1 LIVIA ere"
tit I
samprew jo ouqndaa atij, HIlf1Y1113IIIDV GNV SHIIIHHSIA dO X11,116STAI
7 111 Z
NOILLORS HDIIVaSall aNIUNIAI j3k_
*17
N11-3V
11H,LITI SMHN
103
066T AV :MING t :ON aootios 2uptia anoS
Sdop a JAI °geoid
EDITORIAL MAN AND NATURE
Hassan Ahmed Maniku has undertaken a comprehensive review of available literature entitled 'Changes to the topography of the Maldives....an historical overview'. He shows that natural disasters were quite common even before the Maldives started to be devel- oped. 8 large storms are reported including one in 1821 which washed away 2 islands and one in 1819 in which 12 islands had to be abandoned. There are many undocumented historic reports of inundation of islands by seawater in the Maldives. Severe inundation was reported from several islands in 1964 and the inundation of Male' and several other islands in 1987 is fresh in everyone's memory. How can conservation help when we face these natural disasters? Well, to be honest, it can't always help.... at least directly. These disasters reflect extreme conditions and con- servation is all about preventing the day to day deterioration of the environment. How- ever, day to day environmental deterioration adds up. It adds up to reduce the capacity of the environment to cope with natural disas- ters and it becomes an increasingly rich spawning ground for disasters that are not natural. Environmental misuse kills the reef that protects the beach that makes the island that houses the people.... and the greenhouse effect has been one hundred
years, or more, in the making. With the insights provided by his research
Hassan Ahmed Maniku summarises these issues most eloquently and we are pleased that he has accepted our request to allow us to present the concluding paragraph of his
report in our newsletter.
"We have seen above (his review - Ed) some of the incidents that have gone to shape the island-topography of the Maldives. Most of these are forces of nature at work. Maldivians have, all along their long recorded history, taken these in 'a stride' and resigned to ac- cept these as natural and over which they had no control. But we see in modern times the islands being joined with causeways, lagoons
being filled up in order to make more land available, more and more coral and sand being removed for building purposes, more trees which acted as wind-breaks being cut down. These would certainly contribute to make this pristine island environment differ- ent from what our forefathers had seen. We live right in the centre ofan ocean which covers one-seventh of the earth's surface and on lands touching this great body of water live a quarter of the world's population. What hap- pens here politically, ecologically and other- wise would certainly manifest vividly in the Maldives. Natural forces have shaped our little country on a fragile equilibrium. We go on and disturb this balance by our own handi-work, in the holy name of progress to an extent not necessarily dictated even by the highest measures of it. We, in fact, engage ourselves in destruction -- wanton destruc- tion. This we assume is something that can- not be prevented. As the country marches from one halt to another on the so-called road to progress, the concrete jungles that replace the natural vegetation and which we proudly display as symbols of modernisation fill all space available. If the long dead great-grand- father of one of us comes to life now and tours our islands he would not recognise many of them to be the Maldives in which he lived. If he recognises an island and names it correctly, then we would hurriedly label that island as un-civilised and far down the ladder of prog- ress, measured with our very own artificial criteria. This is a reality to be faced and accepted. But 'How much can we and our island environment tolerate?' and 'At what
cost to us and our future generations?' These are just two of the many questions to be care- fully studied and a decision taken with no
delay. How and when we do this will show what the future Maldives will be for genera-
tions yet un-born".
Hassan Ahmed Maniku March 1990 NEWS ABOUT FILMING BY WIF Good news! Our equipment is finally in working condition. The editing for the first episode has already begun and is continu- ing. Things look promising and we hope to
keep this up.
Unfortunately there is also some bad news.
One of the senior members of our staff, Mr Ahmed Naseer, who was actively helping with the "COT BUSTER" project, resigned from WIF on the 2nd of May. His loss is extremely unfortunate though we sincerely wish him all the best in his future endeavours.
NEWS FROM LOCAL ISLANDS
No news this month folks!
NEWS FROM RESORTS 19 Resorts have returned the COT question-
naire sent to them with the March newslet- ter. 41(60%) had not replied byMay 20th. We ask that they do so as soon as is convenient especially those that reported problems from COT in the past. The results of the question- naire, as of May 20th 1990, are given in
table 1.
COT UPDATE Table 1. Results from the COT questionnaire
for March 1990.
ATOLL RESORT HOUSE REEF
COT SEEN/DAY HOUSE REEF CONDITION COT SEEN NEARBY?
Lhaviyani Kuredhdhu
Kunfunadhoo Bea
North Aedhu
Male' limili, Berm
11,, 1
Ni,NE
Boduhithi Club. Med.
1: riyailli ii ,
11,,Ithy NONE
Furana Geefinolhu Giravaru 11,i,,,,,,
11.-iiiii,iii, Hudhuveli
ti healthy Recovering NONE SOME
Ihuru Kan:lila-1h it healthy
FEW
Kudahithi Kunio hl Healthy
NONE
Lankanfinolhu 1.1:iiiiitii,i1 Little Hura
healthy ,,
NONE
Makunudhoo Meerufenfushi Nakatchati,111 100-999
Recovering
Reethi It:th 1-9
Recovering FEW
Vabbinfaru Ziyearaifushi
South 14)ymcillon 0
Healthy NONE
Male' Bodufinolhu Biilitii,lii Healthy
N( (NE
Cocoa Island Dhigufinolhu Embudhu Finolhu Embudhu Village Eiiiiiiiiii.il, Kadooma Healthy
Leisure Island Olhuveli Rannalhi Rihiveli Vaadhu 110,0-1,,
N( )NI.
Velasearu Veligandu Huraa Villi,ro
Healthy 9
NONE
Cont Table-1
ATOLL RESORT HOUSE REEF
COT SEEN/DAY HOUSE REEF CONDITION COT SEEN NEARBY?
