Construction And Performance Test Of Solar Water Purifying System.

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CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE TEST OF SOLAR WATER PURIFYING SYSTEM

A thesis by

1. Mahmudul Hasan Toha ID: BME2001020410

2. Md: Jahidul Islam ID:BME2001020550

3. Nur Mohammad Sikder ID:BME1903019109

4. Reazul Islam ID:BME2001020445

5. Mehadi Hasan Sumon ID:BME2001020419

Supervisor

Shahinur Rahman Lecturer

Department Of Mechanical Engineering SONARGAON UNIVERSITY (SU)

September 2023

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CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE TEST OF SOLAR WATER PURIFYING SYSTEM

This Project submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, Sonargaon University (SU) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in their mentioned respective programs.

1. Mahmudul Hasan Toha ID: BME2001020410 Dept: ME

2. Md: Jahidul Islam ID: BME2001020550 Dept: ME

3. Nur Mohammad Sikder ID: BME1903019109 Dept: ME

4. Reazul Islam ID: BME2001020445 Dept: ME

5. Mehadi Hasan Sumon ID: BME2001020419 Dept: ME

ME400 Summer – 2023

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

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DECLARATION

This is to certify that this project is our original work. No part of this work has been submitted elsewhere partially or fully for the award of any other degree or diploma. Any material reproduced in this project has been properly acknowledged.

Sonargaon University reserves the right to reuse/update any proprietary material designed and developed for this work.

We hereby ensure that the works that has been prevented here does not breach any existing copyright.

We further undertake to indemnify the university against any loss or damage arising from breach of the foregoing obligation.

Students’ names & Signatures

1. Mahmudul Hasan Toha ………

2. Md: Jahidul Islam ………

3. Nur Mohammad Sikder ………

4. Reazul Islam ………

5. Mehadi Hasan Sumon ………

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APPROVAL

The Project titled CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE TEST OF SOLAR WATER PURIFYING SYSTEM has been submitted to the following respected members of the Board of Examiners of the Faculty of Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of science in the respective programs mentioned below on September 2023 by the following students and has been accepted as satisfactory.

1. Mahmudul Hasan Toha ID: BME2001020410 Dept: ME

2. Md: Jahidul Islam ID: BME2001020550 Dept: ME

3. Nur Mohammad Sikder ID: BME1903019109 Dept: ME 4. Reazul Islam ID: BME2001020445 Dept: ME 5. Mehadi Hasan Sumon ID: BME2001020419 Dept: ME

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ABSTRACT

• The basic principle behind this project is purifying water by using solar energy.

• The solar radiations are collected by solar panel, this energy is then stored in a battery.

• The battery is connected to the purification unit through a electromagnetic relay.

The purification unit consists of high pressure motor.

• The Timer Ic automatically turns the motor off and on, this system works for the reserve water tank.

• The microcontroller 8051 keeps a watch to the level of water in the water tank and prevents it from over flow.

• We are using IR sensor to collect water automatically from the reserve tank.

When a glass/container is placed under the water tab, water will automatically flow and when the glass/container is removed, the water tab will automatically turned off.

• Through this process we obtain the purified water in the water tank.

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P a g e 1 | 44 Contents

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ... 9

1.1 Overture ... 9

1.2 The Global Water Crisis ... 10

1.2.1 India ... 10

1.2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa ... 10

1.2.3 Yemen ... 10

1.2.4 Central America ... 10

1.3 Significance of the Project / Research Work ... 10

1.4 Objective of this Work ... 11

1.4.1 Primary objectives ... 11

1.5 The Urgency of a Solution ... 11

1.6 The Promise of Solar-Powered Water Purification ... 11

1.6.1 Sustainability and Renewable Energy ... 12

1.6.2 Accessibility and Equality ... 12

1.6.3 Health and Well-being ... 12

1.6.4 Economic and Social Development ... 12

1.6.5 Technological Advancement and Adaptability ... 12

1.7 Comparison with Traditional Method ... 13

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW WITH IN-DEPTH INVESTIGATION ... 14

