• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Pada tahap berikutnya diperlukan pemurnian enzim kitosanase dengan teknik kromatografi yang lain sehingga dapat dilakukan perbandingan antara berbagai teknik kromatografi untuk pemurnian enzim kitosanase. Selain itu,

41 dapat pula dilakukan analisis zimogram terhadap crude enzyme dan enzim murni tersebut untuk mengetahui pita protein yang menunjukkan aktivitas kitosanase. Karakterisasi lebih lanjut terhadap enzim sebaiknya dilakukan untuk mengetahui lebih detail karakteristik kitosanase yang dihasilkan.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Angka SL, Suhartono MT. 2000. Bioteknologi Hasil laut. PSKL IPB, Bogor. Arnold LD, Solomon NA. 1986. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and

Biotechnology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington.

Boyer RF. 1986. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. Inc., Canada.

Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72 : 248-254. Brine CJ, Sandford PA, Zikakis JP. 1992. Advanced chitin and chitosan. Elsevier

: 292-303.

Brzezinski R, Boucher I, Dupuy A, Plouffe B. 1997. Actynomycetes as model organisms for the study of chitosanase. Chitin Handbook. European Chitin Soc. pp. 291-295.

Chang KLB, Tsai G, Lee J, Fu WR. 1997. Heterogenous N-deacetylation of chitin in alkalin solution. Carbohydrate Res. 303 : 327-332.

Chaplin MF, Bucke C. 1990. Enzyme Technology. Cambridge Univ. Pr., New York.

Chasanah E, Suhartono MT, Hwang JK, Pyun YR. 2002. Characterization of Chitosanase Enzyme from Thermophile Bacteria Bacillus licheniformis MB-2. The fifth JSPS International Seminar Marine Products Processing Technology, Bogor Agriculture University.

Chasanah E. 2004. Characterization of chitosanase of Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 from Manado hot spring water [disertasi]. Bogor : Pascasarjana, IPB.

Cheng YC, Li KY. 2000. An Aspergillus chitosanase with potential for large scale preparation of chitosan oligosaccarides. Biotech. Appl. Biochem. 32 197-203. Clark JM, Switzer RL. 1977. Experimental Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and

Company, San Fransisco.

Edelstein SJ, Bollag DM. 1991. Protein Methods. Wiley-Liss, USA.

Emmawati A. 2004. Produksi kitosan dengan perlakuan kimiawi dan enzimatis menggunakan NaOH dan kitin deasetilase [tesis]. Bogor : Pascasarjana, IPB. Fukamizo T, Brzezinski R. 1997. Chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. strain N174 :

43 Goosen, MFA. 1997. Applications of Chitin and Chitosan. Technomic, USA. Haliza W. 2003. Karakteristik kitosanase unik dari Bacillus coagulans LH 28.38

asal Lahendong-Sulawesi Utara [tesis]. Bogor : Pascasarjana, IPB.

Harris ELV, Angal S. 1989. Protein Purification Methods a Practical Approach. Oxford Univ. Pr., UK.

Imoto T, Yagashita K. 1971. A simple activity measurement of lisozyme. Agric. Biol. Chem. 35 : 1154-1156.

Jeon YJ, Kim SK. 2000. Production of chitooligosaccarides using an ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity. Carb. Polymer 41 : 133-141.

Kafetzopoulos D, Martinou A, Bouriotis V. 1993. Bioconversion of chitin to chitosan : Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii. Appl. Biol. Sci. 90 : 2564-2568.

Kolodziejska I, Pajak AW, Ogonowska G, Sikorski ZE. 2000. Deacetylation of chitin in a two-Stage. Chem. Enzyme Process. 2 (150) : 15-24.

Kurakake M, Shou Y, Nakagawa K, Sugihara M, Komaki T. 2000. Properties of chitosanase from Bacillus cereus S1. Curr. Microbiol. 40 : 6-9.

Lehninger. 1982. Dasar-dasar Biokimia. Diterjemahkan oleh M. Thenawijaya. Erlangga, Jakarta.

Meidina. 2005. Aktivitas antibakteri oligomer kitosan hasil degradasi oleh kitosanase Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 [tesis]. Bogor : Pascasarjana, IPB. Miyoshi H, Shimura K, Watanabe K, Onodera K. 1992. Characterization of some

fungal chitosans. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56 (12) : 1901-1905.

Morris CJOR, Morris P. 1976. Separation Methods in Biochemistry. Pitman Publishing Co., London.

Muzzarelli RAA, Tomasetti M, Ilari P. 1995a. Depolymerization of chitosan with the aid of papain. Enz. and Microbial Technol. 16 : 110-114.

Muzzarelli RAA, Xia W, Tomasetti M, Ilari P. 1995b. Depolymerization of chitosan and substituted chitosans with the aid of a wheat germ lipase preparation. Enz. and Microbial Technol. 17 : 541-545.

Nur MA, Adijuwana H. 1988. Teknik Separasi Dalam Analisis Pangan. PAU-LSI IPB, Bogor.

Okajima S, Ando A, Shinoyama H, Fujii T. 1994. Purification and characterization of a extracellular chitosanase produced by Amycolatopsis

CsO-2. J. Ferment Bioeng. 77 (6) : 617-620.

Pantaleone D, Yalpani M, Scollar M. 1992. Unusual susceptibility of chitosan to enzymic hydrolysis. Carb. Res 237 : 325-332.

Park JK, Shimono K, Ochiai N, Shigeru K, Kurita M, Ohta Y, Tanaka K, Matsuda H, Kawamukai M. 1999. Purification, characterization, and gene analysis of a chitosanase (ChoA) from Matsuebacter chitosanotabidus 3001 : J. Bacteriol. 181 (21) : 6642-6649.