A01.0. Ari
10-09 liert,,,Ing
SOME
Ari Beach Bethel*
Ellaidoo Feall FIIIIISlitIld 100-999 Deteriorating
Gengehi Halaveli Kurattnithi
Healthy 0
NONE
Ma aynaf 0.111 1.9
Healthy NONE
Madoogeli Mirihi Nike Hotel Velidhu VelipIldu 0
Healthy NONE
Vaavu Allmathe Dhiggiri
10 of the 19 Resorts who answered reported not seeing any COT. 2 Resorts (Nakatchafushi and Fesdu) reported large numbers of COT from their respective house reefs (the fringing reef around the island-Ed).
House reefs around 14 of the Resort islands were reported as healthy, 4 were recovering from COT (Hembadhu, Nakatchafushi, Reethi Rah, and Angaga) and one was deterio- rating (Fesdu). Interestingly 2 Resorts re- ported storm damage to their reefs.
FESDU FUN ISLAND We phoned up Fesdu on the 7th May when we
received their COT 'update' questionnaire.
Uli Rufeacht, the Dive Instructor, spoke to us. He reports that COT started appearing on a local dive site, Kadafushi Faru, a couple of weeks ago. Since then they have also started appearing on the house rsef. Corals are
being killed by the COT. (It was reported, in the April Newsletter that Fesdu was recov-
ering from a COT infestation that took place
several years ago - Ed).
CORALS AND POLLUTION Corals react to pollution in a variety of ways.
It is also important to realise that pollutants have different effects on different stages in the life cycle of a coral. In this respect it is best to visualise four main stages of the life-cycle of a coral when considering how it might be susceptible to pollution. The stages are illus-
trated in figure 1 below.
L
8CC9Z£ (096) aus4
AN SVIAI ££OLL :x11
60SZZ£ `8Z£ZZE :PI
-
saisIpluini `,aluini
`HHfILIIIDIII9V CINV SHIIIHHSIA JO AHISINITAI
NOIID3S H321V3S111 aNilivw
-.7d137210D SI101713d11172211U103 dayyJni Jog
tg£ :0
Dill N '
popad 'lady aun 2trianp lualuanoui pugs qariaq Jo
U21S ,C1.113 AtTIS
noX A mom' sn lari
E I
MN 61 MNM
1 MNM L gi MNM
ci MN 21 MNM 1 ,1 MN
gi MAIM 81 MNM V I MNM oz MN 91 MN N MN z 1 MN
I, i MNM 81 MN 1.1 MNM 81 MN 9 ( MNN 1 z, MN f, l MN
o 1".. ^
, 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 zzzzzz
zz zzzz
VI MN 81 MAIM V I MNM oz MNM 61 MNM 8I MN 1,I MNM
91 MAIM OZ MNM z 1 MN in MN 8I MNM 91 MN p, I MNM
6l MNIM 0< -; MNA1 W I MNM 91 MN 81 MNM 91 MNM 1 I MNM
91 MAIM 61 MAIM 91 MNM 61 MN LI MNM
I MN L
9I MN
11L 1 1
1119I
1191 1
1117T 1
LITE 1
11Z I 1
ID T 1
001Z 0091
009i 0021
0060 0090 00E0
aovzianv 000
Arranou
E
(am) apv/tanv
KlaflOH E (INV
niva aaads ariv moiLaauia
GNIM KIIIVG
,T,va
aoujo acqoaoal.aw saniprew aip Aq paqddns
airing I03 0661 lilLT -1 14T T HadV ao.i uoipaaip
(a. ..
d3aE10) 1,13A0 MO. , „ ,, \ IN
pup% luinriump purl (suopoadip ire aatuanii)
WIDE
iii paads-putts icynoq again Pug Alyea
. ..
N000, 1
? arlEPILL
... . ,„„*.
,
3N11 1-10V38 cio
' Is..NS
4- 1 -
.. 1
' 1/411099000 rr s., :!''',-,
03000 ONUS Eil
CI83A0038 333I3 00) NaJOIS
,13.1,3N11HOY39 010 0/ atIVS M3N kiwi a3usiunciN
010VH 310 d23}3 at Ana 100019 AG 0300,139 ONUS NOLLOV 3AVM 03SVRIONI 80/
INMAIHSTIMON HaVai 9 .2 1d
Inuout lxau luaunIspnou qatialkuo siiii.
(pa - JanatsmaN tianw ma 99s)
6861 Jag -ap aJoui ani2 of ado-q am -poolsaapun aallaq
-.Lagoa(' ui paq..todaa spuiM Apaistra tnioulstra aau pavodsuual pug
pauuoj sT pugs pgaoa
2uo.ps jo papad aql Aq pasnua pugs jo luau' qopqm Aq sassapoad amp pa4upaadduAlpszaa
-annul SUP 211p011101UTIO0
spoutto4
AM autos 0.10U1 sI SSa30.1d
alu*(9 - .2u) Amy o2 u043
lou
auo2 anvil Ham keut ram (Atoiaq g aiquI aas) 'pm 1.! Imp adoq atp mpn qovaq u of poppy
sT
0661 ITIdg.101 411T PuPIPT I 0
43 uaai'Alact sPillih pugs qamht Aq ssaaoad Jul
sT ouatuqstuaidaa
AapalsaAtipaou 2uo.ps jo poTIad u sum aaatid, tpuaq su umotnt osp) luaunts!inou qogag
SSallti clOIS INaBilISIllflON HDVail
1 LIVIA ere"
tit I
samprew jo ouqndaa atij,
HIlf1Y1113IIIDV GNV SHIIIHHSIA dO X11,116STAI
7 111 Z
NOILLORS HDIIVaSall aNIUNIAI
j3k_
*17
N11-3V11H,LITI SMHN
103
066T AV :MING t :ON
aootios 2uptia anoS Sdop a JAI °geoid
EDITORIAL
MAN AND NATURE
Hassan Ahmed Maniku has undertaken a comprehensive review of available literature entitled 'Changes to the topography of the Maldives....an historical overview'. He shows that natural disasters were quite common even before the Maldives started to be devel- oped. 8 large storms are reported including one in 1821 which washed away 2 islands and one in 1819 in which 12 islands had to be abandoned. There are many undocumented historic reports of inundation of islands by seawater in the Maldives. Severe inundation was reported from several islands in 1964 and the inundation of Male' and several other islands in 1987 is fresh in everyone's memory.
