• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 102

B. Saran

1. Saran Metodologis

Penelitian ini tidak luput dari berbagai kelemahan dalam pelaksanaannya, berdasarkan hal ini maka peneliti mengemukakan saran-saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya sebagai berikut:

a. Mengontrol situasi subjek penelitian saat mengisi skala penelitian karena dalam pelaksanaan penelitian ini, penelitian tidak mengontrol situasi pengambilan data penelitian.

b. Meninjau ulang penggunaan pilihan jawaban dengan frekuensi waktu untuk skala bullying di tempat kerja, karena dalam penelitian sebagian besar subjek penelitian membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama untuk dapat memahami pilihan jawaban yang diberikan.

2. Saran Praktis

a. Organisasi diharapkan dapat memberikan penghargaan ataupun perlakuan yang positif kepada karyawan seperti memberikan kesempatan mengikuti pelatihan untuk menunjang pelaksanaan tugas karyawan dan memberikan kesempatan promosi bagi karyawan yang menunjukkan prestasi kerja. Hal ini dapat membuat karyawan merasa dihargai dan diperlakukan dengan baik oleh organisasi sehingga dapat meningkatkan komitmen organisasi karyawan.

b. Organisasi melakukan sosialisasi mengenai bullying di tempat kerja terhadap seluruh karyawan agar karyawan dapat menyadari perlakuan salah yang dilakukan ataupun yang diterima dari lingkungan kerjanya yang dapat berakibat negatif bagi rekan kerja, atasan atau bawahannya dan dapat menurunkan komitmen karyawan pada organisasi.

c. Organisasi merumuskan kebijakan yang adil terkait pemberian tunjangan kinerja bagi PNS yang menunjukkan bahwa organisasi mendukung dan menghargai karyawan sehingga dapat membuat karyawan merasa lebih berkomitmen terhadap organisasi.

d. Pihak manajemen dan karyawan saling bekerjasama dalam menciptakan suasana kerja yang bebas dari bullying agar karyawan merasa nyaman dalam bekerja dan dapat meningkatkan komitmen terhadap organisasi.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Ahmed, K., & Ahmed, H. (2013). The mediating effect of organizational commitment on the relationship between perceived organizational support and turnover intention. Journal of Research in Social Science, 2(1), 33-66.

Akanbi, P.A., & Itiola, K.A. (2013). Exploring the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among health workers in Ekiti State Nigeria.

Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 1(2), 18-22.

Aktami, B. (2008). Kontribusi kepuasan kerja dan iklim organisasi terhadap komitmen karyawan. Paper. Universitas Gunadarma.

Alfian, G.S.A., Zulkarnain & Ulfa, C.K. (2013). Pengaruh budaya organisasi dan persepsi dukungan organisasi terhadap komitmen karyawan pada organisasi.

Tesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Allen, D., Shore, L., & Griffeth, R. (1999). A model of perceived organizational support. Unpublished Manuscript. University of Memphis and Georgia State University.

Allen, N.J. & Meyer, J.P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.

Armansyah. (2002). Komitmen organisasi dan imbalan finansial. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis, 2(2). 15-22.

Arokiasamy, L., Marimuthu, M,. & Moorthy, M. K. (2010). A study on the perceived organizational support in the financial industry in Malaysia: A literature review.

Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(7). 438-452. Aube, C., Rousseau, V., & Morin, E.M. (2007). Perceived organizational support and

organizational commitment: The moderating effect of locus of control and work autonomy. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(5), 479-495.

Azwar, S. (2009). Penyusunan skala psikologi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Azwar, S. (2009). Reliabilitas dan validitas. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Australian Public Service Commission. (2009). Respect: Promoting a culture free from harassment and bullying in the APS. Accessed on March 1, 2014 from www.apsc.gov.au

Beck, K. & Wilson, C. (2000). Development of affective organizational commitment: A cross-sequential examination of change with tenure. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 56, 114 – 136.

Baron, R. A. & Greenberg, J. (1990). Behaviour in organisations (3rd ed). London: Ally and Bacon.

Bhatnagar, J. (2007). Predictors of organizational commitment in India: Strategic HR roles, organizational learning capability and psychological empowerment. Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 18, 1782-1811.

Chairy, L.S. (2002). Seputar Komitmen Organisasi. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2014 dari

http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/liche/material/arisan86-komitmenorganisasi-liche.pdf.

Chow, S., & Holden, R. (1997). Toward an understanding of loyalty: The moderating role of trust. Journal of Managerial Issues, 9(3), 275-298.

Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple Commitments in the Workplace: An integrative approach. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Cropanzo, R. & Greenberg, J. (1997). Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 12, 317-372.