2.1 Introduction ... 14

2.2 Earlier Research ... 14

2.3 Recent Research ... 14

2.4 Validity and Accuracy of Existing Solution ... 15

2.5 Wide Range of Conflicting Research Works ... 15

2.6 Critical Engineering Specialist Knowledge ... 15

2.7 Summary ... 16

Chapter 3: PROJECT MANAGEMENT ... 17

3.1. Introduction ... 17

3.2 S.W.O.T. Analysis of the Project ... 17

3.2.1 Strengths ... 17

3.2.2 Weaknesses ... 17

3.2.3 Opportunities ... 18

3.2.4 Threats ... 18

3.3 Schedule Management ... 18

3.3.1 Project Planning ... 18

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P a g e 2 | 44

3.3.2 Execution ... 19

3.3.3 Monitoring ... 19

3.3.4 Control ... 20

3.4 Analysis ... 20

3.4.1 Economic Analysis ... 20

3.4.2 Social Analysis ... 20

3.4.3 Political Analysis ... 20

3.4.4 Cost analysis ... 21

3.4.5 Technological Analysis ... 21

3.5 Norms of Engineering Practice ... 21

3.6 Management principles and economic models ... 22

3.7 Summary ... 22

Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY AND MODELING ... 23

4.2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Water Evaporation ... 23

4.3 System Architecture and Operation ... 23

4.3.1 Block Diagram ... 23

4.3.3 Flowchart of Energy Generation ... 25

4.4 Summary ... 25

Chapter 5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ... 26

5.2 Required Tools and Components ... 26

5.2.1 Water purifier : ... 26

5.2.2 Solar panel: ... 26

5.2.3 Solar Charge Controller ... 27

5.2.4 Battery 12 v ... 27

5.2.5 Regulator 7805 ... 27

5.2.6 IR Sensor ... 28

5.2.7 Timer Ic 555 ... 28

5.2.8 Water pump ... 28

5.2.9 Water flow sensor ... 29

5.2.10 BC 547 NPN Transistor ... 29

5.2.11 Resistor 1k/ 22k/ 180k/ 1M ... 29

5.2.12 Capacitor 100 nf ... 30

5.2.13 SPDT Relay : ... 30

5.2.14 Connectors 8 pin : ... 30

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P a g e 3 | 44

5.2.15 IC Base 4 Pin: ... 31

5.3 Implemented Models ... 31

5.3.1 Simulation Model ... 31

5.3.2 Hardware Model ... 33

5.4 Summary ... 34

Chapter 6 In-Depth Analysis Water Purification System ... 35

6.2 How does the Water Purifier work? ... 35

1. Pre Filter (optional for Max 55 & Max 65) ... 35

2. Sediment Filter ... 35

3. Anti-scalant Filter (applicable on Max 65 & Max 75) ... 35

4. Pre Carbon Filter ... 35

5. RO Membrane ... 35

6. Post Carbon Filter + Alkatron Mineralizer... 35

7. UV Filter ... 35

6.3. Ten water purification test: ... 36

1. Turbidity Test: ... 36

2. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Test: ... 36

3. pH Test: ... 36

4. Chlorine Residual Test: ... 37

5. Microbiological Test (Coliform Bacteria):: ... 37

6. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Test: ... 37

7. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Test: ... 38

8. Nitrates and Nitrites Test: ... 38

9. Heavy Metals Test: ... 38

10. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Test: ... 39

6.5 Summary: ... 39

Chapter 7: Results and Discussion ... 40

7.1 Water Purification Efficiency ... 40

7.2 Energy Generation ... 40

7.3 System Performance ... 40

7.4 Implications of Results ... 41

7.5 Challenges and Opportunities ... 41

7.6 Conclusion ... 41

Chapter 8: Conclusion and Future Directions ... 42

8.1 Conclusion ... 42

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P a g e 4 | 44

8.1.1 Clean Water Accessibility ... 42

8.1.2 Environmental Sustainability ... 42

8.1.3 Cost-Effective Solution ... 42

7.2 Future Directions ... 42

8.2.1 Scalability and Deployment ... 42

8.2.2 Sensor Advancements ... 42

8.2.3 Water Quality Testing ... 43

8.2.4 Community Engagement ... 43

8.2.5 Integration with IoT and Smart Grids ... 43

9 References ... 44

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P a g e 5 | 44 Acknowledgment

In the pursuit of knowledge, innovation, and progress, it is essential to acknowledge the invaluable support and encouragement we have received throughout our academic journey. Our endeavor to complete this project has been a collaborative effort, and we wish to extend our heartfelt gratitude to those who have played a significant role in our success.

Divine Guidance

We commence by expressing our deepest gratitude to the Almighty for His divine guidance, blessings, and unwavering support. Without His benevolence, our journey would have lacked purpose and direction.

Project Supervisor

Our sincere appreciation goes to our esteemed project supervisor, Mr. Shahinur Rahman, Lecturer &

Coordinator, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Sonargaon University. His expertise, mentorship, and constant guidance have been instrumental in shaping this project's trajectory. His patience and dedication to our academic growth have been commendable.

Family, Friends, and Well-Wishers

To our beloved family members, friends, and well-wishers, we owe a debt of gratitude that words cannot fully convey. Your unwavering belief in our potential, your unwavering encouragement, and your unwavering support have been our pillars of strength. Your contributions, both morally and spiritually, have been a source of inspiration during the challenges we faced. Your financial assistance has lightened our burden and allowed us to focus on our academic pursuits.

Sonargaon University

We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to Sonargaon University for providing us with the opportunity to pursue our B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering. The academic environment, resources, and faculty members have significantly contributed to our growth and learning.

Future Endeavors

To future scholars and researchers, we offer our best wishes and encouragement. May your pursuit of knowledge lead to groundbreaking discoveries and innovations, further advancing our collective understanding of the world.

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P a g e 6 | 44 In conclusion, this project's success is a testament to the collaborative spirit and unwavering support of our academic community and loved ones. We are humbled and grateful for the opportunities we have been given, and we look forward to contributing positively to society.

Sincerely,

Mahmudul Hasan Toha Md. Jahidul Islam Nur Mohammad Sikder Reazul Islam

Mehadi Hasan Sumon

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P a g e 7 | 44 Abstract:

Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human right, yet millions of people around the world, particularly in rural and underserved areas, continue to face waterborne diseases due to inadequate water purification systems. This thesis presents a novel solution to this pressing global issue through the development of a Solar-Powered Water Purification System employing sensor-based technology.

In this paper, we are making a water purifier which works on solar energy. The basic principle behind this project is purifying water by using solar energy. The solar radiations are collected by solar panel.

This energy is then stored in a battery. The battery is connected to the purification unit through a electromagnetic relay. The purification unit consists of high-pressure motor, The Timer Ic automatically turns the motor off and on, this system are works for Reserve water tank. The microcontroller 8051 keeps a watch to the level of water in the water tank and prevents it from over flow. Through this process we obtain the purified water in the water tank. We have developed an automatic water collecting process to collect water from the Reserve tank, When an glass/ container is placed under the water tab, water will automatically flow and when the glass/ container is removed, the water tab will automatically turned off. We are using IR sensor for this process.

Chapter 1: Introduction provides an overview of the critical need for clean water in rural regions and introduces the Solar-Powered Water Purification System project, emphasizing its utilization of renewable energy and advanced sensors.

Chapter 2: Literature Review examines the existing body of knowledge in the fields of water purification and renewable energy. It explores the prevalence of waterborne diseases, current desalination methods, and recent advancements in sensor-based water purification technologies.

Chapter 3:

Project Management employs SWOT analysis to assess the project's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It discusses cost analysis, schedule management, and the societal impact of the project.

Chapter 4:

Methodology and Modeling outlines the methodology for the Solar-Powered Water Purification System, highlighting the use of nanoparticles to enhance water evaporation rates. Block diagrams and flowcharts illustrate the system's structure and operation.

Chapter 5:

Project Implementation details the tools and components employed the Solar-Powered Water Purification System, including water purifiers, solar panels, charge controllers, batteries, sensors, transistors, resistors, capacitors, pumps, flow sensors, and relays. Simulation and hardware models offer a comprehensive view of the system's functionality.

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P a g e 8 | 44 Chapter 6:

Building on our implementation, this chapter dives into the results of our SPWPS. We discuss the performance metrics, efficiency, and effectiveness of our system. Detailed analysis and interpretation of data provide valuable insights into the real-world impact of our solution.

Chapter 7:

Results and Discussion presents empirical data on water purification efficiency, energy generation, and system performance. A comprehensive analysis discusses the implications of the results, challenges faced during implementation, and opportunities for system improvement.

