• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.2 SARAN

Proses koagulasi memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap mutu produk curd, khususnya karakateristik tekstur. Karakteristik koagulan dan kondisi koagulasi menentukan kemampuan protein membentuk matriks curd dan memerangkap komponen lain yang berpengaruh terhadap tekstur curd. Selain itu, penelitian dasar mengenai koagulasi protein kacang-kacangan, khususnya kedelai, menggunakan koagulan whey (biang tahu) belum banyak dilakukan. Koagulan whey sendiri adalah salah satu koagulan yang paling banyak digunakan oleh industri kecil dan menengah tahu di Indonesia. Melalui hasil penelitian ini, perlu dilakukan:

a. Penelitian lanjutan mengenai komposisi asam dalam koagulan whey tahu (biang tahu) dan pengaruhnya terhadap proporsi fraksi protein pembentuk curd

b. Pengamatan scanning electron microscopic (SEM) struktur matriks curd yang terbentuk dari perlakuan umur koagulan whey tahu dan suhu awal proses koagulasi.

c. Penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi proses koagulasi menggunakan koagulan whey tahu selain pH koagulan whey tahu dan suhu awal proses koagulasi.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Aguilera JM. 1995. Gelation of whey proteins. Food Technol.49: 83-89.

Anonima. 2003. Crystal structure of soybean 11S globulin: Glycinin A3B4 homohexamer

http://www.pnas.org/content/100/12/7395/F1.large.jpg [2 November 2010]

---b. 2010. http: //www.texturetechnologies.com/texture_profile_analysis .html [25 Oktober 2010]

---c. 2010. http://evalyanee.wordpress.com/2009/12/14/kedelai-membuat-awet-muda/ [1 November 2010]

AOAC [Analysis of the Asociation of Official Agriculture Chemistry]. 1995. Microchemical Determination of Nitrogen. Method 960.52. Chapter 12, p.7.

Autran JC. 1996. Elctrophoresis. Di dalam Lindex G (ed). Analytical Techniques for Foods and Agricultural Products. New York: VCH Pub Inc.

Bachrudin Z. 1999. Petunjuk Laboratorium: Isolasi, Identifikasi, dan Pewarnaan Protein. Yogyakarta: PAU Bioteknologi UGM.

Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 1992. Penentuan Kadar Air (SNI 01-3182-1992). Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.

Badley RA, Atkinson D, Hauser H, Oldani D, Green JP, and Stubbs JM. 1975. The structure, physical and chemical properties of the soy bean protein glycinin. Biochim Biophys Acta412: 214-228. Belitz HD and Grosch W. 1999. Food Chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Berk Z. 1992. Technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybean. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 97. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations.

Blazek V. 2008. Chemical and biochemical factors that influence the gelation of soybean protein and the yield of tofu [thesis]. Sydney: Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. Univ of Sydney.

Bollag DM and Edelstein SJ. 1991. Protein Method. New York: Willey-Liss Inc.

Boye JI, Ma CY, and Harwalkar VR. 1997. Thermal denaturation and coagulation of proteins. In: Damodaran S and Alain P (eds). Food Proteins and Their Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

Boyer RF. 1993. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 2nd ed. California: The Benjamin/ Cumming Pb. Co., Inc.

Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. J Analytical Biochem 72: 248-254 Cai TD and Chang KC. 1998. Characteristic of production scale tofu as afected by soymilk

coagulation method: Propeller blade size, mixing time and coagulation concentration. Food Res Intl 31: 289-295.

49 Cai TD, Chang KC, Shih MC, Hou HJ and Ji M. 1997. Comparison of bench and production scale

method for making soymilk and tofu from 13 soybean varieties. Food Res Intl. 30 (9): 659- 668.

Copeland RA. 1994. Methods for Protein Analysis: A Practical Guide Laboratory Protocol. 3rd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall..

Corredig M. 2006. Protein-protein interactions in food. In: Gaonkar AG and McPherson (eds).

Ingredient Interactions: Efftect on Food Quality. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

DeMan JM. 1985. Principles of Food Chemistry. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company Inc.

Fahmi R. 2010. Mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi koagulan terhadap pola elektroforesis koagulasi protein serta korelasinya terhadap mutu tekstur curd yang dihasilkan [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Faridi H and Faubion JM. 1990. Dough Rheology and Baked Product Texture. New York: An AVI Book.

Fontes EPB, Moreira MA, Davies CS, and Nielson NC, 1984. Urea-elicited changes in relative electrophoretic mobility of certain glycinin and β-conglycinin subunits. Plant Physiology 76: 840–842.

Fukushima D. 2004. Soy Proteins. In: Yada RY (ed). 2004. Proteins in Food Processing. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited.

Garfin DE. 1990. One-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In: Deutscher MP (ed). Guide to Protein Purification. London: Academic Press Inc.

Hariyadi P, Budijanto S, dan Permana AW. 2002. Pemanfaatan limbah cair tahu untuk memproduksi ingredien pangan fungsional [laporan penelitian]. Bogor: Lembaga Penelitian IPB.