Curry, J. P., Wakefield, D. S., Price, J. L. & Mueller, C. W. (1996). On the casual ordering of job satisfaction, job involvement and organisational commitment.

Academy of Management Journal, 27, 210 – 230.

Czajka, J.M. & Begley, T.M. (1993). Panel analysis of the moderating effects of commitment on job satisfaction, intent to quit and health following organizational change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 552-556.

De Gucht, V., Fischler, B. & Heiser, W. (2004). Neuroticism, alexithymia, negative effect, and positive affect as determinant of medically unexplained symptoms.

Personality and individual differences, 36, 1655-1667.

Dekker, I., & Barling, J. (1995). Workforce size and work related role stress. Work and Stress, 9, 45-54.

Demirgil, A. (2008). Isletmelerde mobbing uygulamalari ile orgutsel baglilik iliskisinin incelemesine yonelik bir arastirma (Mobbing practices in companies in relation to the analysis of organizational commitment towards a research). Thesis.

Istanbul: Yildiz Teknik Universitesi Sosyal Bilimder Enstitusu.

Djurkovic, N., McCormack, D. & Casimir, G. (2004). The physical and psychological effects of workplace bullying on intention to leave: A test of the psychosomatic and disability hypotheses. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 17, 469-497.

Duffy, M.K., Ganster, D.C. & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace.

Einarsen, S. (2000). Harrassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4(5), 379-401.

Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 16-27.

Einarsen, S., Hoel, H. & Notelaers G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work and Stress. 23(1).24-44.

Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C.L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D & Cooper, C.L., Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspective in research and practices(pp. 3-30). London: Taylor & Francis.

Einarsen, S., & Mikkelsen, E.G. (2003). Individual effects of exposure to bullying at work. In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D & Cooper, C.L.,Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspective in research and practices(pp. 127-144). London: Taylor & Francis.

Einarsen, S. & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 185-201.

Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P.D. & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 42-51.

Eisenberger, R. Aselage, J., Sucharski, I. L., & Jones, J. R. (2004). Perceived organizational support. In J. Coyle-Shapiro, L. Shore, & S. Taylor, & L. Tetrick (Eds.).The employment relationship: Examining psychological and contextual perspectives(pp. 206-225). New York: Oxford University Press.

Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation.Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 51-59.

Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D., (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.

Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. (1999). Does pay performance increased or decreased perceived self determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1026-1040.

Erenstein, C.F. & McCaffrey, R. (2007). How healthcare work environments influence nurse retention. Holist Nurs Pract. 21(6), 303-307.

Field, T. (2005). Action to tackle bullying at work. Accessed on March 14, 2014 from www.bullyonline.org.

Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS third edition. London : Sage. Field, T. (1996).Bully in sight. Wantage: Success Unlimited.

Firth, L., Mellor, D., Moore, K. & Loquet, C. (2004). How can managers reduce employee intention to quit? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19, 170-187. Fitri, N., Dalimunthe, R.F., & Irawaty, N. (2007). Pengaruh persepsi dukungan

organisasi dan kepuasan kerja terhadap komitmen pegawai administrasi Politeknik Negeri Medan. Tesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Frieda (2012). Katakan tidak untuk bullying. Diakses pada 28 April 2014 dari http://m.suaramerdeka.com/index.php/read/wanita/2012/12/17/1398.

Fuller, J.B., Barnett, T., Hester, K., & Relyea, C. (2003). A social identity perspective on the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(6), 789-791.

Gaertner, S. (1999). Structural determinants of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in turnover models. Human Resource Management Review, 9, 479 – 493.

Gholipour, A., Sanjari, S.S., Bod, M., & Kozekanan, S.F. (2011). Organizational bullying and women stress in workplace. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(6), 234-241.

Gokul, A., Sridevi, G. & Srinivasan, P.T. (2012). The relationship between perceived organizational support, work engagement and affective commitment. AMET International Journal of Management,July-Dec 2012, 29-37.

Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399-432.

Gross, R. (1996). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour 3rdedition. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Gujarati, D. (2003). Ekonometrika Dasar. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Hadi, S. (2001). Metodologi Research Jilid 1, 2, 3 & 4. Yogyakarta: Penerbit ANDI. Harahap, A.K. & Kariono, A.S. (2011). Penerapan tambahan penghasilan dalam

meningkatkan kinerja dan disiplin pegawai pada BKD Propinsi Sumatera Utara.

Tesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Hoel, H. & Cooper, C. (2000). Destructive conflict and bullying at work. Study Report.

Manchester: University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. Hoel, H., Cooper, C.L., & Faragher, B. (2001). The experience of bullying in Great

Britain: The impact of organizational status. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 443-465.

