Ancient History SEE 1 stimulus book

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Stimulus for Section 1 (Sources 1–6)

Source 1

Excerpt from Gehrke (2009)

Source: Gehrke, H-J 2009, ‘From Athenian identity to European ethnicity — The cultural biography of the myth of Marathon’.

Context statement

Hans-Joachim Gehrke is an archaeologist and historian. The Battle of Marathon was the first battle of the Persian Wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire.

This content has not been published for copyright reasons.

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Source 2

Excerpt from Herodotus’s Histories

Source: Herodotus Histories, translated by A De Selincourt, 2003.

Context statement

Herodotus (c. 490 BCE – c. 429 BCE), sometimes referred to as the ‘father of history’, was a Greek narrative historian who wrote a detailed account of the Persian Wars, including this excerpt about the Battle of Marathon. In his work, he claims ‘Events, large and small, need explanations’.

Source 3

The Athenians’ Epitaph at Marathon

Fighting as Greece’s champions the Athenians at Marathon Laid low the might of the gold-apparelled Persians.

Source: Simonides 21, The Athenians’ Epitaph at Marathon.

Context statement

This epigram (short poem) was inscribed alongside the names of fallen Athenians on stelae [standing slabs of stone] at the grave-mound at Marathon. These two lines are attributed to a Greek poet, Simonides of Ceos (c. 556 BCE – 468 BCE), who wrote many epigrams about the Persian Wars.

1 Athens’s senior military commander or ‘War-Archon’

2 remembered by Athenians as bringing an end to the tyranny of Hippias and restoring democracy to Athens in 514 BCE This content has not been published for copyright reasons.

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Excerpt from Plutarch’s Themistokles

[Spartan commander of the Greek navy] Eurybiades … had the command of the fleet [at Salamis] on account of the superior claims of Sparta, but [he] was faint-hearted in time of danger, wishing to hoist sail and make for the Isthmus³, where the Peloponnesians’ infantry had been assembled, but it was [Athenian general] Themistocles [Themistokles] who spoke against it.

…

‘We [the Athenians] have abandoned our homes and walls [of Athens] … because we did not want to be enslaved by lifeless things; but we have the greatest city in Greece, our 200 triremes⁴, which are now ready to help you, if you want to be saved by them, but if you go away and betray us again, the Greeks will soon hear that the Athenians have acquired a city as free and land no worse than we cast off.’ When Themistokles said this, Eurybiades was afraid that the Athenians might leave and abandon them.

Source: Plutarch, The Parallel Lives: The Life of Themistocles, translated by B Perrin, 1914.

Context statement

Plutarch (c. 45 CE – 120 CE) was a Greek philosopher and biographer who wrote the Parallel Lives comparing notable Greeks and Romans. When writing his ‘Life of Themistocles’, Plutarch had access to Greek sources from the 5th century BCE. This extract relates to a discussion that took place between the Athenian admirals and their Spartan, Corinthian and Greek allies, before the battle between the Greeks and Persians in the first battle of the Second Persian War at Salamis.

3 the land bridge at Corinth that links the Peloponnese to central Greece 4 ship used by the Greeks in naval warfare

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Source 5

Map of the Persian Wars

Context statement

This map was included in a book by William E. Dunstan, a scholar at an American university who specialises in ancient history. It shows the location and dates of key battles on land and at sea during the Persian Wars. It also shows the routes taken by the army and navy of Darius (King of the Persian Empire from 522 BCE - 486 BCE) and the military forces of his son, and successor as king, Xerxes ( 486 BCE - 465 BCE).

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Excerpt from Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War We must speak of the Persian Wars …

Our [Athens’s] view is that at Marathon we were the only ones to face up to the barbarian⁵ and when he came later, and we were not able to keep him off by land, we got into our ships with all our people and joined in the naval battle at Salamis, which prevented him from sailing against the Peloponnese and ravaging it city by city … The best proof of this is the barbarian’s own actions: once he had lost at sea, he withdrew as quickly as possible with the greater part of his host because his force was no longer adequate. This then was the outcome, and it clearly demonstrated that Greece’s destiny depended on her ships, and we contributed to this in the three most useful ways: in providing the greatest number of ships, the most intelligent general and our resolute courage: for of the 400 ships a little less than two thirds were ours, Themistokles was in command, who was primarily responsible for the sea battle taking place in the narrow straits, which was very clearly what saved the situation … and we displayed by far the most audacious courage … getting into our ships and encountering danger and not being angry with you that you had not come to our help earlier.

Source: Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by R Warner, 1954.

Context statement

Thucydides (c. 460 BCE – 400 BCE) was a Greek general and historian whose work focuses primarily on the Peloponnesian War (431 BCE – 404 BCE) between Athens and Sparta. This excerpt is a reflection on Athens’s actions during the Persian Wars.

5 non-Greek foreigner (in this case, Persian)

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Stimulus for Section 2 (Sources 7–14)

Source 7

Excerpt from Mark (2017)

Source: Mark, JJ 2017, New Kingdom of Egypt, World History Encyclopedia.

Context statement

Joshua J. Mark is a former professor of philosophy at a college in the United States and editor of the World History Encyclopedia, an educational website. He has taught history, writing, literature and philosophy.

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Map of the Ancient Egyptian Empire under Thutmose III

Source: Adapted from Encyclopedia Britannica n.d., Ancient Egyptian Empire under Thutmose III.

Context statement

The map shows Egyptian tenito1y during the reign of Thutmose III.

