Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diambil simpulan sebagai berikut:
1. Ekstrak pegagan dan kunyit merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi menurunkan kadar AST dan ALT akibat induksi parasetamol dosis toksik. 2. Pemberian ekstrak pegagan dan kunyit yang diberikan baik sebelum maupun
sesudah induksi parasetamol dosis toksik, mampu meningkatkan aktvitas enzim GSH-Px.
3. Dosis tertinggi (18,75mg/200g BB tikus:336 mg/200g BB)ekstrak pegagan dan kunyit adalah dosis terbaik untuk melindungi dan memperbaikai jaringan hati yang rusak.
Secara keseluruhan tanaman pegagan dan kunyit ini sangat baik untuk melindungi hati dan memperbaiki sel hati yang dirusak oleh metabolisme obat
parasetamol dosis toksik dengan meningkatkan aktivitas enzim GSH-Px yang merupakan salah satu enzim yang terlibat dalam proses detoksifikasi di hati. Untuk itu di sarankan tumbuhan pegagan dan kunyit diteliti lebih lanjut untuk bisa menjadi salah satu andalan obat herbal yang berpotensi sebagaihepatoprotektor baik untuk tujuan preventif maupun kuratif pada penderita gangguan fungsi hati.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Alshawsh MA, Abdulla MA, Ismail S, Amin ZA.2011. Hepatoprotective Effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Extract on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,1–6.
Arikunto, Suharsimi.1998. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, PT. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.
[BPOM] Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan.2006. Sentra informasi keracunan BPOM. Data Keracunan Parasetamol di Indonesia tahun 2002-2005. BPOM: Chattopadhyay I, Biswa K, Bandyopadhyay U and Banerjeei RK. 2004. Tumeric and
Curcumin :Biological Action and Medicinal Applications. Review article. Current Science 87.(1):44-53.
Chen CY, Holtzman GI, Bakhit RM. 2002. High Genistein isoflavone supplementation modulated erythrocyteantioxidant enzymes and increased running endurancein rats undergoing one session of exhausting exercise a pilot study. Pakistan J Nutr 1:1-7.
Damdimopoulos AE.2003. Identification and functional characteritation of novel thioredoxin systems [thesis] Stockholm:Karolinska Univ Pr. 2003.
Das Kusal K, Das Swastika N, DasGupta Sakuntala. 2001. The Influence Of Ascorbic
Acid On Nickelinduced Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation In Rats. Freund Publishing
House Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 189-90.
Devaraj S, Ismail S, Ramanathan S, Yam MF. 2014. Investigation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Standardized Curcuma xanthorrhiza Rhizome in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Damaged Rats. The Scientific World Journal Volume 2014. Article ID 353128, 8 pages doi:10.1155/2014/353128 Devaraj S, Esfahani AS, Ismail S, Ramanathan S, Yam MF. 2010. Evaluation of the
antinociceptive activity and acute oral toxicity of standardized ethanolic extract of the rhizome of curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb. Molecules, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 2925–2934.
Erdiana, AN. 2009. Pengaruh Ekstrak Pegagan (Centella asiatica) Terhadap
SGPT Mencit (Mus musculus) Yang Diinduksi Paracetamol. Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.
Flohe L, Gunzler WA.1984. Assays of glutathione peroxidase In: Packer L, ed, Methods in Enzymology. Orlando, Florida, USA: Academic Press, 105:114- 121.
Gabele E, Fron M, AeteelGE, UesugiT, Hellerbrand C, Scholmerich J. 2009. TNF- alpha is required for cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis in the mouse,
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 378, no. 3, pp. 348–353,.
Gantait A, Barman T, and Mukherjee PK. 2011.Validated Method for Estimation of Curcumin in Turmeric Powder. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 10 (2):247-250.
GulcinI, OktayM, KirecciE and Kufrevioglu OI. 2003. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry 83: 371-382.
VandemialeG, EAltomare, Grattagliano I and Albano O. 1989. Increased plasma levels of gluthatione and malondialdehyde after acute ethanol ingestion in humans, J.Hepatol 9, 359-365.
[ISFI] Ikatan Sarjana Farmasi Indonesia.2006. ISO Indonesia, Vol.41. Informasi Spesialite Obat Indonesia, Volume 41, Penerbit PT. AnemKosong. Anem (AKA).
Jaesche H, Bajt ML. 2006. Intracellular signaling mechanismesof acetaminophen- Induced liver cell death. Toxicological sciences, 89 (1): 31-41
Jagetia GC, Rajanikant GK. 2004. Effect of curcumin on radiationimpaired healing of excisional wounds in mice. J. Wound Care 13: 107-9.
Jawi IM, Manuaba IBR, Sutirtayasa IWP dan Muruti G. 2006. Pemberian Glutamin Menurunkan Kadar Bilirubin Darah serta Mengurangi Nekrosis Sel-Sel Hati setelah Pemberian Aktivitas Fisik Maksimal dan Parasetamol pada Mencit. Dexa Medica. 4(9).
Jayashree, G Kurup Muraleedhara G Sudarsial S, Jacob VB. 2003. Antioxidant activity of Centella siatica on lymphoma-bearing mice. Fitoterapia 74(5): 431- 434.
Jollow D J, Mitchell J R Potter W Z, Davis D C, Gillette JR dan Brodie B.B. 1973. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. II. Role of covalent binding in vivo. J. of Pharm.and Exp. Ther. 187: 195–202.
Kadir FA, Othman F, Abdulla MA, Hussan F, Hassandarvish P. 2011. Effect of Tinospora crispa on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Indian J Pharmacol, 43(1):64.
Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD. 2003. Drug induced liver disease. New York: Marcel Dekker
Kameoka S, Leavitt, PChangS C, and Kuo SM. 1999. Expressionof antioxidant proteins in human intestinal Caco-2 cells treated with dietary flavonoids. Cancer Lett. 146:161-167.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2007. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1109/MENKES/PER/IX/2007 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pengobatan Komplementer Alternatif di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan, Jakarta.
Kim KJ, Yu HH, Cha JD, Seo SJ, Choi NY, You YO. 2005. Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa L. against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Phytother Res, 19(7):599–604.
Kohli K, Ali J, Antasari MJ, Raheman Z. 2005. A Natural Antiinflamatory agent . Education Forum 37(3): 141-147
Kunchandy E, Rao MNA. 1990; Oxigen Radical Scavenging Activity of Cur-cumin, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 58:237-40.
Kunnumakkara AB, Guha S, Krishnan S, Diagaradjane P, Gelovani J, Aggarwal BB. 2007. Curcumin Potentiates Antitumor Activity of Gemcitabine in an Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer through Suppression of Proliferation, Angiogenesis, and Inhibition of Nuclear Factor- κB–Regulated Gene Products.Cancer Res, 67(8):3853.
Kuntz E, Kuntz H-D. 2006.Clinical andmorphological principles. Dalam: KuntzE, Kuntz H-D, penyunting. Hepatology,principles and practice. Edisi ke-2.
Wetzlar:Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg; hlm. 392−412.
Maizura M, Aminah A, Wan Aida W. 2011. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of kesum (Polygonum minus), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract. Int Food Res J, 18:526–531
Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Rengarajulu P. 2007. Cardioprotective effects of curcumin. In: The molecular targets and therapeutic uses of curcumin in health and disease, 595:359–377
Mitruka,M. 1987. Clinical Biochemical and Hematological Reference Values in Normal Experimental Animals and Normal Humans. Second Edition. Masson Publishing. USA.
Negi AS, Kumar JK, Luqman S, Shanker K, Gupta MM, Khanuja SPS. 2007. Recent Advances in Plant Hepatoprotectives: A Chemical and Biological Profile of Some Important Leads . Medical Research Reviews 28(5):746-722.
Nelson S D, Tirmenstein M A, Rashed M S and Myers T G. 1990. Acetaminophen and protein thiol modification.Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(Biological Reactive Intermediates IV – Molecular and Cellular Effects and Their Impact on Human Health. 283: 579–588.
Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, Larson A Davron JT, Steven HB,
Timothy M, Reish J.2002. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med; 137: 947– 954.
Panchatcharam M, Miriyala S, Gayathri VS, Suguna L. 2006. Curcumin improves wound healing by modulating collagen and decreasing reactive oxygen species. Mol Cell Biochem, 290(1):87–96.
Pigeolet E P, Corbisier, HoubionA, LambertD, MichielsC, RaesM,
ZacgaryM. D, and J. Remacle.1990. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase inactivation by peroxides and oxygen derived free radicals. Mech. Ageing Dev. 51:283–297.
Pratt DS, Kaplan MM.2007. Laboratory test. Dalam: Schiff ER, Sorrell MF,
Maddrey WC,penyunting. Diseases of the liver. Edisi ke-10.Chenni, India:
Lippincott Williams andWilkins; hlm. 19−56.
Rao M N A.1997. Antioxidant properties of curcumin, In: Pramono S, UA Jenie, SS Retno,dan G.Didik (eds). Proceedings of the International Symposium On Curcumin Pharmacochemistry (ISCP), 39-47. Yogyakarta: Faculty of
Pharmacy Gadjah Mada University 283:579–588.
Cell Injury in: Jones D, Lash, editor. Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Academic Press Inc: 219-225.
Richter C, Gogvadze V, Laffanchi R. 1995. Oxidants in Mitochondrial from Physiology to Deases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. (1272):67. Sengupta M, Sharma G D, Chakraborty B. 2011. Hepatoprotective and
Immunomodulatory Properties of Aqueous Extract of Curcuma longa in Carbon Tetra Chloride Intoxicated Swiss Albino Mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.193-199. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60026-9. S Röhrdanz E, Obertrifter B, Ohler S dan Kahl R. .2000. Influence of Adriamycin and paraquat on antioxidant enzyme expression in primary rat hepatocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 74:231-237.
Schulz O. 2008. The Biological Activity of Curcumin. Wellness Foods Europe :10- 13.
Sengupta M, Sharma GD, Chakraborty B.2011. Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of Aqueous extract of Curcuma longa in carbon tetra chloride intoxicated Swiss albino mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 1(3):193–199.
Setiani I. 2012. Uji Aktivitas Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Air Herba Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) terhadap Tikus Putih Jantan Sprague Dawley yang Diinduksi Parasetamol. Skripsi. Jurusan Farmasi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Pakuan Bogor.
Subathra et al. 2005. Emerging role of Centella asiatica in improving age-related neurological antioxidant status. Experimental Gerontology 40, 707-715.
Suyatna FD, Gan S, Siswoyo K,Asikin N, Rosmiati H, Pringgo Utomo. 1992. The Effects of the Curcuma Againts Paracetamol-induced Liver Damage in Rats. Medical Journal of University of Indonesia 1992;1(1):20. Teknologi Universitas Negeri Malang.
Wayne W Daniel.1989. Statistik Non Parametrik Terapan, hal.272-298, Gramedia Jakarta
Zimmermen and Maddrey. 1993. Toxic ang drug induced Hepatitis in Schiff, Disease of the liver 7 edition, Lippincot Company, Phyladelphia.
Lampiran 1: Uji pengaruh Parasetamol terhadap aktivitas GSH-Px hati tikus: