Effectiveness of Galuhayu Incense Kluwih Flower (Artocarpus camansi), Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius), Wood
III. RESEARCH METHODS
This research uses experimental research.
The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and repeated treatments 5 times referring to the Frederer formula, 1991: (t-1) (r-1)> 15, where t = number of samples for each treatment group, r = number of groups treatment.
Referring to the formula, the test in this study r = 5, a total sample of 625 animals.
This is in accordance with procedures recommended by the World Health Organization Pesticides Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES, 2009) and the Pesticides Commission, 1995).
This research was conducted for 3 months from July to September 2019. The research was conducted at the Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory, Denpasar Health Polytechnic for Aedes aegypty mosquito breeding and testing the effectiveness of galuhayu incense. Health Service Laboratory and UPTD. Hyperkes and KK of the Province of Bali for safety testing of galuhayu incense smoke and ash and the place to produce galuhayu incense located at UD. Bali Prapen site selection is
due to the equipment needed in this complete research available.
The writing method in this study is based on data obtained when conducting research on galuhayu incense testing as an insecticide to minimize Aedes aegypty mosquitoes.
And supported by health journals, environmental health journals and theories sourced from the literature. The data collection method in this study is based on a preliminary study by obtaining data on the number of dengue fever (DHF) cases in each district located in the working area of the Province of Bali through the website of the Provincial Health Office of Bali and the Provincial Statistics Office of Bali.
The tools and materials used in this study are as follows: 1 medium sized bucket, small plastic cups with a volume of 50 ml, scales, scissors, knives, white gauze, filter paper, mosquito cages of 40x40x40 cm3 size of 5 pieces, handscone, cotton, hygrometer, thermometer, aspirator, gas lighter, stopwatch, data recording form, stationery, camera, kluwih flower (Artocarpus camansi), pandanus scented leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius), wood powder, 625 Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs, water, fish pellets, 50 grams of sugar, 500 grams of sticky powder, 2000 sticks of bamboo sticks.
The data of this study are the number of mosquito and larvae deaths due to exposure to galuhayu incense smoke with the tail unit presented in tables, graphs and narratives.
Data analysis used statistical one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test with
70 significance level p <0.01. As well as a post hock test with Fisher’s LSD to determine differences in significance in each treatment at different times.
Results And Discussion
Data on the distribution of the characteristics of the effectiveness of galuhayu incense on the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths carried out for 10 days, repetitions 5 (five) times with time 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Results of observations on the number of adult Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke (Source: Research Results, 2019)
.
Based on the results of the study in table 1 shows that the average number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke in 0 (Control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes respectively was 0.8;
10.2; 17.6; 23.2; and 24.4 tails. The following results of one way ANOVA statistical tests on the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke are presented in table 2.
Table 2. One way ANOVA test results on the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke
Source: Data processing, 2019.
One way ANOVA statistical test results showed that the significance value was 0.00 less than the p value <0.01 so that galuhayu incense significantly affected the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths and was suitable for use as an insecticide. The following is a graph of the average number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke at different times.
The following graph shows the average number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke in the
span of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes experienced a very significant increase. Thus, Galuhayu incense is effectively used as an insecticide to reduce the prevalence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Bali Province and the most effective exposure time is 30 minutes with durability 5-6 hours after the incense is lit.
The following is the post hock Fisher's LSD test data on the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke presented in table 3.
Time (minutes)
Number of Mosquitoes
Number of Mosquito Deaths
Aedes aegypti Total Average
I II III IV V
0 125 Ekor 0 1 0 2 1 4 0,8
10 125 Ekor 7 6 9 12 17 51 10,2
20 125 Ekor 14 17 19 16 22 88 17,6
30 125 Ekor 23 25 22 21 25 111 23,2
40 125 Ekor 25 24 25 25 23 122 24,4
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1933.760 4 483.440
71.727 .000
Within Groups 134.800 20 6.740
Total 2068.560 24
71
Table 3. Fisher's LSD post hock test results on the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke
Waktu 0 10 20 30 40
0 - 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00*
10 - 0,01* 0,00* 0,00*
20 - 0,00* 0,00*
30 - 0,47
40 -
Source: Data processing, 2019.
Note: * shows between significantly different treatments (significant) Based on the results of the Fisher's LSD
post hock test on the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths exposed to galuhayu incense smoke showed that the treatment with 30 minutes compared with 40 minutes time value of p> 0.01 was 0.47.
Thus, the treatment shows no significant or insignificant difference.
The high mortality rate of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes using galuhayu incense is caused by secondary metabolite compounds produced by plants to be used as a means of self-defense from outside attacks or predators. Raw materials from galuhayu incense consist of kluwih flower (Artocarpus camansi) waste containing essential oils, chalcone compounds, dihydrocalcon, flavanone, flavones, derivatives 3-prenilflavone, 3-geranilflavon, piranoflavone, oxepinoflavone, xanthones, stilbene, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols which have the effect of inhibiting the eating of insects, respiratory inhibitors and molting inhibitors (Research Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2011). And fragrant pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) contain secondary metabolite compounds including polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, essential oils, and alkaloids (Rina, M. et al, 2012).