Reyes MP, Corona FG. 1997. The bifunctional enzyme chitosanase-cellulase produced by the Gram-negative microorganism Myxobacter sp. AL-1 is highly similiar to Bacillus subtilis endoglucanases. Arch. Microbiol. 168 : 321-327. Rochima E. 2005. Aplikasi kitin deasetilase termostabil dari Bacillus papandayan

K29-14 asal kawah Kamojang-Jawa Barat pada pembuatan kitosan [tesis]. Bogor : Pascasarjana, IPB.

Saito J, Kita A, Higuchi Y, Nagata Y, Ando A, Miki K. 1999. Crystal structure of chitosanase from Bacillus circulans MH-K1 at 1.6-Å resolution and its substrate recognition mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (34) : 30818-30825. Scopes RK. 1987. Protein Purification. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Seino H, Tsukuda K, Shimasue Y. 1991. Properties and pattern of a chitosanase from Bacillus sp. PI-7S. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55 (9) : 2421-2423.

Shahidi F, Arachchi JKV, Jeon YJ. 1999. Food application of chitin and chitosan. Trends in Food Sci. Technol. 10 : 37-51.

Shimosaka M, Nogawa M, Ohno Y, Okazaki M. 1993. Chitosanase from the plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli - purification and some properties. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57 (2) : 231-235.

Shimosaka M, Nogawa M, Wang YX, Kumehara M, Okazaki M. 1995. Production of two chitosanase from a chitosan-assimilating bacterium,

Acinetobacter sp. strain CHB101. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. p. 438-442. Shimosaka M, Fukumori Y, Zhang YX, He NJ, Kodaira R, Okazaki M. 2000.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a chitosanase from the chitosanolytic bacterium Burkholderia gladioli strain CHB101. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54 : 354-360.

Somashekar D, Joseph R. 1996. Chitosanase properties and applications : A review. Bioresource Technol. 55 : 35-45.

45 Stanbury PF, Whitaker A. 1984. Principles of Fermentation Technology.

Pergamon Press, New York.

Suhartono MT. 1989. Enzim dan Bioteknologi. PAU IPB, Bogor.

Suhartono MT, Suwanto A, Widjaja H. 1992. Diktat Stuktur dan Biokimiawi Protein. PAU IPB, Bogor.

Suhartono MT. 2002. Exploration of Indonesian Thermophiles Producing Thermostable Chitinolytic Enzymes. Report. Biochemistry and Microbiology Laboratory Research Center for Biotechnology, IPB, Bogor.

Suhartono MT, Natsir H, Chandra D, Rukayadi Y, Hwang JK, Pyun YR. 2002. Biochemical characteristics of chitinase enzyme from Bacillus sp. of Kamojang Crater-Indonesia. J. Biochem., Molecular Biol., and Biophys pp. 279-282.

Tokoyasu T, Kaneko A, Hayashi K, Mori Y. 1999. Production of a recombinant chitin deacetylase in the culture medium of Escherichia coli cells. FEBS Lett. 458 : 23-26.

Tokuyasu K, Kameyama MO, Hayash K. 1996. Purification and characterization of extracellular chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 60 (10) : 1598-1603.

Toledo RT. 1991. Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Tsai GJ, Wu ZY, Su WH. 2000. Antibacterial activity of chitooligosaccharide mixture prepared by cellulose digestion of shrimp chitosan and its application to milk preservation. J. Food Prot. 63 : 747-752.

Tsigos I, Martinou A, Kafetzopoulos D, Bouriotis V. 2000. Chitin deacetylase : New, versatile tools in biotechnology. TIBTECH. 18 : 305-312.

Wahyuni, S. 2006. Aktivitas kitooligomer hasil reaksi enzimatik terhadap proliferasi sel limfosit dan sel kanker [disertasi]. Bogor : Pascasarjana, IPB. Walsh G. 2002. Protein Biochemistry and Biotechnology. John Wiley and Sons,

New York.

Wang DIC, Cooney CL, Demain AL, Dunhill P, Humphrey AE, Lilli MD. 1979. Fermentation and Enzyme Technology. John Willey and Sons, New York. Webb EC, Dixon M. 1979. Enzymes. Academic Press, New York.

Welan V. 2001. Karakteristik enzim kitinase dan kitin deasetilase isolat 13.26 asal Manado yang diproduksi menggunakan matriks imobilisasi sel [skripsi]. Bogor : Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB.

Wilson K, Walker J. 2000. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry 5th Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Yamasaki Y, Hayashi I, Ohta Y, Nakagawa T, Kawamukai M, Matsuda H. 1993. Purification and mode of action of chitosanolytic enzyme from Enterobacter

sp. G-1. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57 (3) : 444-449.

Yoon HG, Kim HY, Lim YH, Kim HK, Shin DH, Hong BS, Cho HY. 2000. Thermostable chitosanase from Bacillus sp. strain CK4 : Cloning and expression of the gene and characterization of the enzyme. Appl. and Env. Microbiol. pp. 3727-3734.

Yoon HG, Kim HY, Kim HK, Hong BS, Shin DH, Cho HY. 2001. Thermostable chitosanase from Bacillus sp. strain CK4 : Its purification, characterization, and reaction patterns. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 65 (4) : 802-809.

Yoshihara K, Hosokawa J, Kubo T, Nishiyama M, Koba Y. 1992. Purification and properties of a chitosanase from Psedomonas sp. H-14. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56 (6) : 972-973.

Dokumen terkait