How can conservation help when we face these natural disasters? Well, to be honest, it can't always help.... at least directly. These disasters reflect extreme conditions and con- servation is all about preventing the day to day deterioration of the environment. How- ever, day to day environmental deterioration adds up. It adds up to reduce the capacity of the environment to cope with natural disas- ters and it becomes an increasingly rich spawning ground for disasters that are not natural. Environmental misuse kills the reef that protects the beach that makes the island that houses the people.... and the greenhouse effect has been one hundred years, or more, in the making.
With the insights provided by his research Hassan Ahmed Maniku summarises these issues most eloquently and we are pleased that he has accepted our request to allow us to present the concluding paragraph of his report in our newsletter.
"We have seen above (his review - Ed) some of the incidents that have gone to shape the island-topography of the Maldives. Most of these are forces of nature at work. Maldivians have, all along their long recorded history, taken these in 'a stride' and resigned to ac- cept these as natural and over which they had no control. But we see in modern times the islands being joined with causeways, lagoons
being filled up in order to make more land available, more and more coral and sand being removed for building purposes, more trees which acted as wind-breaks being cut down. These would certainly contribute to make this pristine island environment differ- ent from what our forefathers had seen. We live right in the centre ofan ocean which covers one-seventh of the earth's surface and on lands touching this great body of water live a quarter of the world's population. What hap- pens here politically, ecologically and other- wise would certainly manifest vividly in the Maldives. Natural forces have shaped our little country on a fragile equilibrium. We go on and disturb this balance by our own handi-work, in the holy name of progress to an extent not necessarily dictated even by the highest measures of it. We, in fact, engage ourselves in destruction -- wanton destruc- tion. This we assume is something that can- not be prevented. As the country marches from one halt to another on the so-called road to progress, the concrete jungles that replace the natural vegetation and which we proudly display as symbols of modernisation fill all space available. If the long dead great-grand- father of one of us comes to life now and tours our islands he would not recognise many of them to be the Maldives in which he lived. If he recognises an island and names it correctly, then we would hurriedly label that island as un-civilised and far down the ladder of prog- ress, measured with our very own artificial criteria. This is a reality to be faced and accepted. But 'How much can we and our island environment tolerate?' and 'At what cost to us and our future generations?' These are just two of the many questions to be care-
fully studied and a decision taken with no delay. How and when we do this will show what the future Maldives will be for genera- tions yet un-born".
Hassan Ahmed Maniku March 1990
NEWS ABOUT FILMING BY WIF Good news! Our equipment is finally in working condition. The editing for the first episode has already begun and is continu- ing. Things look promising and we hope to keep this up.
Unfortunately there is also some bad news.
One of the senior members of our staff, Mr Ahmed Naseer, who was actively helping with the "COT BUSTER" project, resigned from WIF on the 2nd of May. His loss is extremely unfortunate though we sincerely wish him all the best in his future endeavours.
NEWS FROM LOCAL ISLANDS No news this month folks!
NEWS FROM RESORTS
19 Resorts have returned the COT question- naire sent to them with the March newslet- ter. 41(60%) had not replied byMay 20th. We ask that they do so as soon as is convenient especially those that reported problems from COT in the past. The results of the question- naire, as of May 20th 1990, are given in table 1.
COT UPDATE
Table 1. Results from the COT questionnaire for March 1990.
ATOLL RESORT HOUSE REEF
COT SEEN/DAY HOUSE REEF
CONDITION COT SEEN
NEARBY?
Lhaviyani Kuredhdhu
Bea Kunfunadhoo
North Aedhu
Male' limili,
Berm
1 11,, Ni,NE
Boduhithi Club. Med.
1: riyailli ii , 11,,Ithy NONE
Furana Geefinolhu Giravaru 11,i,,,,,, 11.-iiiii,iii, Hudhuveli
ti healthy
Recovering NONE SOME Ihuru
Kan:lila-1h it healthy FEW
Kudahithi
Kunio hl Healthy NONE
Lankanfinolhu 1.1:iiiiitii,i1 Little Hura
,, healthy NONE
Makunudhoo Meerufenfushi
Nakatchati,111 100-999 Recovering
Reethi It:th 1-9 Recovering FEW
Vabbinfaru Ziyearaifushi
South 14)ymcillon 0 Healthy NONE
Male' Bodufinolhu
Biilitii,lii Healthy N( (NE
Cocoa Island Dhigufinolhu Embudhu Finolhu Embudhu Village Eiiiiiiiiii.il, Kadooma
Healthy Leisure Island
Olhuveli Rannalhi Rihiveli Vaadhu
110,0-1,, N( )NI.
Velasearu Veligandu Huraa
Villi,ro 9 Healthy NONE
Cont Table-1
ATOLL RESORT HOUSE REEF
COT SEEN/DAY HOUSE REEF
CONDITION COT SEEN
NEARBY?
Ari A01.0. 10-09 liert,,,Ing SOME
Ari Beach Bethel*
Ellaidoo
Feall FIIIIISlitIld 100-999 Deteriorating
Gengehi Halaveli
Kurattnithi 0 Healthy NONE
Ma aynaf 0.111 1.9 Healthy NONE
Madoogeli Mirihi Nike Hotel Velidhu
VelipIldu 0 Healthy NONE
Vaavu Allmathe
Dhiggiri
10 of the 19 Resorts who answered reported not seeing any COT. 2 Resorts (Nakatchafushi and Fesdu) reported large numbers of COT from their respective house reefs (the fringing reef around the island-Ed).