Chapter 8:

Conclusion and Future Directions summarizes the project's key achievements, emphasizing its potential to address the clean water crisis and the role of renewable energy in sustainable water purification. The chapter outlines future research directions and scalability prospects for the Solar- Powered Water Purification System.

In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the ongoing effort to provide clean drinking water to underserved populations by harnessing the power of renewable energy and advanced sensor technologies. The Solar-Powered Water Purification System offers a sustainable and scalable solution to the global water crisis, promising improved health and quality of life for countless individuals.

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P a g e 9 | 44 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overture

When there is a shortage of pure water supplies or other environmental calamities, having access to clean drinking water in rural areas becomes a major issue. The population of these places frequently has health problems as a result of the lengthy transport times for fresh water. In this project, a solar- powered water filtration system employing IR sensor-based water purification is proposed to create clean drinking water in those impacted locations where pure water is difficult to obtain. The purification process used by this water purification system uses an automated valve that fills a purifier with purified water. The contaminated water is collected and directed into a purification system with storage. This initiative might be a viable way to supply those areas with clean drinking water.

The Institute of Medicine panel (part of the National Academy of Sciences) suggests that the average human consumes roughly eight cups of water per day to maintain a healthy lifestyle [1]. To citizens of the United States, this doesn’t seem difficult to accomplish because running water is widely available.

The abundance of fresh flowing water is common in developed nations, but is a privilege rarely experienced by those in the developing world. In fact, the shortage of water is a growing concern in many parts of the world, especially in developing or impoverished countries. It is ironic that such an issue could exist when over 75% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. However, a vast majority of that water is ocean water, which has a salinity level that is too high for human consumption. Through proper water desalination, the ocean can be a promising source of water, which could adequately provide for this growing need.

Currently, large investments are necessary for efficient, large-scale desalination systems which developing countries do not have. Unfortunately, these are the countries with the greatest need for fresh drinking water, as many of their current water sources are contaminated or insufficient in supply.

As a result, 1.8 million people die from waterborne diseases every year [2]. Purifying water is a crucial process for drinking safety and requires not only removal of inorganic material but also bacterial treatment. To address this problem, there are numerous ongoing efforts to provide fresh water for impoverished communities. In Africa, many of these projects involve drilling wells to tap into the groundwater [4]. However, groundwater in Africa is limited and these wells must be dug deeper as the resource becomes depleted over time [5]. Therefore, alternative sources such as ocean water can supplement the substantial clean water demand and alleviate the reliance on groundwater.

A desalination system removes the salt from ocean water, transforming it into potable water through one of many purification processes. Distilling, or boiling the dirty or salty water to produce clean vapor that is then condensed back to water, is perhaps the simplest technique. The process requires boiling salt water at temperatures over 100 °C, a temperature at which bacteria is killed. Therefore, it is worthwhile to pursue an efficient yet low-cost desalination system that will increase the potential for widespread application for water purification. A desalination system can work in conjunction with the tapped wells to help alleviate hardships felt by the lack of clean water, not only in developing nations, but also in countries around the world.

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P a g e 10 | 44 1.2 The Global Water Crisis

The scarcity of clean water is a multifaceted crisis that transcends geographic boundaries and affects people across continents. Some of the world's most vulnerable regions are grappling with severe water- related challenges, illustrating the depth and breadth of this crisis. Here, we will highlight a few examples of countries facing acute water scarcity and contamination issues:

1.2.1 India

India, the second-most populous country in the world, faces a significant water crisis. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth have placed immense pressure on the country's water resources. According to the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), a government think tank, 21 Indian cities are expected to run out of groundwater by 2020. Moreover, millions of Indians lack access to safe drinking water, leading to waterborne diseases and devastating health consequences.

1.2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa

The countries in Sub-Saharan Africa face some of the most acute water challenges globally. Prolonged droughts, inadequate infrastructure, and contaminated water sources have left millions without access to clean water. In this region, women and children often bear the burden of walking long distances to fetch water, limiting their educational and economic opportunities.

1.2.3 Yemen

Yemen is grappling with one of the world's most severe humanitarian crises, exacerbated by a protracted civil war. Access to clean water has become a critical issue, with nearly 80% of Yemen's population relying on humanitarian aid for their water supply. Contaminated water sources have led to outbreaks of waterborne diseases, further compounding the country's dire situation.

1.2.4 Central America

In Central America, specifically in countries like Honduras and Guatemala, rural communities face challenges of limited water availability and polluted water sources. Natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes can disrupt water supplies, putting residents at risk of waterborne diseases and dehydration. The high incidence of kidney disease, often associated with poor water quality, has significantly increased in these areas, emphasizing the serious impact of insufficient access to clean water.

1.3 Significance of the Project / Research Work

Water is essential for human life and therefore the health of the surroundings. To ascertain the honest quality of water, it's needed an observation system that developed based mostly on using sensors.

Automatic sensing elements are making very modern modification of the water purification system by solar power, to further purify the water, it is necessary to the pH of the water. During this project Automatic sensor-based element interface with the microcontroller device.

Many people in rural areas are getting sick and dying from waterborne diseases due to not drinking pure water. Therefore, we want to develop a renewable energy-based water purifier and automatic sensor-based water purification and power monitoring. This system purifier uses an existing market purifier kit because we can’t make an RO Purifier kit in a short time. We will assemble the kit purifier

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P a g e 11 | 44 kit for water filtering. This system is powered up using a Solar system. This Solar system uses a 30W solar panel. The battery uses a 12v battery for backup power. This backup power is used for nighttime or cloudy weather.

1.4 Objective of this Work

The primary objective of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System project is to develop a sustainable and efficient system for producing clean, drinkable water using renewable energy sources, primarily solar power. This system aims to become a marketable, global product with key attributes:

• Portability: The Solar-Powered Water Purification System should be easily transportable across various terrains and adaptable to diverse environmental conditions, ensuring its suitability for remote and underserved areas.

• Durability: The system must be robust and resilient, capable of withstanding prolonged use and environmental factors.

• Cost-Effectiveness: The Solar-Powered Water Purification System should provide an affordable and accessible solution, particularly for regions with limited financial resources.

• User-Friendly: It should be straightforward to operate, allowing individuals in rural communities to utilize it effectively.

• Compatibility: The system should be designed to fit within standard shipping containers, facilitating ease of transport and distribution.