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Source 9

Excerpt from the ‘Annals of Thutmose III’

Source: Lichtheim, M, & Loprieno, A 2006, Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms.

Context statement

The ‘Annals of Thutmose III’ are 18th Dynasty ancient Egyptian military records of the campaigns of the Pharaoh Thutmose III’s armies from Year 22 (14 58 BCE) to Year 42 (14 38 BCE) of his reign. These detailed records are inscribed on vertical columns in the Temple of Karnak at ancient Thebes, the capital of the Egyptian empire at the time. Miriam Lichtheim, who translated the records, had more than 30 years experience as an Egyptologist.

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A relief from the Temple of Karnak

Source: Desplatt, J 2018, Apocalypse Then: The Battle of Megiddo, 19 18.

Context statement

This relief shows Thutmose III with captives from the Battle of Megiddo. It is dated to the 15th century BCE and forms part of the large-scale record of his military campaigns in the Temple of Karnak.

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Source 11

Excerpt from Spalinger (2005)

Source: Spalinger, A 2005, War in Ancient Egypt, The New Kingdom.

Context statement

Anthony Spalinger is a historian at a New Zealand university, specialising in Egyptology, ancient warfare and interconnections between the Ancient Near East and Eastern Mediterranean. The Meggido campaign concluded with a battle between Thutmose III and a group of kings from Canaan and Syria who were in rebellion against him. The city of Meggido was captured after the battle.

7 a person that uses strict discipline with those under their command

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Excerpt from Redford (1992)

Source: Redford, D 19 92, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.

Context statement

Donald Redford has been an Egyptologist and archaeologist for more than 40 years and is a Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean studies at an American university.

8 troops stationed in a particular location to guard it

9 Indo-Iranian empire centred in northern Mesopotamia that flourished from around 1500 BCE to 13 60 BCE 10 historical site situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; largely modern-day Iraq

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Source 13

Direct copy of tomb painting of Rekhmire

Source: Hoskins, GA 18 35, Travels In Ethiopia, Above The Second Cataract Of The Nile.

Context statement

The image is a direct copy of a painting from the tomb of Rekhmire, who was vizier (high-ranking official) during the reigns of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II. The painting depicts the Syrians bringing presents from Keftiu (Crete), Nubia and Syria (all areas under Egyptian domination) to Thutmose III.

Source 14

Excerpt from the Poetical Stela of Thutmose III

The princes of all foreign lands are gathered in your grasp, I stretched out my own hands and I bound them for you.

I tied up Nubian nomads by tens of thousands and thousands, and the northerners by hundreds of thousands of captives.

I made your enemies fall under your feet

so that you could crush the contentious and deceitful, for I entrusted the earth to you, in its length and its breadth, and westerners and easterners are under your command.

Source: Nederhof, M-J 2006, Poetical Stela of Tuthmosis III.

Context statement

The Poetical Stela of Thutmose was located in the Hall of Annals in the Temple of Karnak at Thebes. The text is inscribed on a black granite slab 180 cm high. The text was written in 25 horizontal lines next to scenes of the king making offerings to Amun-Ra, one of the forms of the sun god. This stela was written as if Amun-Ra was commenting on Thutmose III’s military campaign against the Nubians.

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References

Source 1

Gehrke, H-J 2009, ‘From Athenian Identity to European Ethnicity — The cultural biography of the myth of Marathon’, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition, T Derks & N Roymans (eds), Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, pp. 86–88, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n1n2.6.

Source 2

Herodotus c. 430 BCE, Histories, vol. 6, Aubrey De Sélincourt (trans.) 2003, Penguin Classics, pp. 400–401.

Source 3

Dunstan, WE 2000, Ancient Greece, Harcourt College Publishers, Florida.

Source 4

Simonides 21, The Athenians’ Epitaph at Marathon, M Dillon & L Garland (eds), Ancient Greece, Routledge, London, p. 216, https://cdn.lbryplayer.xyz/api/v4/streams/

free/45988/05a675641d6e0752474fc6f2ac6738ade5609ca5/984bfd.

Source 5

Plutarch c. 105 CE, The Parallel Lives, The Life of Themistocles, Loeb Classical Library edition, 1914, https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Themistocles*.html.

Source 6

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, M Dillon & L Garland (eds), Ancient Greece, Routledge, London, pp. 233–234, https://cdn.lbryplayer.xyz/api/v4/streams/

free/45988/05a675641d6e0752474fc6f2ac6738ade5609ca5/984bfd.

Source 7

Mark, JJ 2016, New Kingdom of Egypt, World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/New_Kingdom_

of_Egypt.

Source 8

Adapted from Dorman, PF & Drower, MS n.d., Thutmose III, Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/

biography/Thutmose-III.

Source 9

Lichtheim, M, & Loprieno, A 2006, Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms, University of California Press, California, pp. 29–50, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp1ht.9.

Source 10

Desplatt, J 2018, Apocalypse Then: The Battle of Megiddo, 1918, Natonal Archives, United Kingdom, https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/apocalypse-then-battle-megiddo-1918.

Source 11

Spalinger, A 2005, War in Ancient Egypt, The New Kingdom, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 101–104.

Source 12

Redford, D 1992, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, pp. 154–155.

Source 13

Hoskins, GA 1835, Travels In Ethiopia, Above The Second Cataract Of The Nile, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, London, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c16265&view=1up&seq=7.

Source 14

Nederhof, M-J 2009, Poetical Stela of Tuthmosis III, https://mjn.host.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/egyptian/texts/

corpus/pdf/PoeticalTuthmosisIII.pdf.