House reefs around 14 of the Resort islands were reported as healthy, 4 were recovering from COT (Hembadhu, Nakatchafushi, Reethi Rah, and Angaga) and one was deterio- rating (Fesdu). Interestingly 2 Resorts re- ported storm damage to their reefs.
FESDU FUN ISLAND
We phoned up Fesdu on the 7th May when we received their COT 'update' questionnaire.
Uli Rufeacht, the Dive Instructor, spoke to us. He reports that COT started appearing on a local dive site, Kadafushi Faru, a couple of weeks ago. Since then they have also started appearing on the house rsef. Corals are being killed by the COT. (It was reported, in the April Newsletter that Fesdu was recov- ering from a COT infestation that took place several years ago - Ed).
CORALS AND POLLUTION Corals react to pollution in a variety of ways.
It is also important to realise that pollutants have different effects on different stages in the life cycle of a coral. In this respect it is best to visualise four main stages of the life-cycle of a coral when considering how it might be susceptible to pollution. The stages are illus- trated in figure 1 below.
L
8CC9Z£ (096) aus4
AN SVIAI ££OLL :x11
60SZZ£ `8Z£ZZE :PI
-
saisIpluini `,aluini`HHfILIIIDIII9V CINV SHIIIHHSIA JO AHISINITAI NOIID3S H321V3S111 aNilivw
-.7d137210D SI101713d11172211U103 dayyJni Jog
tg£ :0N 'Dill
popad 'lady aun 2trianp lualuanoui pugs qariaq Jo U21S ,C1.113 AtTIS noX A mom' sn lari
E I MN
61 MNM
L 1 MNM
gi MNM ci MN 21 MNM 1,1 MN
gi MAIM 81 MNM V I MNM oz MN 91 MN N MN z 1 MN
I, i MNM 81 MN 1.1 MNM 81 MN 9 ( MNN 1 z, MN
f, l MN o 1"..
^ ,1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 zzzzzz zz zzzz
VI MN 81 MAIM V I MNM oz MNM 61 MNM 8I MN 1,I MNM
91 MAIM OZ MNM z 1 MN in MN 8I MNM 91 MN p, I MNM
6l MNIM 0<-; MNA1 W I MNM 91 MN 81 MNM 91 MNM 1 I MNM
91 MAIM 61 MAIM 91 MNM 61 MN LI MNM
L I MN
9I MN
111L 1
1119I
11191
11117T
LITE 1
111Z I
ID T 1
001Z 0091 009i 0021 0060 0090 00E0 000 aovzianv
Arranou E
(am) apv/tanv KlaflOH E (INV niva aaads ariv moiLaauia GNIM
KIIIVG
,T,va
aoujo acqoaoal.aw saniprew aip Aq paqddns
airing I03 0661 lilLT-114T T HadV ao.i uoipaaip (a. .. d3aE10)
IN , „ ,, \ 1,13A0 MO.
pup% luinriump purl (suopoadip ire aatuanii)
WIDE iii paads-putts icynoq again Pug Alyea . .. N000, 1
? arlEPILL
... .,„„*. , 3N11 1-10V38 cio
' Is..NS
-4-1 ..1 '1/411099000
s., :!''',-, rr 03000 ONUS Eil
CI83A0038 333I3 00) NaJOIS ,13.1,3N11HOY39 010 0/
atIVS M3N kiwi a3usiunciN 010VH 310 d23}3 at Ana NOLLOV 3AVM 03SVRIONI 80/
100019 AG 0300,139 ONUS
INMAIHSTIMON HaVai 9 .21d Inuout lxau luaunIspnou qatialkuo siiii.
(pa - JanatsmaN tianw ma 99s) 6861 Jag -ap aJoui ani2 of ado-q am -poolsaapun aallaq
-.Lagoa(' ui paq..todaa spuiM Apaistra tnioulstra aau pavodsuual pug pauuoj sT pugs pgaoa
2uo.ps jo papad aql Aq pasnua pugs jo luau' qopqm Aq sassapoad amp pa4upaadduAlpszaa
-annul SUP 211p011101UTIO0 spoutto4 AM autos 0.10U1 sI SSa30.1d alu*(9 -.2u) Amy o2 u043 lou
auo2 anvil Ham keut ram (Atoiaq g aiquI aas) 'pm 1.! Imp adoq atp mpn qovaq u of poppy sT
0661 ITIdg.101411T PuPIPT I 043 uaai'Alact sPillih pugs qamht Aq ssaaoad Jul sT ouatuqstuaidaa
AapalsaAtipaou 2uo.ps jo poTIad u sum aaatid, tpuaq su umotnt osp) luaunts!inou qogag
SSallti clOIS INaBilISIllflON HDVail
NO00, 16
ONUS 3N11 1-10V38 010
1 1 .001131V1100 110 31.3,100
zia,Lvmmvalia aaHoviLaa .gIa 2 .
ijaaa Appall s st aaa -unutpaaq pagodas 2trtutstautuw-jtas asaq atp.
paapui -(aallatsAtau s
‘ tpuom asp' ut
E -.51) aas) s! jaa.i .Sippaq s 03(II aaapAtatualq pattamap s
suotatpuoo istu.tou aapull -qopaq atp2urqopalt
SOAllit1 0'0[4 JO OM
atp mnpa.t c trap! au, Si
sap:Tama pool apooad svosa-a squin.mx - pus soapg
-samptpw atp ut spuds!
-Aas pUll.0.111utatp aas
U130 110A -
(9 -2u) doh jaaa uo Xifensn pup got aq alp umaj amtisjjo
(.1adurt3p 0ns/tit .10) aaarnutsaaq pattotrop 13 dn
-and oa. aq pinoo .10,41S1r0 saitsAt. ,cq pa3tosaas
2utaq sI 1.1 asnpoaq 2utpo.10 s! itottaq age
JI
auaumst.mou tptraq s! - potpatu `asaq pup 'palm aqj, isano.ms tiottaq am astp a.mstrt of Sum lsaq st a.uatuumi
Ampratt y
•pamons
aq pinoqs Ppitssod
s It 111 ,pt 'pup asnagu jo sao.mj
ap3.2nfqns adtualas spotpam oAta Ism.) atu, -srm2uoaltios
Jo spotpaut utptu aa.ma aatt a.1agy -uotsoaa umaj itottaq age .8upomoad jo &Cum snotzeit aqtaosap pinom aallaismau smuoui stip lutp.
pauopuatu °sit?