The integration of solar parabolic trough designs, concentrated solar power, and advanced purification techniques will play a pivotal role in achieving these objectives. By using solar energy to drive active distillation of saltwater through evaporation and condensation processes, The Solar-Powered Water Purification System aims to produce purified, clean water efficiently and sustainably.

1.4.1 Primary objectives

• Develop a low-cost water purification system for rural areas.

• Utilize renewable energy sources for cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability.

• Ensure ease of use and understanding of the device by the general population.

• Implement automatic system maintenance to enhance efficiency and reduce operational risks and costs.

• Create a new method for improving productivity in rural areas, with a focus on equipment measurement accuracy and reduced time and energy consumption.

1.5 The Urgency of a Solution

The examples above underscore the urgency of addressing the rural water crisis. The scarcity of clean drinking water not only leads to health problems but also hinders economic and social development in affected regions. Furthermore, the burden of water collection disproportionately falls on women and children, limiting their opportunities and perpetuating gender disparities.

1.6 The Promise of Solar-Powered Water Purification

Amidst the daunting challenges posed by the global water crisis, The Solar-Powered Water Purification System emerges as a beacon of hope. It represents a promise—a promise to address the pressing issue of water purification in rural and underserved areas worldwide. This section delves deeper into the

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P a g e 12 | 44 transformative potential of The Solar-Powered Water Purification System, highlighting the key facets of its promise:

1.6.1 Sustainability and Renewable Energy

At the core of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System lies the utilization of solar energy, one of the most abundant and sustainable resources on our planet. The sun, an omnipresent celestial body, radiates energy that can be harnessed and converted into a continuous source of power. By relying on solar panels to capture and convert sunlight into electricity, the Solar-Powered Water Purification System reduces its carbon footprint and environmental impact. This sustainable approach not only addresses the immediate water purification needs but also contributes to long-term ecological preservation.

1.6.2 Accessibility and Equality

The promise of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System extends beyond mere purification; it encompasses equitable access to clean water. In rural areas where conventional purification methods may be cost-prohibitive or technologically impractical, The Solar-Powered Water Purification System offers a lifeline. It bridges the gap, ensuring that even the most marginalized communities gain access to a fundamental human right—clean and safe drinking water. The elimination of arduous journeys for water collection, often undertaken by women and children, empowers these communities and promotes gender equality.

1.6.3 Health and Well-being

Waterborne diseases remain a significant threat to public health, particularly in areas lacking reliable water purification systems. The Solar-Powered Water Purification System addresses this challenge by consistently providing clean and safe drinking water. By eliminating waterborne pathogens and contaminants, it mitigates the risk of diseases that can have severe health consequences. In doing so, it not only enhances physical health but also contributes to the overall well-being of communities, enabling them to thrive and prosper.

1.6.4 Economic and Social Development

The promise of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System extends to economic and social dimensions. Access to clean water is a catalyst for development, enabling communities to break free from the cycle of poverty. When people are no longer burdened by waterborne illnesses, they can pursue education and livelihoods more effectively. This, in turn, fosters economic growth and community empowerment. The Solar-Powered Water Purification System lays the foundation for sustainable development by addressing a fundamental need and creating opportunities for progress.

1.6.5 Technological Advancement and Adaptability

The Solar-Powered Water Purification System is not just a solution for today; it is an investment in the future. Its adaptable design allows for the incorporation of emerging technologies and improvements.

As innovations arise, the Solar-Powered Water Purification System can evolve to become even more efficient and effective. The system's compatibility with remote monitoring and data analysis also positions it at the forefront of the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution, enabling real-time management and maintenance.

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P a g e 13 | 44 In summation, the promise of Solar-Powered Water Purification System extends far beyond the realm of technology. It symbolizes a commitment to a healthier, more equitable world—a world where access to clean water is not a privilege but a right. As we embark on this journey towards fulfilling this promise, we hold steadfast in our belief that the Solar-Powered Water Purification System will play a pivotal role in alleviating the global water crisis, one drop at a time.

1.7 Comparison with Traditional Method

To ensure the accountability of the solar energy facilities, automatic system maintenance is crucial.

New information collecting technologies are required because of the plants' growing length to increase their maintenance efficiency. Unmanned craft with tailored equipment result in a decrease in operational risks and maintenance costs. This project's biggest contribution might be a fresh method for boosting rural areas' productivity, ensuring that all equipment is measured with the necessary accuracy, and consuming less time and energy. This method depends on the determination of the reading area and the inspection goal for electrical equipment. The sites of examination are found using an explicit optimization model. The method is validated and proved by a real solar panel. Although the concept has been prototyped, the system will eventually be implemented for commercial use.

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P a g e 14 | 44 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW WITH IN-DEPTH INVESTIGATION

2.1 Introduction

In developing nations, waterborne infections are responsible for up to ten million annual fatalities and several billion cases of illness, at least half of which are in children. Boiling is the method most frequently employed in rural areas of developing nations to clean water for use in cooking and drinking. Boiling, however, is rather expensive, uses a significant quantity of fossil fuels, and the associated wood harvesting depletes forests. One of the most promising options for an energy-efficient, cost-effective, durable, and trustworthy solution to these problems is star water sterilization. There is a valid and pressing need to provide environmentally responsible technology for the provision of drinking water in rural areas. One of the many valuable and necessary natural resources for humanity is water. However, the rapid societal growth and diverse human endeavors accelerated pollution and harmed the water resources. The most prevalent liquid on earth is water. Drinking pure liquids is crucial to human life. Water or surface water is the beverage installation. Sediments and other materials are present in all water supplies.

