BAB V PENUTUP
5.2. Saran
Berdasarkan simpulan yang telah diuraikan, maka dapat diutarakan beberapa saran yang diharapkan kiranya dapat berguna untuk mengembangkan kekuatan perdagangan internasional yang dilakukan oleh Indonesia. Saran tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Pemerintah Indonesia dalam memandang, baik sistem penyelesaian sengketa maupun retaliasi, sebaiknya tidak bersikap skeptis dengan menganggap bahwa sistem tersebut tidak akan efektif apabila dilaksanakan oleh negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Pengalaman menunjukan bahwa ada negara berkembang yang melaksanakan retaliasi terhadap negara maju dan berhasil. Hal ini sangat terkait
Universitas Indonesia dengan pandangan pemerintah Indonesia terhadap tujuan retaliasi itu sendiri. Seperti yang dijelaskan di atas, tujuan retaliasi tidak hanya untuk mengembalikan keuntungan ekonomi yang hilang, namun juga mendorong kepatuhan. Dalam kasus ini, pemerintah Indonesia sangat berfokus pada apakah retaliasi tersebut berdampak positif atau negatif terhadap perekonomian serta politik Indonesia dengan Korea Selatan. Namun ada aspek yang dilupakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia, yaitu aspek hukum. penulis berpendapat bahwa dalam kasus ini lebih tepat apabila pemerintah berfokus pada tujuan untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan karena pengembalian kerugian ekonomi yang hilang, selain tidak efektif, sifatnya hanya sementara. Namun pemerintah Indonesia juga harus memikirkan dampak jangka panjang. Indonesia dapat menggunakan retaliasi sebagai peringatan bagi Korea Selatan dan juga mitra negara anggota lainnya bahwa apabila ingin melakukan perdagangan dengan Indonesia, maka Korea Selatan dan negara anggota lainnya harus mematuhi ketentuan yang ada dalam WTO. Hal ini justru baik bagi citra Indonesia di mata internasional. Indonesia selain akan dipandang sebagai negara yang taat hukum, posisi Indonesia dalam perdagang internasional juga semakin kuat dan diperhitungkan meskipun secara ekonomi, Indonesia tidak sekuat negara maju.
2. Penulis setuju apabila pelaksanaan retaliasi membutuhkan pertimbangan yang matang dan menyeluruh sehingga diusahakan pelaksanaan retaliasi tidak akan berbalik merugikan Indonesia. Namun kembali lagi, pemerintah Indonesia melupakan aspek hukum. Pasal 22 ayat (2) DSU mengatur bahwa sebelum melakukan retaliasi, Complainant Country harus meminta otorisasi kepada DSB WTO. Apabila pemerintah mencermati rumusan pasal ini, maka sebenarnya dapat meminta otorisasi kepada DSB WTO untuk melaksanakan retaliasi tanpa harus melakukan retaliasi tersebut karena pada dasarnya
Universitas Indonesia retaliasi adalah hak sehingga keputusan untuk menggunakan atau tidak menggunakan hak adalah otoritas pemegang hak. Dengan meminta otoritas retaliasi kepada DSB WTO, paling tidak Indonesia dapat menguatkan bargaining position serta “menggertak” Korea Selatan agar segera melaksanakan putusan Panel. Dengan ini diharapkan Korea Selatan akan segera melaksanakan putusan Panel tanpa Indonesia harus menggunakan hak retaliasi yang telah diberikan DSB WTO.
Universitas Indonesia
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BUKU
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INTERNET
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“The Single Economic Entity Doctrine In South Africa And Its Implications For Competition Policy”
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Universitas Indonesia “Anti Dumping and Distrust: Reducing Anti Dumping Duties under the WTO
through Heightened Scrutiny”
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“European Communities — Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas”
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“The Byrd Amendment Is WTO-Illegal: But We must Kill the Byrd with the Right Stone”
http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/papers/pdf/BYRD_Amendement.pdf, Diunduh tanggal 11 November 2014.
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Universitas Indonesia
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“Methodologies and Techniques for Reverse Engineering–The Potential for Automation with 3-D Laser Scanners”
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PERATURAN PERUNDANGAN-UNDANGAN
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WTO. Agreement On Implementation Of article VI Of The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade (Anti Dumping Agreement).
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PUTUSAN
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Christhophorus Barutu. (30 September 2014). Kasubdit Fasilitasi dan Aturan Perdagangan, Direktorat Jenderal Kerjasama Perdagangan Internasional, Departeman Perdagangan Republik Indonesia.
Jeremy Albert Gabriel Kumajas. (1 Agustus 2014). Direktorat Pengamanan Perdagangan, Departeman Perdagangan Republik Indonesia.