SIM ',Loo kq
paputpp uaaq
spq jaaa asnsoaq aunts am 1.13130.1 saxent
aalret uatot pasnso uotsoaa qattaq jo swat
-goad passnostp Iallaismau Lux) 4ret
NOLLORIOIld HaVall
1113000
uado alp owl at dump
Pus IlceM 01-11 aptrano saaaamotpt Mai g at ova.
uatp pinont tiottot tassan am out padumd
aq uatp pinoo asittas aqi, -tassan Im3a11°3
0213A1.0S 13
Aq atso.reptilaa 'pun s3tusa.gutptoq out a213irtas atp dumd of aq pinoht uoprttos Isaduatto alp supatu ou aq 4notp Isaq
NOLLIYIOS ISHil HILL
jaaosaa asst s‘tustanol aq pinatts
sifentpas - (0st/tufo-IN ao asotaanq) tust.mm
aoj pool aq lou Hot ai -s! at
asuadxa wa.1.2 „IT pup Onoua 2uolas a‘ust Hem
,It 1.zoj1a
jo alS13A1
13 St SITU
2utpo.ia a.re amp 5.13103 am jo Xup ustp .10.5uo.tas tiogaq agc salput
asp (17 -.2u) qortaq alp uo 'Tempos 13 and treo noA rIrIV.M.VHS
2tquuna s! aua.tano aaartt am at - sum. adtd atp jo pua sas-uado alp as losuas s uaiot apmado
pinotts duind a2agtostp am pup altritiostp
&Cup u aams•
Onoua aalut aq pinotts (s)xum atp .efurapi TR; uatot sas out
,C3dula icupopstuoang qopqm (s)xum 2utptott out aumas a2.rettostp salosa.1 JO aaqumu sigm
c 3y o3UI g aa pm% 2uptolu lsuj
alcussod su 5130.113
2urtn-
sq luau xtrj sy
-:a2astiortp s! astwoadwoo lsaq alp pas alp oattl pareaalun paarettostp aq sutt al3htas ji
2mtis13nt ao3 pasn Si -
aaleittptmo.12 a-m.1113as am owl axeqostp ustp supumq aoj ,Ctuttraq ssat Angqoad st 'it pus
gas am mut a25Atas jo °strata.' aqOutiCutap iCta.law st aaaumpuno..1..1 atp mu! A/Atoms
- Opg (nowt sn spuvisi flatus uo
V002
agornas aims flouts v jo senoul Japvai kuv
jo pasodstp
aq ssq ups gottot pus Attatrattun st Itottot
alsuAt p!nbq pus ptios saonpoad pus spud -Si gems uo ainoup s! auawarada apittas
6' 1001900
NIHOLIIIABOEI 30010
10'800 3111
30080110000
030011000 30VM3S SO
I
01101 OS 10c100 3,105 031VNIWDO NiFiotin 001
11011 3318
103 11500 510800 ONINiVNI38 1,1100
511000 300VISNV31N 103 A908 003 0003 3110)
1115 31 ,105
.t '10E100 03003810
\\
2,
•
.300001101300 A010310311130 305030 '39VM30 AS 035003
'11IS 000 30010 'SNIH0811 'N1H0811
%GS 802 0001 S301A08d 0NV101300 0030 S83,03
30010 50031,130VAA3S1 .4013 51031815N 103 0110800 3011 ON 3050038 ino 310 100 100 keys 501 0003 1 301108d 30010 010110 3110111 dill 1005,13 11083 S1N3,11[1,
10110.)53553810 1113
33tl 031000 10000 MOl
(
ola aIi§ Autins 2upeap -•uon -nuod 2ullq2u uo luads q1Atol.2 aoj pasn Austu
-IOU 'paanpaa
alua qvA0.10 alsalsqns (view
-un) amsmnsun us appkoad Ills pus au2p3 asnsa
-aq mol s! ssaaans Iuatuamas :juslawarudas Injssaals aq !!!At slana! ua2Axo MO' q2noql `unts.oul
a2uhtas jo spalJa :NOnINVIcl NI
amaL
ala ills AWAIT 2u!asaia -uopnllod 2unq2L; uo
luads uomnpoidal u! pasn Allsunou naaua gouts
paanpaa IBIO3 JO 1 C1HIVad :NOLL3f1(1071dail
aovntas arsar rIV1103
',Loa
c
0100011
NMOO 03Z01101110 NV coonami 111/0011010010 801 318011000 V38,1
3snv339 SNIHO85 83M33 10011U:30031AV JJO 032000 L10) 11IS NO 311L3S1ONNV3 3VA001 10003 ANY INN 305008d
-30 011.331 10800 ON '110 03ZVE9 300001
10800 0311135 C1NV )MOO 03ZY80 3330'30010 Honig
00130 3050039 030011X3 NO11015000 N10085.030
30010 NO 311135 lONNVO 300801 10800 0)0015 10010 NY 30000 30VM3S NI S1N318111N
\\‘
1011V)11010 -
•
I IIS NO 311115 ION NV0 10011V1 10800 '10800 01111 ONV 3.11-111101,00 1115
\ \ \\
S'WHOD aNv HOY/MS Z
001).„ 301, N11-10811180£1 111S F1:9
3,31,/ E
aia 1IIs AuAtu 2u!auala
-mod 2unq21l uo wads qintoi2 Jo.; pasn All
-aou
alaua -pampa.'