2.2 Earlier Research

The commercial viability of MSF and RO as large-scale desalination techniques has been demonstrated. The cost of pre-treatment is significantly influenced by the type of seawater intake. For open channel intake, more rigorous measures are taken for MSF or RO. Strict measures have been implemented to reduce deep water pipe inflow. The MSF product water is bitter and caustic since the salt content is virtually zero [1]. A photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis (PV-RO) desalination system's construction and testing are given. The device runs on seawater and doesn't need batteries because the amount of freshwater produced changes throughout the day depending on the amount of solar energy available. With the UK's meager solar resource, the system initially tested out at 1.5 m3/day of freshwater production. With a PV array only 2.4 kWp closer to the equator, a software model estimates year-round output of more than 3 MW/day. In combination with a variable water recovery ratio and a Clark pump brine-Stream Energy recovery mechanism, the system achieves a specific energy consumption of less than 4 kWh/m3 over a wide range of operation [5]. To boost the effectiveness of the entire system, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) derivation is being used to power the reverse osmosis facility. A specific set of rules is used to merge feedforward and feedback voltage control systems in the control technique. Comparable to other algorithms, the MPPT method proved cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and good efficiency [6]. Jordan uses a photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system. The components of the RO unit include a polypropylene sediment filter with a 5-micron pore size, two active carbon filters with holes that are 1-2 micrometers in diameter, and a polyamide TFC membrane. A series of two PV arrays with a 32° southward slant is connected to one another. A one-axis east-west tracking flat plate photovoltaic is built in order to investigate how tracking affects the system's performance. Results analysis reveals that adopting this tracking system in comparison to a fixed flat plate could result in gains of 25 and 15% in electrical power and pure water flow, respectively.

2.3 Recent Research

It was estimated that the ideal system would cost around $23,420. It is 42% cheaper than a system created using standard engineering methods. Flexible water production that accommodates daily variations in solar irradiance with overproduction on sunny days was a crucial factor in cost reduction.

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P a g e 15 | 44 In India, small-scale reverse osmosis (RO) systems are frequently used to measure the salinity of groundwater. [2] We describe recent membrane desalination technologies that use renewable energy.

Recent research have primarily focused on wind and solar energy as sources of renewable energy. In rural and distant places without access to energy or water infrastructure, small-scale solar-powered devices are appealing for the generation of fresh water. Membranes powered by wind energy have also been found to be more affordable than traditional systems running on fossil fuels [4]. The current synergistic evaluation aims to assess the suitability of using solar energy-based water purification technologies. The focus of the review is on both traditional and contemporary methods of desalination and waste water treatment. The selective absorption of UV and infrared radiation can be accomplished using hybrid materials such as core shells and blended nanofluids. This can be used to speed up diffusion through thin membranes and sterilize specific types of dangerous bacteria.

2.4 Validity and Accuracy of Existing Solution

The whole world has witnessed a significant increase in solar energy-based devices and power generation, making renewable energy readily accessible and cost-effective. This renewable energy source is harnessed for various developmental purposes aimed at improving human life. While solar energy is already being used for water purification worldwide, many existing systems rely on manual operation and manual pH checking, incurring significant costs and time. However, it is feasible to transition these systems into automated monitoring solutions, making them more efficient and cost- effective.

2.5 Wide Range of Conflicting Research Works

Water deficiency is becoming one of the foremost issues in the world. It risks the health, economy, surroundings, and food provisions of the world. Nowadays, the price of purified water has skyrocketed.

To meet the demand for water, a small-scale solar energy-based water purification system is organized.

The novelty of the planned work is to provide water endlessly with no interruption and minimize the price of water purification. During this work with the electrical device, Despite the lack of solar power, the mechanical energy of the water is used for the purification method. The gap and shutting of the valves area unit controlled by the microcontroller supported the sensing element outputs with the web server. The energy potency and water quality of the system are analyzed and compared with the traditional water purification system on a very short-run basis.

2.6 Critical Engineering Specialist Knowledge

The utilization of alternative energy to drive water purification processes may be a potential solution to the world's water purification issue. In recent years, important efforts have been dedicated to developing and testing innovative automatic sensor based, mostly water purification technologies, which are comprehensively reviewed during this project. Recent developments and applications of technologies are solar power-based IoT-based water purification systems. The potential development of automation technologies and modernization summarized. By aggregation and analyzing performance knowledge from recent studies, the standing of productivity, energy consumption, and water production prices of various technologies are critically reviewed. Presently, most of the solar energy-based water purification processes are still underrated and have limited real-world applications.

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P a g e 16 | 44 2.7 Summary

In Asian countries, waterborne diseases are terribly common due to the insufficiency of pure water.

Most of the population endures unsafe water. The energy crisis is another vital issue. Standard energy sources are restricted, and they cause environmental pollution. By employing a solar energy supply as an alternative energy source to purify water, these issues will be avoided. Solar power and Automatic sensor-based water purification setups are an advancement of the current water purification system.

The methodology of the solar-powered water setup is imparted during this project. Solar energy water setup takes alternative energy as energy supply and stores energy in a well battery. Main parts of water purification and automatic sensor using solar power water purification setup are solar panel, battery, purifier, filtering chalk, double layer condenser and a number of other water vessels, Arduino, Some sensors. This setup uses a filtering mechanism to get rid of dirt from water and a purifying mechanism to kill organisms. Through this method, pure water is achieved.

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P a g e 17 | 44 Chapter 3: PROJECT MANAGEMENT

3.1. Introduction

Technology has made life easier. Researchers are creating a lot of new gadgets for our use. Solar- powered water purification systems and using automatic sensors are helpful technology for our country. This will be a blessing for people who live in remote areas without electricity.

3.2 S.W.O.T. Analysis of the Project

SWOT is an acronym that stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Each topic should be covered briefly, with a clear representation of the project's Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

We need some planning strategies for a project. SWOT analysis is one of the greatest strategic planning approaches for a project to overcome weaknesses, reduce threats, and make better use of opportunities.

We may examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and dangers on the route to finishing a project using this approach. As a result, the project's future development route has been established.

This is a wholly internal project study that might be based on surveys.

3.2.1 Strengths

▪ Global Applicability: Our project envisions global deployment, offering clean water solutions to regions worldwide. This global reach allows us to address water scarcity issues in diverse geographical locations.

▪ Cost-Effectiveness: The project has been meticulously planned to ensure affordability and accessibility. By optimizing resource allocation and utilizing solar energy, we aim to create a cost-effective solution that can be widely adopted.

▪ Abundant Energy Source: Solar energy provides an uninterrupted and sustainable power source for the system. This energy source has the inherent ability to regenerate, ensuring that the Solar-Powered Water Purification System can operate consistently, even in remote or off- grid areas.

3.2.2 Weaknesses

▪ Lack of Individual Ownership: The absence of a designated project owner can lead to coordination challenges. Without a clear point of authority and accountability, decision-making processes and project direction may become less efficient.

▪ Weather Dependency: Adverse weather conditions, such as prolonged periods of rain or heavy cloud cover, may affect the system's operational efficiency. Solar-powered systems rely heavily on consistent sunlight for optimal performance. In regions prone to inclement weather, the project may experience intermittent functionality, leading to potential delays in water purification.

