CHAPTER II LITERATURE A. Previous Related studies
8) Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis (if any) is the temporary answer to the formulated research problems based on the review of theories and still needs to be tested the truth through empirical facts.
9) Research Type and Design
Sekaran (2003) stated that the research design is a plan to do synthesis or research scientifically in order to answer the research questions or problem identification. The research design made by a researcher can be the option that determines the research activities. The type of research used in this study is quantitative research including collecting, arranging, processing and analyzing the
in the form of a number that in practice given a certain treatment researched on it.
10) Research Schedule and Location
According to Sugiyono (2018), there is no simple way to decide how long the research could be. However, the length of the research depends on the data resources and research objective that is around 6 months starting from title consultation and proposal and the writing. That also depends on the research scope, and how the researcher manages the time. Meanwhile, the research location is stated clearly.
11) Operational Definition of Variables
The operational definition of research variables according to Sugiyono (2015, p. 38) is an attribute or behavior or value of the objects or activities that have certain variations decided by the researcher to be studied and concluded. The definition of a research variable should be formulated to prevent problems in collecting the data.
12) Research Procedure
In the procedure, the research implementation is explained from preliminary research, instrument development, data collection, to the writing of the report. The research procedure is explained in the form of narration and flow chart (scheme).
The procedure/steps for classroom action research are described in detail covering the planning, implementation of the action, observation, to the reflection of every cycle.
a) The planning describes in detailed the required things before the implementation of the action, such as:
(1) arranging the instructional devices, namely Lesson Plan (2) providing the media, tools, and equipment
(3) for developing the evaluation instrument.
b) The implementation of the action including the action stages conducted by the teacher and students based the clear and detailed instructional strategies (relevant to the actions).
c) The observation and interpretation consist of the explanation regarding the observed object (such as students' group participation in creating semantic maps) and the observation methods.
d) The analysis and reflection stages will explain the assessment method used to identify the weakness result of the action, identify the causes, as well as designing the improvement acts. Next, the reflection stage will explain the procedure, tools, actor, source of information, and how to analyze them.
13) Research Instrument
According to Sugiyono (2017, p. 102), the research instrument is the device used to measure the natural or social phenomena being observed. The research instrument used as the tools for collecting the data and the commonly used instrument in the research is the list of questions as well as questionnaires delivered or given to each respondent as the sample of research when being observed. The example of a research instrument in Mixed Method Research is Test + Questionnaire + Observation Sheet (QUAN-qual) and Observation Sheet + Document + Questionnaire/Likert Scale (QUAL-quan).
14) Data Validity Test Technique
The data validity test can be performed through :
(1) Triangulation (data triangulation, researcher triangulation, theory triangulation, and method triangulation), (2) informant review, dan (3) developing member check. Those efforts, hopefully, will reduce the possibility of the research finding bias. Besides, to maintain the data reliability, it is suggested to develop the database.
15) Data Analysis Technique
In data analysis, the analysis technique is described in order to process the data obtained. The data analysis technique is closely related to the research design and the proposed hypothesis. In this part, calculation formula or statistical formula used for testing requirement analysis and testing the hypothesis or analyzing the data should be stated (can be written in the appendix).
16) Research Finding
The researcher systematically arranges the scientific information obtained and equipped with logical argumentation, especially the information that is relevant to the research problem. The presentation of the research finding in the form of a table, curve, graph, figure, or others should provide all information needed comprehensively and clearly. To be in a good presentation, the research finding can be presented in the form of a table, curve, graph, figure, or other based on the research finding, it can be also presented in the form of a theoretical description, both qualitative and quantitative ways.
17) Discussion
The data analysis result from the previous part should be interpreted in this part. For example, one product gets X score for an expert where there are certain aspects to get a lower score. The researcher should evaluate those aspects and what actions could be done in order to make them improved. It should be noted that this part is not the place to transfer the number from data analysis into some paragraphs. Students should be able to explain the number comprehensively in order to connect the research findings or theoretical review explained in Chapter II.
18) Conclusion
The conclusion is the primary findings that show the significant finding on research findings written in the brief, concise, and clear description (in every paragraph), points, or details under the research objectives.
19) Suggestion
The suggestion includes the recommendation proposed based on the research findings that are operational and can be performed. Ideally, the suggestion should be in detail to be easily implemented and following the research benefits.