awl qvno-10 :111A10719
awaisqns (arms -un) alqui!nsun us apitioad lus pus ass asnsa
'act Awl st ssamus 1uamaIl1aS
uNawa-Luas
Injssaals aq !!!At sianal ua2Xxo mot q2noql umouN . 1°u a2 umas J° 81 3 a.LJH ,NO,DINVIcl NI MIL
ala vs Al3hitt 2u!asala -uollnuod 2upq2jj uo luads uonanpoadaa u! pasn Xllutuaou Aliaaua aauis
paanpaa IO.103 jo fillmaad
NOLL31111071ciall
30000110800
NO11011C108d31:11
5, 9 3
NOINNVld 1
Ittatuattun Xifenba .10 ttropogadurt Autuaua2
5.15 santasu.laup .4Cimpuna.mjun -tpisaq
usutnq aoj .10 sp3.loo aoj aatma trap! pool
.10AOLI Si
jaaa
B 0100 0213MOS
.5m2rptiosta
0a O,L
,LVHAt
ms..cls Appall - sawooaq luattruoiptua puno.123togq It
pus
`1101.01 .10/1030.12c1110 IIIA1
amp 3aa.1.1ano3 113.w0 mut B s! atnsai aqy sans am. ut aasmas puno.i.23tosq autos st a.lam pup rapt art2tqd j,03 tut uaddstmotretot saatuasnut g aartilta
HDVAIHS
aNv 'mop ',Loa uaaa pstmo ppap u St atnsaz
pus at u -affentas Aq paloaus,Ctsnotaas
1113 0.113
uoponpoadaz pus `IpAto.t.1 `auaulaplas
uo avAtas jo
lova
am saatuasniTt g a.m.ata
sTe.loo aladwooano ism stputttre pus - sausid jo matto.12 saccke.mooua amp aastipaaj
re 4313 asmas Xlluutd
(g) •paurtatotaano
stream am pus tionut oat.
s! 4115
jo aUTIOLL113
5O5133 autos uI 111S
jo saitiasutam .5m.ttrato ut .0.1aua jo sappupnb apa.1.2 puadxa quo° aqj,
alts atru ut stuaoo slanoo affemas (g) -stanat - ua.cliao mot aapouns os pus aaarnt
ut ualcao jo stanat 1.12IttS..tan paau stazoo XttapaaH
-sasodwooap at
513
IaapAt alp u! uaIrtxo dn sasn (r) •S 5M aa.ma u! 15.m3 stet ( 525Atas
SrIV2103 CINIV
HDVAiHS
spaau )03.1aua - ataxia jo 1.1pd mot. Team apptoad asffts atta
aouts suopounj tpluiou ao3 atctstreng A2.taua am u! uoponpaa aatp.mj p pus (anssp gum am tutu.) ae2tp jo ssot atp).5utti3satq plioo
peat
OSI13 us3
ssa.ps -paurtatouano st
13.103
aqu attaa ort st ssaxas pautqwoo alp j! Xtatsutta
uopnuod a2sAtas - passaaas osre st
uopoant tp.mapu s mot adoo ou atqu aq lou
Attu 'woo s aidtutoca aod - uoponpoadai pup
mitto.1.2 aa11t suopounj put.aou arto-Luto 0u 10 r2upp .1atpo aq2u Altaaua 5501 samtat stta 11.2upq2u ut papuadxa aq ()I spqMaua a.tout aqa ausanllod jo aunotug alp .zaltra.b1 atp anq uopnuod jo uunouzs paltum u mot adoo usa stamp quaaxa auadautp u oa pug tpua.tautp a2 us Ipso spoils uopnllod jo adA qopa
NOLLEIrITIOcl QAIV 'WHOO
ssa.las - amp aq2u oa suopounj aatpo ulo.0 iCizaua jo
uotsJamp
`a.mja.tatp `1llitt ssaals Auy
Duo° alp jo spaau A2.1aua - oa. asop
3f.10A
Immo p °a amsupitp s! aptp Zilaua jo lunouni
aqj, -anssp puoo alp ut anti 'amp asps pus puoo sip ipoq uo spuadap mitto.12 p.103
ILLM0110
uoaataAs (xmp jo uuoj p.m' 5) atsumps - a - umpitto s lIsodap ou mAtras pus wopoq alp
ou ut sa.moas yelp anti B saonpoad paplas
suq sus' alp aouc) -uotantiod ou atqtadaosns 4Ciatua.raxa st auatuamas jo tustuptpaut
atu, pttos alp uo aplas ou
13A-1131
113.103 atp sag lag 2mtpatuos Xttpnattana
INawarlizas
-apfo a.
113.103
alp jo aspqd
slip anoqp mom( s! amyl -swaa.mo .ialuntt Aq saattpastp ameaaptsuoo papapo aq pus slaann
113.I0AOS .10J 11043111130 0111. 111 OM" ALIT 41 '13A.IVI
pinustd e ss sas uado sip ut atup spuads Tama atuoktquia alp uoponpoada.t Tenxas aaajv
NOLDINVIcI HILL NI HAM
ainve aqu jjo 2uprea.m 5350 s - Aq `.Strenxassao `Ituads pus s22a jo .2ututoc aqu
Affenxas lamp paonpoad 0.15 .2unoX maN
NOIL3f111011(la2I
(pastttuauaa) - 15.103 13 JO
apAD-ajta I AI
NO00, 16
ONUS 3N11 1-10V38 010
1 1 .001131V1100 110 31.3,100
zia,Lvmmvalia aaHoviLaa .gIa 2 .
ijaaa Appall s st aaa -unutpaaq pagodas 2trtutstautuw-jtas asaq atp.
paapui -(aallatsAtau s
‘ tpuom asp' ut
E -.51) aas) s! jaa.i .Sippaq s 03(II aaapAtatualq pattamap s
suotatpuoo istu.tou aapull -qopaq atp2urqopalt
SOAllit1 0'0[4 JO OM
atp mnpa.t c trap! au, Si
sap:Tama pool apooad svosa-a squin.mx - pus soapg
-samptpw atp ut spuds!