▪ Intermittent Electricity Supply: Cloudy weather or nighttime periods could disrupt the system's power supply, as the Solar-Powered Water Purification System relies solely on solar energy. During such interruptions, the system may not operate at full capacity, impacting the

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P a g e 18 | 44 rate of water purification. To address this weakness, energy storage solutions or backup power sources may be considered to ensure uninterrupted operation.

3.2.3 Opportunities

▪ Waterborne Disease Prevention: Addressing waterborne illnesses, which afflict millions, presents a significant societal opportunity. By providing a consistent source of clean and safe drinking water, the Solar-Powered Water Purification System has the potential to substantially reduce waterborne diseases, improving public health and overall well-being.

▪ Alternative to Deep Tube Wells: In regions where deep tube wells are unfeasible due to geological or logistical challenges, the Solar-Powered Water Purification System offers a compelling alternative for accessing clean water. This opportunity is particularly crucial for areas struggling with water scarcity, where traditional well drilling may not be a viable solution.

▪ Wastewater Utilization for Agriculture: The Solar-Powered Water Purification System generates wastewater as a byproduct of the purification process. This wastewater, rich in nutrients, can be effectively repurposed for agriculture and fish farming. This presents a sustainable opportunity to enhance local agriculture, boost food security, and reduce water wastage.

3.2.4 Threats

Threats are external factors or conditions that can pose challenges or risks to the success and stability of a project, organization, or initiative. These threats are typically beyond the control of the entity being analyzed and can pose various challenges and risks. Here are some common types of threats:

▪ Natural Disasters: Environmental factors such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, or wildfires can disrupt operations, damage infrastructure, and lead to financial losses. Organizations located in disaster-prone regions must consider these threats.

▪ Competition: Intense competition from other organizations or projects in the same market or industry can threaten market share, profitability, and growth prospects. It may require the project or organization to continually innovate and differentiate itself to maintain a competitive edge.

3.3 Schedule Management

Effective schedule management is at the core of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System project, ensuring its smooth and timely execution. This section outlines our comprehensive approach to schedule management, which includes meticulous planning, precise execution, vigilant monitoring, and proactive control measures.

3.3.1 Project Planning

Detailed project planning serves as the cornerstone of our schedule management strategy. It involves a systematic breakdown of the project into specific tasks, each carefully defined, sequenced, and assigned to dedicated team members. Our planning phase encompasses the following key steps:

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P a g e 19 | 44

▪ Task Identification: We begin by identifying all tasks required to complete the Solar-Powered Water Purification System project successfully. This includes hardware development, software integration, testing, and documentation.

▪ Task Sequencing: Tasks are sequenced logically to establish dependencies and prioritize critical activities. This ensures that each task flows seamlessly into the next.

▪ Resource Allocation: Resources, including personnel, materials, and equipment, are allocated efficiently to each task based on their requirements.

▪ Timeline Establishment: A realistic timeline is established for each task, considering factors like task complexity, available resources, and potential risks.

▪ Assignment of Responsibilities: Clear roles and responsibilities are assigned to team members, defining who is accountable for each task.

3.3.2 Execution

Once the project planning is complete, the execution phase begins. During this phase, tasks are carried out according to the predefined schedule. Key features of our execution approach include:

▪ Adherence to Schedule: Our team diligently follows the project schedule, ensuring that tasks are completed within their allocated timeframes.

▪ Progress Updates: Regular updates on task progress are communicated to the project team and stakeholders. This transparency fosters accountability and allows for timely adjustments if needed.

▪ Milestone Tracking: We track project milestones to measure progress and celebrate achievements, reinforcing motivation and team cohesion.

3.3.3 Monitoring

Real-time monitoring is a fundamental aspect of our schedule management approach. Through continuous monitoring of project progress, we can promptly identify any potential delays or deviations from the schedule. Key elements of our monitoring process include:

▪ Progress Tracking: We closely monitor the progress of individual tasks and evaluate their alignment with the established timeline.

▪ Quality Control: While tracking progress, we also maintain a focus on ensuring the quality of work performed at each stage of the project.

▪ Issue Identification: Any emerging issues or obstacles that may impede progress are identified promptly.

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P a g e 20 | 44 3.3.4 Control

To maintain schedule integrity, we implement proactive control measures that swiftly address any schedule disruptions. This proactive stance minimizes the impact of unforeseen challenges and keeps the project on track. Key components of our control measures include:

▪ Risk Mitigation: Risks are assessed continuously, and mitigation strategies are put into action as needed to prevent schedule delays.

▪ Resource Reallocation: In cases of unexpected setbacks, resources may be reallocated to high- priority tasks to ensure minimal disruption.

▪ Communication: Effective communication channels are maintained within the team to promptly address concerns and coordinate adjustments.

By rigorously adhering to these schedule management principles, we are confident in our ability to ensure the timely and efficient implementation of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System project. Our commitment to proactive planning, execution, monitoring, and control is central to achieving our project's objectives.

3.4 Analysis

Tormenter analysis may be a crucial technique for assessing macroeconomic factors. This analysis can provide a truly clear strategy for the effects of political, economic, social, and technological factors on a project.

3.4.1 Economic Analysis

Given that any nation must complete this project, a precise cost analysis will reveal that this system's implementation is cost-effective. Additionally, this project incorporated in consideration of the growing time and intelligent demand, as a result, we don't need to go and monitor every day and the cost is reduced. Here we use solar PV, here we don't use grid power so our cost here will be reduced.

3.4.2 Social Analysis

Given that the project is intended to benefit society's citizens, this issue cannot be ignored. This endeavor cannot benefit society if it is unable to do so. Because of this, the project's possibilities are all influenced by the problems that society's citizens are facing. We genuinely believe that this endeavor will benefit our society. The waste water after filtering can be used for fish farming. Because high TDS is available from this water which is beneficial for fish farming.

3.4.3 Political Analysis

This project has no political controversy. Because this initiative will benefit the general public while boosting a nation's electricity capability.