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Universitas Indonesia
LAMPIRAN
ORGANIZATION
28 October 2005 (05-4890)
Original: English
KOREA – ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES ON IMPORTS
OF CERTAIN PAPER FROM INDONESIA
(WT/DS312)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
II. FACTUAL ASPECTS ... 1
III. PARTIES' REQUESTS FOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS... 2
A. INDONESIA... 2
B. KOREA... 4
IV. ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES ... 4
A. FIRST WRITTEN SUBMISSION OF INDONESIA... 4
1. Introduction... 4
2. Factual Background ... 4
3. Legal Argument ... 6
(a) Claims arising from the determination of dumping ... 6
(i) Korea's use of "facts available" to calculate normal values for Indah Kiat and Pindo Deli was inconsistent with Article 6.8 and Annex II of the Agreement ... 6
(ii) Korea's use of "facts available" to determine Tjiwi Kimia's dumping margin was inconsistent with Article 6.8 and Annex II of the Agreement... 7
(iii) Korea's use of constructed value to determine normal values for Indah Kiat and Pindo Deli was inconsistent with Articles 2.2 and 6.8 of the Agreement ... 8
(iv) Korea's calculation of constructed value for Indah Kiat and Pindo Deli was inconsistent with Articles 2.2, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.2 and 2.4 of the Agreement ... 8
(v) Korea's failure to make a fair comparison between normal value and export price by adjusting for selling expenses was inconsistent with Article 2.4 of the Agreement ... 8
(vi) Korea's treatment of Indah Kiat, Pindo Deli, and Tjiwi Kimia as a single economic entity was inconsistent with Articles 6.10 and 9.3 of the Agreement ... 9
(vii) Korea's failure to terminate the investigation of Indah Kiat was inconsistent with Article 5.8 of the Agreement ... 9
(viii) Korea's determinations contain several violations of the disclosure obligations contained in Articles 6.4, 6.7, 6.9 and 12.2 of the Agreement ... 9
(b) Claims relating to the determination of injury and causal link ... 9
(i) The KTC's treatment of PPC and WF Paper as "like products" was inconsistent with Articles 2.6, 3.1, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.7 of the Agreement ... 9
(ii) Korea's failure to conduct its injury and causal link determinations in an objective manner and to base these determinations on positive evidence was inconsistent with Articles 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.7 of the Agreement ... 10
(iii) Korea's injury determinations contain several violations of the disclosure obligations contained in Articles 6.1, 6.4 and 6.9 of the Agreement ... 10
(iv) Korea improperly granted confidential treatment to information contained in the Domestic Industry's application in violation of Article 6.5 of the Agreement ... 11
5. Suggestions on Implementation ... 11
B. FIRST WRITTEN SUBMISSION OF KOREA... 12
1. The KTC’s procedures were fair... 12
2. The KTC’s dumping determination was consistent with the requirements of the Agreement... 13
(a) Single dumping margin for the Sinar Mas Group Mills ... 13
(b) Facts available for Tjiwi Kimia ... 14
(c) Facts available for sales through CMI ... 14
(d) Continuation of investigation after determination of de minimis preliminary dumping margins for Indah Kiat ... 15
3. The KTC’s injury determination was also consistent with the requirements of the Agreement ... 16
(a) Definition of like product... 16
(b) Analysis of import volumes and price effects... 16
(c) Analysis of imports by Korean producers... 17
(d) Conclusion ... 17
C. FIRST ORAL STATEMENTS OF INDONESIA... 17
1. Opening Statement of Indonesia at the First Meeting of the Panel... 17
(a) The use of facts available for Indah Kiat and Pindo Deli ... 17
(b) Tjiwi Kimia... 18
(c) Calculation of individual margins for each exporter ... 19
(d) Fair comparison ... 19
(e) Like product ... 20
(f) The price and volume effects of imports ... 20
(g) The consideration of injury factors, causation analysis and own imports by the domestic industry ... 20
(h) Procedural issues... 21
2. Closing Statement of Indonesia at the First Meeting of the Panel ... 21
D. FIRST ORAL STATEMENTS OF KOREA... 21
1. Opening Statement of Korea at the First Meeting of the Panel... 22
(a) Single dumping margin for the Sinar Mas Group Mills ... 22
(b) Facts available for Tjiwi Kimia ... 22
(c) Facts available for sales through CMI ... 22
(d) Continuation of investigation after preliminary determination... 23
(e) Like product ... 23
(f) Consideration of injury factors ... 23
E. SECOND WRITTEN SUBMISSION OF INDONESIA... 25
1. Introduction... 25
2. Legal Argument ... 25
(a) Claims arising from the determination of dumping ... 25
(i) Korea's use of "facts available" to calculate normal values for Indah Kiat and Pindo Deli was inconsistent with Article 6.8 and Annex II of the Agreement ... 25
(b) Korea's calculation of constructed value for Indah Kiat and Pindo Deli was inconsistent with Articles 2.2, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.2, 2.4, and 6.8 of the Agreement ... 27
(c) Korea's use of "facts available" to determine Tjiwi Kimia's dumping margin was inconsistent with Article 6.8 and Annex II of the Agreement ... 27
(i) The KTC acted inconsistently with paragraph 7 of Annex II of the Agreement in failing to exercise "special circumspection" in its use of secondary information to determine dumping margins for Tjiwi Kimia ... 27
(ii) The KTC's use of "facts available" for Tjiwi Kimia without providing other exporters with an opportunity to submit further explanations was inconsistent with Article 6.8 and paragraph 6 of Annex II of the Agreement ... 28
(d) Korea's failure to make a fair comparison between normal value and export price by adjusting for selling expenses was inconsistent with Article 2.4 of the Agreement ... 29
(e) Korea's treatment of Indah Kiat, Pindo Deli, and Tjiwi Kimia as a single economic entity was inconsistent with Articles 6.10 and 9.3 of the Agreement... 29
(f) Korea's determinations contain several violations of the disclosure obligations contained in Articles 6.4, 6.7, 6.9 and 12.2 of the Agreement... 30
3. Claims relating to the determination of injury and causal link... 30