-Aas pUll.0.111utatp aas
U130 110A -
(9 -2u) doh jaaa uo Xifensn pup got aq alp umaj amtisjjo
(.1adurt3p 0ns/tit .10) aaarnutsaaq pattotrop 13 dn
-and oa. aq pinoo .10,41S1r0 saitsAt. ,cq pa3tosaas
2utaq sI 1.1 asnpoaq 2utpo.10 s! itottaq age
JI
auaumst.mou tptraq s! - potpatu `asaq pup 'palm aqj, isano.ms tiottaq am astp a.mstrt of Sum lsaq st a.uatuumi
Ampratt y
•pamons
aq pinoqs Ppitssod
s It 111 ,pt 'pup asnagu jo sao.mj
ap3.2nfqns adtualas spotpam oAta Ism.) atu, -srm2uoaltios
Jo spotpaut utptu aa.ma aatt a.1agy -uotsoaa umaj itottaq age .8upomoad jo &Cum snotzeit aqtaosap pinom aallaismau smuoui stip lutp.
pauopuatu °sit?
SIM ',Loo kq
paputpp uaaq
spq jaaa asnsoaq aunts am 1.13130.1 saxent
aalret uatot pasnso uotsoaa qattaq jo swat
-goad passnostp Iallaismau Lux) 4ret
NOLLORIOIld HaVall
1113000
uado alp owl at dump
Pus IlceM 01-11 aptrano saaaamotpt Mai g at ova.
uatp pinont tiottot tassan am out padumd
aq uatp pinoo asittas aqi, -tassan Im3a11°3
0213A1.0S 13
Aq atso.reptilaa 'pun s3tusa.gutptoq out a213irtas atp dumd of aq pinoht uoprttos Isaduatto alp supatu ou aq 4notp Isaq
NOLLIYIOS ISHil HILL
jaaosaa asst s‘tustanol aq pinatts
sifentpas - (0st/tufo-IN ao asotaanq) tust.mm
aoj pool aq lou Hot ai -s! at
asuadxa wa.1.2 „IT pup Onoua 2uolas a‘ust Hem
,It 1.zoj1a
jo alS13A1
13 St SITU
2utpo.ia a.re amp 5.13103 am jo Xup ustp .10.5uo.tas tiogaq agc salput
asp (17 -.2u) qortaq alp uo 'Tempos 13 and treo noA rIrIV.M.VHS
2tquuna s! aua.tano aaartt am at - sum. adtd atp jo pua sas-uado alp as losuas s uaiot apmado
pinotts duind a2agtostp am pup altritiostp
&Cup u aams•
Onoua aalut aq pinotts (s)xum atp .efurapi TR; uatot sas out
,C3dula icupopstuoang qopqm (s)xum 2utptott out aumas a2.rettostp salosa.1 JO aaqumu sigm
c 3y o3UI g aa pm% 2uptolu lsuj
alcussod su 5130.113
2urtn-
sq luau xtrj sy
-:a2astiortp s! astwoadwoo lsaq alp pas alp oattl pareaalun paarettostp aq sutt al3htas ji
2mtis13nt ao3 pasn Si -
aaleittptmo.12 a-m.1113as am owl axeqostp ustp supumq aoj ,Ctuttraq ssat Angqoad st 'it pus
gas am mut a25Atas jo °strata.' aqOutiCutap iCta.law st aaaumpuno..1..1 atp mu! A/Atoms
- Opg (nowt sn spuvisi flatus uo
V002
agornas aims flouts v jo senoul Japvai kuv
jo pasodstp
aq ssq ups gottot pus Attatrattun st Itottot
alsuAt p!nbq pus ptios saonpoad pus spud -Si gems uo ainoup s! auawarada apittas
6' 1001900
NIHOLIIIABOEI 30010
10'800 3111
30080110000
030011000 30VM3S SO
I
01101 OS 10c100 3,105 031VNIWDO NiFiotin 001
11011 3318
103 11500 510800 ONINiVNI38 1,1100
511000 300VISNV31N 103 A908 003 0003 3110)
1115 31 ,105
.t '10E100 03003810
\\
2,
•
.300001101300 A010310311130 305030 '39VM30 AS 035003
'11IS 000 30010 'SNIH0811 'N1H0811
%GS 802 0001 S301A08d 0NV101300 0030 S83,03
30010 50031,130VAA3S1 .4013 51031815N 103 0110800 3011 ON 3050038 ino 310 100 100 keys 501 0003 1 301108d 30010 010110 3110111 dill 1005,13 11083 S1N3,11[1,
10110.)53553810 1113
33tl 031000 10000 MOl
(
ola aIi§ Autins 2upeap -•uon -nuod 2ullq2u uo luads q1Atol.2 aoj pasn Austu
-IOU 'paanpaa
alua qvA0.10 alsalsqns (view
-un) amsmnsun us appkoad Ills pus au2p3 asnsa
-aq mol s! ssaaans Iuatuamas :juslawarudas Injssaals aq !!!At slana! ua2Axo MO' q2noql `unts.oul
a2uhtas jo spalJa :NOnINVIcl NI
amaL
ala ills AWAIT 2u!asaia -uopnllod 2unq2L; uo
luads uomnpoidal u! pasn Allsunou naaua gouts
paanpaa IBIO3 JO 1 C1HIVad :NOLL3f1(1071dail
aovntas arsar rIV1103
',Loa
c
0100011
NMOO 03Z01101110 NV coonami 111/0011010010 801 318011000 V38,1
3snv339 SNIHO85 83M33 10011U:30031AV JJO 032000 L10) 11IS NO 311L3S1ONNV3 3VA001 10003 ANY INN 305008d
-30 011.331 10800 ON '110 03ZVE9 300001
10800 0311135 C1NV )MOO 03ZY80 3330'30010 Honig
00130 3050039 030011X3 NO11015000 N10085.030
30010 NO 311135 lONNVO 300801 10800 0)0015 10010 NY 30000 30VM3S NI S1N318111N
\\‘
1011V)11010 -
•
I IIS NO 311115 ION NV0 10011V1 10800 '10800 01111 ONV 3.11-111101,00 1115
\ \ \\
S'WHOD aNv HOY/MS Z
001).„ 301, N11-10811180£1 111S F1:9
3,31,/ E
aia 1IIs AuAtu 2u!auala
-mod 2unq21l uo wads qintoi2 Jo.; pasn All
-aou
alaua -pampa.'