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P a g e 21 | 44 3.4.4 Cost analysis

Cost analysis is a critical aspect of project management, providing insights into budgetary requirements and cost-effectiveness. The table below presents a cost breakdown of the project components:

SL NO Name of the components Qty. Unit Price(TK) Total (TK)

01 Water Purifier 1 7000 7000

02 Solar Panel 1 2000 2000

03 Solar Charge Controller 1 550 550

04 12V Battery 1 2000 1500

05 7805 Regulator 06 IR Sensor 07 555 Timer IC 08 Water Pump 09 Water Flow Sensor 10 BC547 NPN Transistor 11 Resistors (1k, 22k, 180k, 1M) 12 100nF Capacitor

13 STDP Relay 14 Connectors (8 pin) 15 IC Base (4 pin)

16 Frame 1 2000 2000

17 18 19 Total

Table 3.4.4

3.4.5 Technological Analysis

The world is watching how quickly new technologies will replace older ones due to the rapid advancement of technology. Because of this, contemporary products ought to be able to improve and change as new technologies are developed. Future additions of new features and options to our product could be made easily. In the future, packages and mobile applications might be developed so that users could access the system from anywhere. This project allows access to a wide range of technological capabilities.

Professional Responsibilities

3.5 Norms of Engineering Practice

We initially attempted to carry out our project as usual, with no IoT processing. Later, however, it became clear that the IoT would make this project more appealing and advantageous for simple system monitoring and maintenance. This endeavor is wholly devoted to our own contemplation, thoughts, and reasoning. Today, after giving it our best effort, we are about to put this project into action.

afterwards to complete the project. We know clean water helps keep people healthy. This system safe because it does not use any harmful chemical.

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P a g e 22 | 44 3.6 Management principles and economic models

It has been globally acknowledged that energy storage is a key part of the future for purified water and renewable energy (PWRE) systems. Recent studies concerning the disciplinary action of purified water and energy storage for achieving high PWRE penetration have gained raised attention. This paper presents an in-depth review of sensor base water purification system using solar energy. It conjointly discusses the role of water purification, future analysis, and technical challenges related to the utilization of this storage within the context of renewable energy-based systems. This review paper considers the economic, environmental, and technical aspects of water purifying systems that are mentioned within the project printed over the last ten years. in addition, studies area units categorized with relevancy objective, the approach used, location, and key findings. mirrored from the literature, Solar energy-based water purification technology has once more emerged as a technologically and economically viable choice. This review is helpful for researchers to explore sensor & Solar energy- based water purification systems within the fields of modeling and techno-economic optimization.

3.7 Summary

In this chapter, the SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, Cost analysis, and Schedule Management have been discussed. Also, the individual accountabilities, multidisciplinary components management, and project lifecycle are discussed in this chapter. SWOT analysis represents the internal factors of this project and PEST analysis represents the external factor of this project. On the other hand, cost analysis represents the comparison between the estimated cost and final expenditure. This chapter is basically for project management and all the necessary components overview.

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P a g e 23 | 44 Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY AND MODELING

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2025, half of the world's population will live in water-stressed regions. To ensure clean and secure access to potable water, alternative energy water purification may be a healthy and profitable option. Water evaporation is one of the main processes in the majority of alternative energy-driven chemical process systems. Due to their improved thermo- physical properties and optical tunability, we incline to suggest that adding nanoparticles to water may significantly boost the evaporation rate and, thus, the supply of clean water.

4.2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Water Evaporation

The cornerstone of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System methodology is the integration of nanoparticles into the water purification process. Nanoparticles, due to their unique thermo-physical properties and optical characteristics, offer an innovative means to accelerate the rate of water evaporation. This section explores the theoretical foundation and practical application of nanoparticles in enhancing the purification system's efficiency.

4.3 System Architecture and Operation

To provide clarity on the Solar-Powered Water Purification System’s inner workings, the following block diagrams and flowcharts offer detailed insights into its structural components and operational procedures.

4.3.1 Block Diagram

The block diagram, as illustrated below, provides a clear overview of the key elements involved in our water purification system.

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P a g e 24 | 44 4.3.2 Flowchart of Water Purification Process

The water purification process within the Solar-Powered Water Purification System can be comprehended more intuitively through a flowchart. This visual aid elucidates the sequential steps involved in the treatment of water using nanoparticles and solar energy.

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P a g e 25 | 44 4.3.3 Flowchart of Energy Generation

In parallel with water purification, the Solar-Powered Water Purification System generates clean energy from the sun. Another flowchart illustrates the energy generation process, from solar panel conversion to battery storage and utilization.

4.4 Summary

When the fundamental building blocks are close to becoming ideal, the accomplishments are seen to be close. The goal in this chapter was to construct structures that were as close to ideal as possible.

This chapter mainly emphasizes the gap framework technique along with the block diagram and flowchart. This chapter's objective was to demonstrate the project's methodology and guiding principles. Through the examination of the system block diagram and flow chart, we have demonstrated that. The chapter also discusses how the flow chart and block diagram were analyzed.

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P a g e 26 | 44 Chapter 5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

We will talk about the model, approach, and working principle in this chapter. We have put in place an sensor based system for water purification that will be totally powered by solar energy. In this study, various types of sensors have been employed. We will describe all of this thing like as water purifier, reserve tank, 12v battery, buck boost controller, 555 timer ic, Bc547 NPN transistor, 1k resistor, 22k resistor, 180 k resistor, 1m watt resistor, 1 N 4007 diod, led, 12v STDP relay, connectors, water pump, 7805 regulator, IR sensor etc. For power generation in this project, a 30W solar cell is being used.

Through a solar charge controller, a solar cell will charge the battery.

5.2 Required Tools and Components

The Solar-Powered Water Purification System is a complex system that combines various components and technologies to achieve efficient water purification powered by solar energy. Below is a comprehensive list of the tools and components utilized in this project:

5.2.1 Water purifier :

Figure 5.2.1 Water purifier

The Solar-Powered Water Purification System is equipped with advanced water purifiers designed to remove hazardous particles and chemicals from water sources. These purifiers play a pivotal role in ensuring that the water supplied for consumption meets stringent quality standards. In today's world, access to direct clean water has become increasingly challenging, making water purifiers an indispensable component of our system.

5.2.2 Solar panel:

Figure 5.2.2 Solar Panel

A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic ( PV ) cells .30w solar panel can produce enough power to run a small portable fan, charge cell phones, laptops, and other small appliances in the range of 25w.

Sunlight energy is captured by solar panels, also known as photovoltaics, which then transform it into electricity that can be utilized to power buildings or residences. These panels can be used to extend a building's electrical supply or offer power in outlying areas.