Hoel, H., Einarsen, S. & Cooper, C.L. (2003). Organizational effects of bullying. In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D & Cooper, C.L., Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspective in research and practices (pp. 145-161). London: Taylor & Francis.

Hoel, H., Rayner, C. & Cooper, C. (1999). Workplace bullying. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14, 195-230.

Keashly, L. (2001). Interpersonal and systemic aspects of emotional abuse at work: The target’s perspective. Violence and Victims, 16, 233-268.

Kirel, C. (2007). Orgulerde mobbing yonetiminde destekleyici ve risk azaltici oneriler (Mobbing management in organizations of supportive and risk mitigation recommendation). Anadolu Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Degisi, 7(2), 317-334. Klein, K. J. (1987). Employee stock ownership and employee attitudes: A test of three

models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 319 – 332.

Kurniasari, L. (2004). Pengaruh komitmen organisasi dan job insecurity karyawan terhadap intensi turnover. Tesis. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga.

Kusumowardhani, R.P.A., & Ancok, D. (2006). Locus of control sebagai moderator komitmen organisasi: Peran persepsi dukungan organisasi dan kepercayaan terhadap pemimpin. Anima, Indonesian Psychological Journal, 22 (1), 37-46. LaMastro, V. (1999). Commitment and perceived organizational support. National

Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal, 12(3), 1-13.

Lambooij, M., Flache, A., Sanders, K. & Siegers, J. (2007). Encouraging employees to co-operate: The effects of sponsored training and promotion practices on employees’ willingness to work overtime. Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 18,1748-1767.

Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.

Lee, C., Lee, J., & Yang, I. (2009). The impact of is employees’ perceived fairness on organizational commitment in post-merger information system integration. Paper was presented on The 9th International Conference on Electronic Business, Macau.

Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5, 119-126.

Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184.

Liefooghe, A.P.D. & Davey, K.M. (2003). Explaining bullying at work: Why should we listen to employee accounts? In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D & Cooper, C.L.,

Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspective in research and practices(pp. 219-230). London: Taylor & Francis.

Lutfi. (2007). Meningkatkan sikap kepatuhan PNS menjadi suatu komitmen. Diakses

tanggal 3 Juli 2014 dari

http://paknewulan.wordpress.com/2007/02/27/meningkatkan-sikap-kepatuhan-pns-menjadi-suatu-komitmen.

Lutgen-Sandvik, P. & Sypher, B.D. (2009). Destructive organizational communication.

New York: Routledge Press.

Lutgen-Sandvik, P., Tracy, S.J. & Alberts, J.K. (2008). The communicative nature of workplace bullying and responses to bullying. Paper. Denver/Boulder, CO. Manetje, O.M., (2005). The impact of organisational culture on organisational

commitment. Thesis. University of South Africa.

Mathieu, J. E. & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171 – 194.

McCormack, D., Casimir, G., Djurkovic, N. & Yang, L. (2006). The concurrent effects of workplace bullying, satisfaction with supervisor, and satisfaction with co-workers on affective commitment among schoolteachers in China. International Journal of Conflict Management, 17(4), 316-331.

McDonald, D. J. & Makin, P. J. (2000). The psychological contract, organisational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 21(2), 118 – 234.

Meyer, J.P & Allen, N.J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.

Mikkelsen, E.G. & Einarsen, S. (2001). Bullying in Danish worklife: Prevalence and health correlates, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 393-413.

Miller, K. (2003). Values, attitudes and job satisfaction. In Robbins, S.P., Odendaal A. & Roodt, G. (eds), Organizational Behavior: Global and Southern African Perspectives (pp. 65-82). Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa.

Morrow, P.C. (1993).The theory and measurement of work commitment. Greenwich: JAI Press.

Mowday, R.T, Porter, L.W& Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York: Academic Press.

Mulyanto & Hardaya, S. (2009). Pengaruh motivasi, kepuasan kerja dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Excellent. 1(2). 123-144.

Neuman, J.H., & Baron, R.A. (2003). Social antecedents of bullying : A social interactionist perspective. In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D & Cooper, C.L.,

Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspective in research and practices (pp. 201-225). London: Taylor & Francis.

Olweus, D. (1999). Sweden. In: P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: a cross-national perspective(pp. 7–27). London: Routledge.

O’Reilly, C. (1989). Corporations, culture and commitment. California Management Review, 31, 9 -24.

Organ, D.W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome.

Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Painter, J. & Akroyd, D. (1998). Predictors of Organizational Commitment among occupational therapists. Occupational Therapy in Health Care. 11(2).1-15. Priyatno, D. (2012). Cara kilat belajar analisis data dengan SPSS 20. Yogyakarta:

Penerbit Andi.