Hegg PO. 1982. Conditions for the formation of heat-induced gels of some globular food proteins. J Food Sci47: 1241-1244.

Hermansson AM. 1994. Microstructure of protein gels related to functionality. In: Yada RY, Jackman RL, and Smith JL (eds). Protein Structure-Function Relationships in Foods. Bishopbriggs, Glasgow : Blackie Academic & Professional.

Hettiarachchy NS and Kalapathy U. 1998. Functional properties of soy proteins. In: Whitaker JR, Shahidi F, Munguia AL, Yada RY, and Fuller G. Functional Properties of Proteins and Lipids. Washington DC: American Chemical Society.

Jage A. 2008. SDS-PAGE. http://www.biotechbusters.co.cc/2008/08/sds-page_19.html [2 November 2010]

Johnson LD and Wilson LA. 1984. Influence of soybean variety and the method of processing in tofu manufacturing: Comparison of methods for measuring soluble solids in soymilk. J Food Sci 49: 202.

Kastyanto FW. 1985. Membuat Tahu. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.

Kemp SE, Hollowood T, and Hort J. 2009. Sensory Evaluation: A Practical Handbook. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Kilcast D. 1999. Sensory techniques to study food texture. In: Rosenthal AJ (ed). Food Texture (Measurement and Perception). Gatherburg Maryland: Aspen Publishing Inc.

50 Kilcast D. 2004. Measuring consumer perception of texture: an overview. In: Kilcast D (ed). Texture

in Food Volume 2: Solid Foods. Cambridge England: Woodhead Publising Limited.

Kohyama K, and Nishinari K. 1993. Rheological studies on the gelation process of soybean 7S and 11S proteins in the presence of glucono-delta-lactone. J Agric Food Chem41: 8-14.

Koshiyama I. 1969. Distribution of the 7S proteins in soybean globulins by gel filtration with sephadex G-200. Agric Biol Chem33: 281-284.

Koswara S. 1992. Teknologi Pengolahan Kedelai. Jakarta: PT Penebar Swadaya.

Lewis BA dan Chen JH. 1979. Effect of conformation and structure change induced by solvent and limited enzyme modification on the functionality of soy protein. In:El AP (ed). Functionality and Protein Structure. Washington DC: American Chemical Society.

Linaya C and Singkanparan H. 1983. The treatment of soybean curd whey by ultrafiltration using locally produced polyamide membranes. Proceeding of The Second ASEAN Workshop A Membrane Technology. ASEAN Committee on Science and Technology, Bangkok.

Liu C, Wang X, Ma H, Zhang Z, Gao W, and Xiao L. 2008. Functional properties of protein isolates from soybeans stored under various conditions. J Food Chem 111: 29-37.

Liu K. 1997. Soybean: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization. New York: Chapman and Hall International Thompson Publishing.

Liu K. 2008. Food use of whole soybeans. In: Johnson LA, White PJ and Galloway R (Eds.).

Soybeans Chemistry, Production, Processing, and Utilization. Urbana: AOCS Press pp: 447- 453.

Liu ZS, Chang SKC, Li LT, and Tatsumi E. 2004. Effect of selective thermal denaturation of soybean proteins on soymilk viscosity and tofu’s physical properties. J Food Res Intl. 37: 815-822. Maruyama Y, Maruyama N, Mikami B, and Utsumi S. 2010. Structure of the core region of the

soybean beta-conglycinin alpha' subunit.

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1UIK [2 November 2010]

Meng GT, Ching KM, and Ma CY. 2002. Thermal aggregation of globulin from an indigenous chinese legume, phaseolus angularis (red bean). J Food Chem 79: 93-103.

Milewski S. 2001. Protein structure and physicochemical properties. In: Sikorski ZE (ed). Chemical & Functional Properties of Food Proteins. Lancaster Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.

Moizuddin S, Johnson LD, and Wilson LA. 1999. Rapid method for determining optimum coagulant concentration in tofu manufacture. J Food Sci 64: 4.

Muchtadi D. 2010. Kedelai: Komponen untuk Kesehatan. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Mujoo R, Trinh DT, and Ng PKW. 2003. Characterization of storage proteins in different soybean varieties and their relationship to tofu yield and texture. J Food Chem 82: 265-273.

Nielsen SS. 2003. Food Analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Plenum Publisher.

Oakenfull D, Pearce J, and Burley RW. 1997. Protein gelation. In: Damodaran S and Paraf A (eds).

Food Proteins and Their Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp: 111-142.

Obatolu VA. 2007. Effect of different coagulants on yield and quality of tofu from soymilk. J Eur Food Res and Tech 226: 467-427.

51 Oboh G. 2006. Coagulants modulate the hypocholesterolemic effect of tofu (coagulated soymilk). Afr

J Biotechnol 5(3): 290–294.