Alkaloid compounds, polyphenols and flavonoids found in pandan leaves act as an anti-mosquito. Research Harborne, JB (1987) said the compound is effective as an insect repellent.
The content of compounds that are very influential in the flower kluwih (Artocarpus camansi) and fragrant pandanus (Pandanus amaryllifolius) namely flavonoids, saponins and polyphenols. Flavonoids act as a powerful inhibitor of the respiratory system of adult insects. This substance will affect and damage the respiratory system of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes so that, mosquitoes experience significant death. Saponins function to reduce the surface tension of the insect's body, which causes the release of toxic substances so that it can easily enter the insect's body as a result of which the insect is easily traumatized by the skin and is continuously dehydrated. While polyphenols are able to bind to adhesion factors, extracellular proteins and soluble proteins cause the process of cell damage and cuticle insects to be faster and higher as a result mosquitoes easily die (Faizatun, N., et al, 2016).
Polyphenol, tannin, alkaloid, saponin and flavonoid compounds are desiscant. The poison is a contact poison that can cause death in insects due to continuous desiccation (Hariana, 2016). The mechanism of polyphenol compounds, flavonoids and saponins is a compound that damages the cuticles, cell membranes, respiratory tract insects and inhibitors of molting hormones so that mosquitoes experience desiccation (Widiani and Kartini, 2015). Polyphenols are bioactive compounds which are not preferred and are
72 avoided directly by insects including mosquitoes. The use of bioactive compounds is very useful as an insect repellent, as well as the content of flavonoids such as chalcone, dihydrocalkon, flavanon, flavone, derivatives 3-prenilflavone, 3-geranilflavone, piranoflavone, oxepinoflavone, have activities as insecticides that are safe for health, non-toxic, have no side effects and are environmentally friendly (biodegradable) (LPPM UNUD 2014).
According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014 contains polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and cineols as bioinsecticides that are effective against insects but are not toxic substances. An insecticide is a material that contains a bioactive compound that is used as a vector that causes disease. A good insecticide has a good quality that is has a high killing power, with a fast time, but does not cause poisoning and death for vertebrate animals, humans and livestock, more economical prices, easy to obtain raw materials, and has a stable biochemical structure, colorless and has no unpleasant odor.
Based on the mechanism of action of the bioactive content above, the potential of Galuhayu Incense made from kluwih flower (Artocarpus camansi), pandanus fragrance (Pandanus amaryllifolius) and wood dust effectively used as an insecticide against the death of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to help reduce the incidence of dengue fever and reduce the population of Aedes mosquito aegypti in the Province of Bali. The use of fogging method is the most effective method, because the smoke that is inhaled by insects will go directly to the respiratory tract and skin which causes the content of secondary metabolites contained in
Galuhayu Incense to work quickly, effectively and give good results.
Incense Galuhayu has passed the testing phase in the Bali Provincial Health Office laboratory and UPTD. Bali Provincial Hyperkes Office to find out the content and safety of galuhayu incense smoke and ash in accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 41 of 1999 concerning National Ambient Air Quality Reference and Bali Governor Regulation Number 16 of 2016 concerning Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Damage Criteria in table 4.
Based on the results of the test shows that there are 7 parameters with testing in various different places including A298 testing carried out in the laboratory, A299 testing carried out outside the laboratory area and A300 testing conducted in residential areas. Laboratory test results regarding the content and safety of galuhayu incense smoke show that the smoke content on galuhayu incense burning is declared safe and suitable for use as an insecticide and the residual combustion in the form of ash has the effectiveness to kill Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae.
Galuhayu incense is an innovative, solutive product with high potential to be developed to help minimize Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Bali Province. Galuhayu incense helps reduce the use of synthetic dyes and fragrances in the production of incense with the aim of helping to reduce air emissions in the Province of Bali. Galuhayu incense is an effective solution in supporting the creation of safe products for health, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. This innovation supports the program of the Provincial Government of Bali namely maintaining the balance of nature, people and culture of Bali.
Table 4. Laboratory test results regarding the content and safety of galuhayu incense smoke and ash in accordance with the National Ambient and Air Quality Reference Standards Environmental Quality and Standard Criteria for Environmental Damage
73 Source: Laboratory Examination Results, 2019.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research that has been done, the following conclusions can be drawn: Galuhayu incense (kluwih flower (Artocarpus camansi), pandanus fragrance (Pandanus amaryllifolius), wood powder effective as an insecticide to minimize the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The results of the study showed a significance value of 0.00 smaller than p value <0.01 so that has a significant effect on the number of Aedes aegypti mosquito deaths with galuhayu incense the most effective exposure time of 30 minutes with endurance 5-6 hours after the incense is lit. As well as the results of the testing of smoke safety on burning galuhayu incense safe and feasible to use as an insecticide and the residual combustion in the form of ash has the effectiveness to kill Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 41 of 1999 and Bali Governor Regulation Number 16 of 2016.
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