BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
B. Saran
Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang :
1. Senyawa aktif yang berperan dalam aktivitas proteksi dari bijiP.americana
2. MekanismeP.americanadalam memberikan efek proteksi pada ginjal.
3. Pencuplikan pada beberapa bagian ginjal untuk pemeriksaan histologis agar
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LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Foto serbuk bijiP.americana
Lampiran 2. Foto ekstrak kental bijiP.americana
Lampiran 6. Surat pengesahan Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee (MHREC)
Lampiran 7. Analisis statistik kadar kreatinin serum pada uji penentuan waktu pencuplikan darah tikus setelah diinduksi
karbon tetraklorida 2mL/kgBB NPar Tests Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Minimu m Maximu m jam_0 4 .3500 .05774 .30 .40 jam_24 4 .5250 .09574 .40 .60 jam_48 4 1.0000 .14142 .90 1.20 jam_72 4 .4500 .05774 .40 .50
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
jam_0 jam_24 jam_48 jam_72
N 4 4 4 4
Normal ParametersaMean .3500 .5250 1.0000 .4500
Std. Deviation .05774 .09574 .14142 .05774 Most Extreme Differences Absolute .307 .283 .260 .307 Positive .307 .217 .260 .307 Negative -.307 -.283 -.240 -.307 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z .614 .567 .520 .614
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .846 .905 .949 .846
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Kreatinin
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
1.100 3 12 .387
Descriptives Kreatinin
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Min Max Lower Bound Upper Bound CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 0 4 .3500 .05774 .02887 .2581 .4419 .30 .40 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 24 4 .5250 .09574 .04787 .3727 .6773 .40 .60 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 48 4 1.0000 .14142 .07071 .7750 1.2250 .90 1.20 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 72 4 .4500 .05774 .02887 .3581 .5419 .40 .50 Total 16 .5812 .27134 .06783 .4367 .7258 .30 1.20
Post Hoc Tests
Multiple Comparisons
Kreatinin Scheffe
(I) kelompok (J) kelompok
Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 0 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 24 -.17500 .06693 .132 -.3916 .0416 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 48 -.65000 * .06693 .000 -.8666 -.4334 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 72 -.10000 .06693 .546 -.3166 .1166 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 24 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 0 .17500 .06693 .132 -.0416 .3916 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 48 -.47500 * .06693 .000 -.6916 -.2584 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 72 .07500 .06693 .743 -.1416 .2916 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 48 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 0 .65000 * .06693 .000 .4334 .8666 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 24 .47500 * .06693 .000 .2584 .6916 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 72 .55000 * .06693 .000 .3334 .7666 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 72 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 0 .10000 .06693 .546 -.1166 .3166 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 24 -.07500 .06693 .743 -.2916 .1416 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 48 -.55000 * .06693 .000 -.7666 -.3334
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .997 3 .332 37.093 .000
Within Groups .108 12 .009
Homogeneous Subsets Kreatinin
Scheffe
kelompok N
Subset for alpha = 0.05
1 2 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 0 4 .3500 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 72 4 .4500 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 24 4 .5250 CCl4 dosis 2ml/kgBB jam ke 48 4 1.0000 Sig. .132 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Lampiran 8. Analisis statistik kadar kreatinin serum pada enam kelompok perlakuan ekstrak etanol bijiP.americanasetelah induksi karbon
tetraklorida 2 mL/kgBB
NPar Tests
Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
kontrol_oliveoil 5 .5800 .04472 .50 .60 kontrol_karbontetraklorida 5 1.0000 .12247 .90 1.20 kontrol_ekstrak 5 .5600 .05477 .50 .60 dosis350 5 .4400 .05477 .40 .50 dosis700 5 .4400 .05477 .40 .50 dosis1400 5 .6400 .08944 .50 .70
