s
benchmarking while external benchmark will be the comparison of different organization in the same industry (Wober , 2002). Internal benchmarking need to be applied in a particular organization before any external benchmark could take place. The external benchmarking covers a larger market compared to the internal benchmarking.
In terms of advantages, benchmarking is a technique to overcome a problem besides
113 priorities and mission (Khurrum, 1999). This is supported by Sitnikov et .al (2008) quoted from Boxwell (1994) which notes one of the benchmarking purpose is it can be an efficient way to improve a product or services besides helping the manager to eliminate the trial or error of the process improvements and strives companies to make improvement in the shortest time. Therefore, benchmarking aims to provide never-ending improvement service to ensure the objectives of the company are achieved.
Zairi (1998) also states that the purpose of benchmarking is to encourage the organization for never-ending learning besides upgrade the organization to a higher standard of performance. Sand (2004) mentions that benchmarking also aims to compare performance of companies recognized the company that operate most efficiently and rank the efficient companies referred .This shows that purpose of benchmarking is also to level up the standard of the company performance to ensure the organization can be brought to the world class to compete with the world best in class products or services. Treasury Board of Canada (2006) in other way highlights that it can be used for the purpose of evaluating the information to ensure performance measures are compared effectively. Other advantages of benchmarking includes best practices will be identified to ensure best in class performance can be observed during benchmarking project (Wireman, 2004).
Thus, benchmarking helps to provide a breakthrough for an organization to improve their business services to gain competitive advantage and achieve good performance in global standard. The continuous upgraded quality of facility in building through utilization of benchmarking not only helps in achieving best practices in terms of business strategy approach but it also lead the management team to the realization of continuous learning process in the company.
3.1 Maintainability
Maintainability refers to the measures during development and installation of manufactured product which could minimize stated maintenance, man hours, tools, logistic cost, skill levels and facilities to ensure that the product can meet the requirement for its intended usage (Horner et al., 1997). Hence, maintainability can be referred as measures on how well the equipment can perform using appropriate procedures. Maintainability aims to minimize the life cycle cost
besides increasing the equipments‘ performance in terms of reliability, supportability etc.
3.2 Economic
Grag (2006) mentions that there are two key conflicts needed to be taken into consideration in producing the economic life of capital plants which is the increased operation and maintenance cost of aging asset and the declined ownership cost in keeping the asset in service. Besides that, it also points that life cycle cost approach which includes costs of purchase, operating and maintenance costs and disposal value need to be taken into consideration in economic-life examples.
114 3.3 Sustainability
According to Tsang (1998), sustainability refers to a term, method or even way of life. It allows communities to come out with a strategy whereby aspects of economy, environmental and social characteristics will be taken into consideration.
3.4 Efficiency
In terms of efficiency measures, there are four categories mainly maintenance costs, labor, spares and materials and planning and control. Maintenance costs can be measured through total maintenance cost which includes entire facility, each business unit and asset. Besides that, it also can be analyzed through maintenance cost per unit and the ratio of parts to labour expenditure (Moubray, 1997).