Pearson AM. 1983. Soy protein. In: Hudson PJF (ed). Development in Food Protein. 2nd ed. London: The Applied Science Publisher.

Peleg M. 1983. The semantics of rheology and texture. J Food Techl 11: 54-61.

Peng IC, Quass DW, Dayton WR, and Allen CE. 1984. The physicochemical and functional properties of soybean 11S globulin - A review. Cereal Chem61: 480-490.

Pomeranz Y and Meloan CL. 1994. Food Analysis: Theory and Practice. 3rd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall ITP an International Thompson Publ. Co.

Poysa V and Woodrow L. 2004. Stability of soybean composition and its effects on soymilk and tofu yield and quality. J Food Res Int 35:337–345.

Poysa V, Woodrow L, and Yu K. 2006. Effect of soy protein subunit composition on tofu quality. J Food Res Int 39: 309-317.

Prabhakaran MP, Perera CO, and Valiyaveettil S. 2006. Effect of different coagulants on the isoflavone levels and physical properties of prepared firm tofu. J Food Chem 99: 492-499. Rabilloud T. 1996. Solubilization of proteins for electrophoretic analyses – A review. J

Electrophoresis 17: 813-829.

Rasband W. 2010. http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij. [30 Agustus 2010]

Reta. 2010. Making tofu. http://serdadoedapoer.blogspot.com/ [2 November 2010]

Rosenthal AJ. 1999. Food Texture, Measurement and Perception. Maryland: An Aspen Publication. Saidu JEP. 2005. Development, evaluation and characterization of protein-isoflavone enriched

soymilk [dissertation]. Louisiana: Faculty of Agricultural and Mechanical. Louisiana State University and College.

Sarwono B dan Saragih YP. 2003. Membuat Aneka Tahu. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Shurtleff W and Aoyagi A. 1979. The Book of Tempeh. New York: Harper and Row.

Shurtleff W and Aoyagi A. 1984. Tofu and Soymilk Production, The Book of Tofu Vol II. Lafayete: New Age Food Study.

Smewing J. 1999. Hydrocolloids. In:Rosenthal AJ (ed). Food Texture: Measurement and Perception. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publisher.

Smith AC. 2004. Texture and mastication. In: Kilcast D (ed). Texture in Food Volume 2: Solid Foods.

England: Woodhead Publising Limited.

Smith AK dan Circle SJ. 1977. Chemical composition of seed. In: Smith AK and Circle SJ (eds).

Soybean: Chemistry and Technology. Westport Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Co. Inc. Staswick PE, Hermodson MA, and Nielsen NC. 1984. Identification of the cystines which link the

acidic and basic components of the glycinin subunits. J Biol Chem259: 13431-13435.

Subardjo SK, Ridwan IN dan Handono SW. 1987. Penerapan Teknologi Pengawetan Tahu. Bogor: BPPIHP.

Sulieman MA, Hassan AB, Osman GA, El Tyeb MM, El Khalil EAI, El Tinay AH, and Babiker EE. 2008. Changes in total protein digestibility, fractions content and structure during cooking of lentil cultivars. Pakistan J of Nutr 7 (6): 801-805.

52 Supriatna D. 2007. Membuat Tahu Sumedang. Cetakan ke-3. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.

Syarief R dan Irawati. 1988. Pengetahuan Bahan untuk Industri Pertanian. Jakarta: Medyatama Sarana Perkasa.

Szczapa EL. 2001. Legume and oilseed proteins. In: Sikorski ZE (ed). Chemical & Functional Properties of Food Proteins. Lancaster Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. Tay SL, Xu GQ, and Perera CO. 2005. Aggregation profile of 11S, 7S and 2S coagulated with GDL. J

Food Chem 91: 457-462.

Thanh VH and Shibasaki K. 1978. Major proteins of soybean seeds, subunit structure of β- conglycinin. J Agric Food Chem26: 692-698.

Thanh VH, Okubo K, and Shibasaki K. 1975. Isolation and characterization of the multiple 7S globulins of soybean proteins. Plant Physiology 56: 19-22.

Utsumi S and Kinsella JE. 1985. Structure-function relationships in food proteins: Subunit interactions in heat-induced gelation of 7S, 11S, and soy isolate proteins. J Agric Food Chem 33: 297-303.

Wang CH and Damodaran S. 1991. Thermal gelation of globular proteins: Influence of protein conformation on gel strength. J Agric Food Chem 39: 433-438.

Wijaya SKS dan Rohman L. 2005. Fraksinasi dan Karakterisasi protein Utama Biji Kedelai.Jember: Fakultas MIPA Universitas Jember.

Wilson K and Walker J. 2000. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry. 5th ed. England: Cambridge University Press.

Wolf WJ and Cowan JC. 1971. Soybean as a Food Source. Ohio: CRC Press.

Wolf WJ. 1977. Purification and properties of the protein. In: Smith AK and Circle SJ (eds). Soybean: Chemistry and Technology. Westport Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Co. Inc.

54

Dokumen terkait