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
kontrol_oliveoil
kontrol_karbont
etraklorida kontrol_ekstrak dosis350 dosis700 dosis1400
N 5 5 5 5 5 5
Normal Parametersa Mean .5800 1.0000 .5600 .4400 .4400 .6400
Std. Deviation .04472 .12247 .05477 .05477 .05477 .08944
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .473 .300 .367 .367 .367 .349
Positive .327 .300 .263 .367 .367 .251
Negative -.473 -.207 -.367 -.263 -.263 -.349
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 1.057 .671 .822 .822 .822 .780
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .214 .759 .510 .510 .510 .577
Oneway
ANOVA
kreatinin
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1.071 5 .214 37.800 .000 Within Groups .136 24 .006 Total 1.207 29 Descriptives kreatinin N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound
kontrol olive oil 5 .5800 .04472 .02000 .5245 .6355 .50 .60
kontrol nefrotoksin karbon tetraklorida
5 1.0000 .12247 .05477 .8479 1.1521 .90 1.20
kontrol ekstrak EPA 5 .5600 .05477 .02449 .4920 .6280 .50 .60
dosis 350mg/kgBB 5 .4400 .05477 .02449 .3720 .5080 .40 .50
dosis 700mg/kgBB 5 .4400 .05477 .02449 .3720 .5080 .40 .50
dosis 1400mg/kgBB 5 .6400 .08944 .04000 .5289 .7511 .50 .70
Total 30 .6100 .20401 .03725 .5338 .6862 .40 1.20
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
kreatinin
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Post Hoc Tests
Multiple Comparisons
kreatinin Scheffe
(I) kelompok (J) kelompok
Mean
Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound kontrol olive oil kontrol nefrotoksin karbon
tetraklorida -.42000
*
.04761 .000 -.5923 -.2477
kontrol ekstrak EPA .02000 .04761 .999 -.1523 .1923
dosis 350mg/kgBB .14000 .04761 .166 -.0323 .3123
dosis 700mg/kgBB .14000 .04761 .166 -.0323 .3123
dosis 1400mg/kgBB -.06000 .04761 .897 -.2323 .1123
kontrol nefrotoksin karbon tetraklorida
kontrol olive oil .42000* .04761 .000 .2477 .5923
kontrol ekstrak EPA .44000* .04761 .000 .2677 .6123
dosis 350mg/kgBB .56000* .04761 .000 .3877 .7323
dosis 700mg/kgBB .56000* .04761 .000 .3877 .7323
dosis 1400mg/kgBB .36000* .04761 .000 .1877 .5323
kontrol ekstrak EPA kontrol olive oil -.02000 .04761 .999 -.1923 .1523
kontrol nefrotoksin karbon
tetraklorida -.44000 * .04761 .000 -.6123 -.2677 dosis 350mg/kgBB .12000 .04761 .309 -.0523 .2923 dosis 700mg/kgBB .12000 .04761 .309 -.0523 .2923 dosis 1400mg/kgBB -.08000 .04761 .726 -.2523 .0923
dosis 350mg/kgBB kontrol olive oil -.14000 .04761 .166 -.3123 .0323
kontrol nefrotoksin karbon
tetraklorida -.56000
*
.04761 .000 -.7323 -.3877
kontrol ekstrak EPA -.12000 .04761 .309 -.2923 .0523
dosis 700mg/kgBB .00000 .04761 1.000 -.1723 .1723
dosis 1400mg/kgBB -.20000* .04761 .016 -.3723 -.0277
dosis 700mg/kgBB kontrol olive oil -.14000 .04761 .166 -.3123 .0323
kontrol nefrotoksin karbon
tetraklorida -.56000
* .04761 .000 -.7323 -.3877
kontrol ekstrak EPA -.12000 .04761 .309 -.2923 .0523
dosis 350mg/kgBB .00000 .04761 1.000 -.1723 .1723
dosis 1400mg/kgBB -.20000* .04761 .016 -.3723 -.0277
dosis 1400mg/kgBB kontrol olive oil .06000 .04761 .897 -.1123 .2323
kontrol nefrotoksin karbon
tetraklorida -.36000
* .04761 .000 -.5323 -.1877
kontrol ekstrak EPA .08000 .04761 .726 -.0923 .2523
dosis 350mg/kgBB .20000* .04761 .016 .0277 .3723
dosis 700mg/kgBB .20000* .04761 .016 .0277 .3723
Homogeneous Subsets
kreatinin
Scheffe
kelompok N
Subset for alpha = 0.05
1 2 3
dosis 350mg/kgBB 5 .4400
dosis 700mg/kgBB 5 .4400
kontrol ekstrak EPA 5 .5600 .5600
kontrol olive oil 5 .5800 .5800
dosis 1400mg/kgBB 5 .6400
kontrol karbon tetraklorida 5 1.0000
Sig. .166 .726 1.000
Lampiran 9. Analisis statistik kadar kreatinin serum pada perlakuan kontrol negatifolive oildosis 2 mL/kgBB
NPar Tests
Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
kreatinin_0 5 .4600 .05477 .40 .50
kreatinin_48 5 .5800 .04472 .50 .60
selisih 5 .1200 .04472 .10 .20
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
kreatinin_0 kreatinin_48 selisih
N 5 5 5
Normal Parametersa Mean .4600 .5800 .1200
Std. Deviation .05477 .04472 .04472
Most Extreme Differences
Absolute .367 .473 .473
Positive .263 .327 .473
Negative -.367 -.473 -.327
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z .822 1.057 1.057
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .510 .214 .214
a. Test distribution is Normal.