Quine, L. (1999). Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey. British Medical Kournal, 318, 228-232.

Rahaman, H.M.S., (2012). Organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction among school teachers: Comparing public and private sectors in Bangladesh. South Asian Journal of Management, 19(3), 7-17. Randall, D. M. (1990). The consequences of organizational commitment:

methodological investigation. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 11, 361 – 378.

Rasool, F., Arzu, F., Hasan, A., Rafi, A., & Kashif, A.R., (2013). Workplace bullying and intention to leave: The moderating effect of the organizational commitment.

Information Management and Business Review, 5(4), 175-180.

Rayner, C. & Hoel, H. (1997). A summary review of literature relating to workplace bullying. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 181-191. Rayner, C., Hoel, C., & Coopel, C.L. (2002). Workplace bullying: What we know, who

is to blame, and what we can do. London: Taylor & Francis.

Reichers, A. E. (1985). A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10, 465 – 476.

Rhoades, L. & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698-714.

Salin, D. (2001). Prevalence and forms of bullying among business professionals: A comparison of two different strategies for measuring bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(84), 425-441.

Santoso, S. (2002). Statistik multivariat. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo.

Sarwono, J.(2006). Metode penelitian kuantitatif & kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Shore, L.M. & Shore, T.H. (1995). Perceived organizational support and organizational

justice, in R.S. Cropanzo & K.M. Kacmar (eds), Organizational politics, justice and support: Managing the social climate of the workplace Westport (pp. 149-164). Westport, CT: Quorum.

Shore, L.M., & Wayne, S.J. (1993) Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 774-780.

Shumaila, S., Aslam, R., Sadaqat, S., Maqsood, S. & Nazir, S. (2012). Perceived organizational support as predictor of organizational commitment: A comparative study on public and private sector nurses. Paper was presented on 2nd International Conference on Business Management, Lahore, Pakistan. Storey, J. (1995). Human resource management: A critical text.London: Routledge. Suliman, A. M. & Iles, P. A. (2000). The multi-dimensional nature of organisational

commitment in a non-western context. Journal of Management Development, 19, 224 – 248.

Suntari, P. (2004). Analisis permodelan hubungan antara persepsi akan dukungan organisasi, kepuasan kerja, komitmen terhadap organisasi, dan kemauan untuk keluar dari organisasi pada tenaga penjual di Jakarta. Tesis. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.

Surjadi. (2014). Budaya organisasi dan pola pikir PNS. Diakses tanggal 4 Juli 2014 dari http://www.bandiklatjatim.go.id/artikel/42-artikel/125-budaya-organisasi-dan-pola-pikir.

Suryabrata, S. (2000). Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.

Tepper, B.J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of management Journal, 43, 178-190.

Vandenberghe, C. (1996). Assessing organisational commitment in a Belgian context: Evidence for the three-dimensional model. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 45, 371 – 386.

Vanesha, S.A. & Rosari, R. (2011). Pengaruh dukungan organisasional dan stress kerja terhadap komitmen organisasional dengan locus of control sebagai variabel pemoderasi. Tesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Vartia, M. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 27, 63-69.

Wahab, E., Quaddus, M., & Nowak, M. (2009). Perceived organizational support and organizational commitment: A study of medium enterprises in Malaysia. Paper was presented on International Conference on Human Capital Development, Kuantan, Pahang.

Wang, Z. (2014). Perceived supervisor support and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of organizational commitment. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 5(1). 210-214.

Wann-Yih, W., & Htaik, S. (2011). The impacts of perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment on job performance in hotel industry. Paper was presented on The 11thInternational DSI and the 16thAPDSI Joint Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan.

Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., & Liden, R.C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82-111.

Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., Bommer, W.H. & Tetrick, L.E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange.Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598.

Widarjono, A. (2007). Ekonometrika: teori dan aplikasi untuk ekonomi dan bisnis. Yogyakarta: UII.

Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors.

Journal of Management, 17, 60-617.

Wiyono, B.D. (2013). Teori Perkembangan Karier Donald E. Super. Diakses tanggal 17 Agustus 2014 dari http://bambangdibyo.wordpress.com/2013/04/10/teori-perkembangan-karier-donald-e-super.

Yuksel, M. & Tuncsiper, B. (2011). The relationship between mobbing and organizational commitment in workplace. International Review of Management and Marketing, 1(3), 54-64.

Zapf, D. & Einarsen, S. (2001). Bullying in the workplace: Recent trends in research and practice – An Introduction, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 369-373.

Zeffane, R. (1994). Patterns of organisational commitment and perceived management style: A comparison of public and private sector employees. Human Relations, 47, 977 – 1010.

Dokumen terkait