awl qvno-10 :111A10719
awaisqns (arms -un) alqui!nsun us apitioad lus pus ass asnsa
'act Awl st ssamus 1uamaIl1aS
uNawa-Luas
Injssaals aq !!!At sianal ua2Xxo mot q2noql umouN . 1°u a2 umas J° 81 3 a.LJH ,NO,DINVIcl NI MIL
ala vs Al3hitt 2u!asala -uollnuod 2upq2jj uo luads uonanpoadaa u! pasn Xllutuaou Aliaaua aauis
paanpaa IO.103 jo fillmaad
NOLL31111071ciall
30000110800
NO11011C108d31:11
5, 9 3
NOINNVld 1
Ittatuattun Xifenba .10 ttropogadurt Autuaua2
5.15 santasu.laup .4Cimpuna.mjun -tpisaq
usutnq aoj .10 sp3.loo aoj aatma trap! pool
.10AOLI Si
jaaa
B 0100 0213MOS
.5m2rptiosta
0a O,L
,LVHAt
ms..cls Appall - sawooaq luattruoiptua puno.123togq It
pus
`1101.01 .10/1030.12c1110 IIIA1
amp 3aa.1.1ano3 113.w0 mut B s! atnsai aqy sans am. ut aasmas puno.i.23tosq autos st a.lam pup rapt art2tqd j,03 tut uaddstmotretot saatuasnut g aartilta
HDVAIHS
aNv 'mop ',Loa uaaa pstmo ppap u St atnsaz
pus at u -affentas Aq paloaus,Ctsnotaas
1113 0.113
uoponpoadaz pus `IpAto.t.1 `auaulaplas
uo avAtas jo
lova
am saatuasniTt g a.m.ata
sTe.loo aladwooano ism stputttre pus - sausid jo matto.12 saccke.mooua amp aastipaaj
re 4313 asmas Xlluutd
(g) •paurtatotaano
stream am pus tionut oat.
s! 4115
jo aUTIOLL113
5O5133 autos uI 111S
jo saitiasutam .5m.ttrato ut .0.1aua jo sappupnb apa.1.2 puadxa quo° aqj,
alts atru ut stuaoo slanoo affemas (g) -stanat - ua.cliao mot aapouns os pus aaarnt
ut ualcao jo stanat 1.12IttS..tan paau stazoo XttapaaH
-sasodwooap at
513
IaapAt alp u! uaIrtxo dn sasn (r) •S 5M aa.ma u! 15.m3 stet ( 525Atas
SrIV2103 CINIV
HDVAiHS
spaau )03.1aua - ataxia jo 1.1pd mot. Team apptoad asffts atta
aouts suopounj tpluiou ao3 atctstreng A2.taua am u! uoponpaa aatp.mj p pus (anssp gum am tutu.) ae2tp jo ssot atp).5utti3satq plioo
peat
OSI13 us3
ssa.ps -paurtatouano st
13.103
aqu attaa ort st ssaxas pautqwoo alp j! Xtatsutta
uopnuod a2sAtas - passaaas osre st
uopoant tp.mapu s mot adoo ou atqu aq lou
Attu 'woo s aidtutoca aod - uoponpoadai pup
mitto.1.2 aa11t suopounj put.aou arto-Luto 0u 10 r2upp .1atpo aq2u Altaaua 5501 samtat stta 11.2upq2u ut papuadxa aq ()I spqMaua a.tout aqa ausanllod jo aunotug alp .zaltra.b1 atp anq uopnuod jo uunouzs paltum u mot adoo usa stamp quaaxa auadautp u oa pug tpua.tautp a2 us Ipso spoils uopnllod jo adA qopa
NOLLEIrITIOcl QAIV 'WHOO
ssa.las - amp aq2u oa suopounj aatpo ulo.0 iCizaua jo
uotsJamp
`a.mja.tatp `1llitt ssaals Auy
Duo° alp jo spaau A2.1aua - oa. asop
3f.10A
Immo p °a amsupitp s! aptp Zilaua jo lunouni
aqj, -anssp puoo alp ut anti 'amp asps pus puoo sip ipoq uo spuadap mitto.12 p.103
ILLM0110
uoaataAs (xmp jo uuoj p.m' 5) atsumps - a - umpitto s lIsodap ou mAtras pus wopoq alp
ou ut sa.moas yelp anti B saonpoad paplas
suq sus' alp aouc) -uotantiod ou atqtadaosns 4Ciatua.raxa st auatuamas jo tustuptpaut
atu, pttos alp uo aplas ou
13A-1131
113.103 atp sag lag 2mtpatuos Xttpnattana
INawarlizas
-apfo a.
113.103
alp jo aspqd
slip anoqp mom( s! amyl -swaa.mo .ialuntt Aq saattpastp ameaaptsuoo papapo aq pus slaann
113.I0AOS .10J 11043111130 0111. 111 OM" ALIT 41 '13A.IVI
pinustd e ss sas uado sip ut atup spuads Tama atuoktquia alp uoponpoada.t Tenxas aaajv
NOLDINVIcI HILL NI HAM
ainve aqu jjo 2uprea.m 5350 s - Aq `.Strenxassao `Ituads pus s22a jo .2ututoc aqu
Affenxas lamp paonpoad 0.15 .2unoX maN
NOIL3f111011(la2I
(pastttuauaa) - 15.103 13 JO
apAD-ajta I AI