T-Test
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 kreatinin0 .4600 5 .05477 .02449
Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 kreatinin0 -kreatinin48
-.12000 .04472 .02000 -.17553 -.06447 -6.000 4 .004
Lampiran 10.Perhitungan efek nefroprotektif (%)
Rumus perhitungan efek nefroprotektif :
( ) – (
( ) )x100%
Perhitungan efek nefroprotektif kreatinin serum :
1. Perlakuan dosis 350mg/kgBB (po)+ induksi karbon tetraklorida :
=(1,00 − 0,58) − (0,44 − 0,58)
1,00 − 0,58 100%
= , ( , )
2. Perlakuan dosis 700mg/kgBB (po) + induksi karbon tetraklorida :
(1,00 − 0,58) − (0,4400 − 0,58)
1,00 − 0,58 100% = 133,3%
3. Perlakuan dosis 1400 mg/kgBB (po) + induksi karbon tetraklorida :
(1,00 − 0,58) − (0,6400 − 0,58)
1,00 − 0,58 100% = 85,7%
Lampiran 11. Perhitungan penetapan peringkat dosis ekstrak etanol biji
P.americanakelompok perlakuan
Penetapan peringkat dosis didasarkan pada :
• Bobot tikus paling besar = 250 gram
• Konsentrasi ekstrak etanol biji P.americana yang dapat dimasukkan dan dikeluarkan melalui spuit oral yaitu 7% atau 70mg/ml
• Volume maksimal pemberian oral yaitu 5 mL Maka dosis tertinggi dapat ditentukan sebagai berikut : BB x D = C x V
Berat badan (kg) x dosis(mg/kgBB) = konsentrasi (mg/ml) x volume pemberian (ml)
0,250 kg x D = 70mg/mL x 5 ml D = 1400 mg/kgBB
• Dosis rendah dan dosis tengah ditentukan dengan menurunkan dua kelipatan dari dosis tertinggi sehingga diperoleh dosis 700dan 350mg/kgBB
• Perhitungan konversi dari tikus 200 gram ke manusia 70kg = 56,00
• Dosis untuk tikus = 1400mg/kgBB = 1,400 g/kgBB = 0,0014 g/gBB tikus
= 0,2800 g / 200gBB tikus
= 15,68 g
• Dosis untuk manusia 50 kg = , 50
= 11,2 g
Lampiran 12. Perhitungan konversi dosis untuk manusia
• Angka konversi tikus 200 g ke manusia 70kg = 56,00
Maka penetapan dosis ekstrak etanol bijiP.americanasebagai berikut : • Ekstrak etanol biji P. americana dosis 350 mg/kgBB atau 0,350 g /kgBB
tikus:
0,350 g /kgBB = 0,00035 g/gBB = 0,07 g/ 200gBB
maka dosis konversi untuk manusia 70kgBB = 0,07 g/200gBB x 56,00 = 3,92 g /70kgBB
= 2,8 g /50kgBB
• Ekstrak etanol bijiP. americanadosis 700mg/kgBB atau 0,700 g /kgBB tikus: 0,700 g /kgBB = 0,0007 g/gBB = 0,14 g/ 200gBB
maka dosis konversi untuk manusia 70kgBB = 0,14 g/200gBB x 56,00 = 7, 84 g /70kgBB
= 5,6 g /50kgBB
• Ekstrak etanol bijiP. americanadosis 1400mg/kgBB atau 1,4 g /kgBB tikus : 1,4 g /kgBB = 0,0014 g/gBB = 0,28 g/ 200gBB
maka dosis konversi untuk manusia 70kgBB = 0,28 g/200gBB x 56,00 = 15,68 g /70kgBB = 11,2 g /50kgBB
Lampiran 13. Penetapan kadar air serbuk bijiP.americana
Penetapan kadar air serbuk dilakukan dengan metode gravimetri menggunakan alat moisture balance. Pemanasan serbuk biji P.americana
dilakukan pada suhu 1050C selama 15 menit.