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P a g e 27 | 44 5.2.3 Solar Charge Controller

Figure 5.2.3 Solar Charge Controller

In order to prevent overcharging of the batteries, the charge controller controls the voltage and amps given to the loads. Any extra power is then delivered to the battery system.

5.2.4 Battery 12 v

Figure 5.2.4 Battery 12 v

Generally, lithium-ion batteries can supply more cycles than lead-acid, making them great for delivering ancillary services to the grid. One energy-saving trait of lithium-ion, which makes it a good option for a solar system, is its high charge and discharge efficiencies. 12V tells us that the battery supplies 12 volts under a nominal load . The same principle holds for a 24V battery bank in that it provides 24 volts. As we discussed before, most car and RV batteries are 12V.

5.2.5 Regulator 7805

Figure 5.2.5 Regulator 7805

The 7805 Voltage Regulator IC is a commonly used voltage regulator that finds its application in most of the electronics projects. It provides a constant +5V output voltage for a variable input voltage supply. 7805 Regulator Features -

• 5V Positive Voltage Regulator

• Minimum Input Voltage is 7V

• Maximum Input Voltage is 25V

• Operating current(IQ) is 5mA

• Internal Thermal Overload and Short circuit current limiting protection is available.

• Junction Temperature maximum 125 degree Celsius

• Available in TO-220 and KTE package.

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P a g e 28 | 44 5.2.6 IR Sensor

Figure 5.2.6 IR Sensor

An infrared sensor (IR sensor) is a radiation-sensitive optoelectronic component with a spectral sensitivity in the infrared wavelength range 780 nm … 50 µm. IR sensors are now widely used in motion detectors, which are used in building services to switch on lamps or in alarm systems to detect unwelcome guests.

5.2.7 Timer Ic 555

Figure 5.2.7 Timer Ic 555

The 555 timer is an integrated circuit that is used to build a variety of timer and multivibrator circuits.

This IC was invented and designed by Swiss electronics engineer Hans R. Camenzind. Its design was completed in 1970 and Signetics first marketed it in 1971.

5.2.8 Water pump

Figure 5.2.8 Water Pump

The water pump pushes coolant from the radiator through the coolant system, into the engine and back around to the radiator. The heat that the coolant picked up from the engine is transferred to the air at the radiator. Without the water pump, the coolant just sits in the system.

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P a g e 29 | 44 5.2.9 Water flow sensor

Figure 5.2.9 Water Flow Sensor

The pinwheel sensor that makes up the water flow sensor counts the amount of liquid that has gone through it. The water flow sensor's operation is straightforward to comprehend. The hall-effect theory underlies the operation of the water flow sensor.

5.2.10 BC 547 NPN Transistor

Figure 5.2.10 BC 547 NPN Transistor

BC547 is a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) . It is kind of an NPN transistor. It has three terminals:

Emitter, Collector and Base. The maximum current gain of BC547 is 800A. The Collector−Emitter Voltage is 65V.

5.2.11 Resistor 1k/ 22k/ 180k/ 1M

Figure 5.2.11 Resistor 1k/22k/108k/1M

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.

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P a g e 30 | 44 5.2.12 Capacitor 100 nf

Figure 5.2.12 Capacitor 100 nf

A one-hundred nano-Farad capacitor is written as 100nF or just 100n. It may be marked as 0.1 (meaning 0.1uF which is 100nF). Or it may be marked with 104, meaning 10 and four zeros: 100000pF which is equal to 100nF.

5.2.13 SPDT Relay :

Figure 5.2.13 SPDT Relay

SPDT relays are commonly used in control systems, where they can be used to switch between two different circuits or to switch a single circuit on or off . For example, an SPDT relay could be used to switch between two different lighting circuits or to control a motor by switching the power supply on or off.

5.2.14 Connectors 8 pin :

Figure 5.2.14 Connector 8 pin

An 8-pin CPU power connector is an optional connector for some CPUs. It has four yellow wires and four black wires, and it plugs into an 8-pin socket on the motherboard. An 8-pin connector can deliver up to 384 watts of power, which is twice as much as a 4-pin connector.

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P a g e 31 | 44 5.2.15 IC Base 4 Pin:

Figure 5.2.15 IC Base 4 Pin

An IC socket is an essential interconnect component that lets you install or remove integrated circuits without bending the leads or overheating the chip by soldering. We stock a variety of IC sockets in configurations from 6 to 68 pins.

5.3 Implemented Models

We've already finished the hardware prototype and simulation for our project. We will gain a comprehensive understanding of the precise operation of our system via our simulation model. The simulation model and hardware prototype will explicitly list every component that will be used in our system.

5.3.1 Simulation Model

Our simulation model serves as a virtual representation of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System, allowing us to test and evaluate its performance under various conditions. The simulation was conducted using specialized software that mimics real-world scenarios, enabling us to assess the system's behavior without the need for physical implementation.

5.3.1.1 Components of the Simulation Model:

▪ Software Tools: We employed simulation software, such as MATLAB or Simulink, to create a digital replica of the Solar-Powered Water Purification System. These tools provide a platform for designing and analyzing the system's behavior.

▪ System Architecture: The simulation model replicates the entire Solar-Powered Water Purification System architecture, including the solar panel, charge controller, batteries, sensors, transistors, pumps, and control logic.

▪ Environmental Variables: Simulated environmental conditions, such as solar irradiance levels, temperature, and water quality parameters, are incorporated into the model. This allows us to assess how the system responds to changing external factors.

▪ Control Algorithms: Control algorithms governing the system's operation are programmed into the simulation model. These algorithms dictate how the Solar-Powered Water Purification System manages energy, monitors water quality, and controls purification processes.

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P a g e 32 | 44 5.3.1.2 Functionality of the Simulation Model:

▪ Performance Analysis: The simulation model enables us to evaluate the system's performance metrics, including energy efficiency, water purification rate, and sensor accuracy.

▪ Fault Analysis: We can simulate various faults or malfunctions within the system to assess its resilience and identify potential vulnerabilities.

▪ Optimization: By running simulations under different conditions, we can fine-tune the system's parameters and control algorithms to optimize its efficiency and reliability.

▪ Scenario Testing: The simulation model allows us to test the Solar-Powered Water Purification System under a wide range of scenarios, including varying water quality, solar intensity, and user demands. This helps in identifying potential challenges and solutions.

Figure 5.15 IR sensor Model