Bobot Replikasi I Replikasi II Replikasi III Sebelum pemanasan 5,000 5,000 5,000
Setelah pemanasan 4,624 4,636 4,630
Kadar air 7,52% 7,28 % 7,40 % Rata-rata kadar air 7,40 %
Kadar air = − ℎ 100% Replikasi I = , , , 100% = 7,52% Replikasi II = , , , 100% =7,28 %% Replikasi III = , , , 100% =7,40 %
Rata-rata kadar air dari ketiga replikasi =
= , % , % , % = 7,40 %
Kadar air serbuk adalah 7,40 %. Kadar air ini sudah memenuhi persyaratan kadar
Lampiran 14. Hasil rendemen ekstrak etanol bijiP.americana
Tabel IX.Hasil rendemen ekstrak etanol bijiP.americana
Cawan 1 Cawan 2 Cawan 3 Cawan 4 Cawan 5 Cawan kosong 61,07 61,68 66,74 69,83 59,42 Cawan + ekstrak 65,38 66,45 71,10 74, 02 64,05 Rendemen 4,31 4,77 4,36 4,19 4,63 Rata-rata rendemen = = , , , , , = 4,45 gram
% rendemen ektrak kental = , 100%
= 18, 08 %
Lampiran 15. Bobot pengeringan ekstrak etanol bijiP.americana hingga terbentuk ekstrak kental
Tabel X. Pengeringan ekstrak etanol bijiP.americana hingga terbentuk ekstrak kental 0 2 4 6 8 10 08.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 61,07 121,62 90,73 75,68 66,72 66,45 66,45 61,68 124,03 93,7 76,3 65,59 65,38 65,38 66,74 118,079 89,72 75,09 74,06 71,1 71,1 Berat cawan kosong Jam ke berat ekstrak (gram)
Tabel XI.Hasil validitas dan reliabilitas Serum kontrol (range 1,09-1,71mg/dL)
x (mg/dL) x- (x- )2 1,7 1,68 0,02 0,0004 1,7 0,02 0,0004 1,7 0,02 0,0004 1,7 0,02 0,0004 1,6 -0,08 0,0064 Σ = 0,008 SD = ( ) ( ) = , = 0,04 Range x ± SD = 1,68 ± 0,04 = 1,64- 1,72 CV = = , , 100% = 2,38 %
BIOGRAFI PENULIS
Penulis skripsi dengan judul “Efek Nefroprotektif
Pemberian Jangka Panjang Ekstrak Etanol Biji Persea americana Mill. terhadap Kadar Kreatinin dan Gambaran Histologis Ginjal pada Tikus Terinduksi Karbon
Tetraklorida” memiliki nama lengkap Rotua Winata
Nopelia Silitonga. Penulis lahir di Jayapura pada tanggal 27 November 1991, merupakan anak pertama dari tiga bersaudara. Pendidikan formal yang pernah ditempuh yaitu TK YPPK Kristus Raja (1996-1998), SD YPPK Kristus Raja (1998-2004), SMP Negeri 1 Jayapura (2004-2007), SMA Negeri 5 Jayapura (2007-2010), kemudian melanjutkan pendidikan di Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta di tahun 2010. Semasa menempuh kuliah, penulis aktif dalam berbagai kepanitiaan. Penulis pernah menjadi anggota divisi perlengkapan kegiatan Hari Anti Tembakau (2011), koordinator kesekretariatan acara TITRASI (2011), bendahara dalam kegiatan Desa Mitra (2012). Penulis pernah menjadi asisten praktikum Botani Farmasi (2012 dan 2013).
