CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING MECHANISM IN PIERS MORGAN TONIGHTTALK SHOW
NURYATUL ISMALIYAH NIM. 1110026000136
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One
NURYATUL ISMALIYAH NIM. 1110026000136
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
ABSTRACT
Nuryatul Ismaliyah, Conversation Analysis of Turn Taking Mechanism in Piers Morgan Tonigh Talk Show. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, February 2015.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the turn taking mechanism in Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show between Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars, which every conversation always occurs the turn and the taking to make conversation flows well. In this case, the aims of this research are: (1) to convey the turn taking mechanism used by Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars, (2) to convey the kinds of the turn taking mechanism mostly used by Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars.
The method of this research use qualitative method. The research questions will be answered in analytical description. The collected turn taking mechanism is picked up randomly then classified based on the same kind. The turn taking mechanism is analyzed by using Jacob L Mey’s theory to see the turn taking mechanism which mostly occurs in conversation between Piers Morgan Tonight and Bruno Mars.
The result of this research shows that there are twenty one data collected from random sampling, those collected data resulted three kinds of turn taking mechanism. There are three kinds of turn taking mechanism: taking the floor, holding the floor and yielding the floor and all kinds found in that conversation.
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, Februari 2015.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ميح رلاا نمح رلا ها مسب
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, and the most
Beneficent
Praise is only for Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala, Lord of the world. First, I’m deeply grateful to Him who gives me His blessing, guidance, health, ability,
and opportunity to accomplish this thesis. Blessing and salutation be upon the most honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad Sholallaahu Alaihi Wasalam, his relatives and followers.
This thesis could not be completed without a great deal of help from many people. Therefore, I would like to give my sincerest gratitude to my beloved parents, Abdul Hamid, A.Ma and Jamilah. Thanks for being the strength and the best supporter of her success. “Thanks mom and dad, This is my special gift for
you, which is also shape of my tears and sweats to make you proud of me”. I’m
heartily thankful to my beloved sister Eka Haniyah, S.Pd.I, Nurseha and my brother Phulo who give motivation in process of finishing this thesis. May Allah bless and give the greatest award for them.
1. Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, MA. as the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;
2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Assistant of Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty.
3. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. as the Head of English Letters Department;
4. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Letters Department; 5. All the lecturers of English Letters Department thanks for teaching precious
knowledge and wonderful experience during the study;
6. All the staffs of Library Center of State Islamic University, American Corner Library, and Library Faculty of Adab and Humanities, and Library of Indonesia University;
7. Ade Lukmansyah who always accompany me to finish this research. Thank you so much;
8. SOBATSABIT (Iin, Angel, Maul, and Rima), Rahma, Kurnia Makki, Muthi, Asih. Nice to have you all, the wonderful girls. Thanks for support, prayer, and everything. Hopefully we can stick together even though will rarely meet later then;
10.All people who have supported me during the finishing this research, Thanks a lot;
May Allah bless you all gives His Kindness. I realize that my paper actually has not been perfect yet, there are many mistakes in its contents. Therefore, I would like to receive any comments, suggestion, or criticism.
Finally, I hope this thesis will be guidance for the reader and those who are interested in it.
Jakarta, Februari 2015
6 2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analyis … 3. Research Instrument ………..10 4. Unit of Analysis……….10
CHAPTER II THE THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION ………
A. Previous Research ……… B. Concept ………..……… 13
16 17
28 29 28
50 49
49
51
54 18 4. Pragmatics ………... 5. Conversation Analysis ……… 6. Turn Taking ………. 7. Procedure for Turn Allocation ………. .. 19 8. Turn Taking Mechanism ………. 21
CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ………
A. The Data Description …..………... B. The Data Analysis ………..………
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ..…………..
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
In daily life, human as a social creature needs a media to communicate each other. The media is called language. Without language, human cannot communicate and interact. Language is one of the important things in human life. Language is arbitrary sound symbol system used by humans for communication and interaction each other.1 Not only verbal language, But also sign language and gesture are often used by human to communicate at certain moment.2 Verbal language related to word, phrase, and sentence. Realization of verbal language is conversation.
Conversation means a cooperative activity in the sense that it involves two or more parties. Each of whom must be allowed the opportunity to participate.3 Conversation is a human way to build the social relationship. Through conversation, human can identify, recognize and know the characters each other. From the definition above, it can be concluded that conversation consists of two or more people who get and exchange information each other. One is called speaker and the other is called listener. A Speaker is a person who is speaking or
1
Harimurti Kridalaksana, 2005, “Bahasa dan Linguistik”inKushartanti, Untung Yuwono and RMT Lauder(Ed), Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik , (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama) p. 3.
2
George Yule, 2006, The Study of Language: Third Edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). p. 172
3
expressing the ideas and listener is person who listens what the speaker say and wait for the turn to speak. In conversation, the position of participants (speaker and listener) is not static. It means that they will alternate each other. Pay attention for the example of this conversation below:
(1) A : Are you doing anything important right now? B : No, not really.
A : Okay, then, can you do this letter for me? I need it in a hurry
B : Yes, I can.4
From the example (1), when “A” is the speaker, “B” is waiting for the turn. When “B” as the speaker, “A” as the listener and wait for the turn to speak. The
changing or replacement position of speaker to listener and listener to speaker that occur in conversation above, it is called turn-taking. The basic unit of the conversation is the turn. Turn is a shift in the direction of the speaking flow which is characteristic of normal conversation.5 Sack said, as quoted by Mey that “A central feature (of conversation) is that exactly one person at least one and no more than one talks at a time”.6
Actually, the rules that conversation is found to obey, however, turn out to be more like the rules that people had devised for other social activities. But in the fact, participants do not always speak in their turn.
Jacob L Mey, 2001, Pragmatics: An Introduction. Second Edition. (Oxford : Blackwell Publishing) p.139
6
3
participants talk in a time). In order to make conversation flows smoothly, the participants have to know the mechanism of turn taking itself. Ordinary conversation employs no such pre-allocation: the participants just “normally take turn”.7
The mechanism of turn-taking relates to organization of conversation. Conversation has a good organization if turn-taking rules are obeyed. But in daily conversation, it does not always follow the rules so some analysts use conversation analysis to find out what occurs in conversation, how mechanism of turn-taking, overlapping, back chanelling, interruption etc that occur in conversation. Conversation cannot be avoided in daily activity of human life (conversation face to face or by phone). Conversation Analysis is a technique developed relatively recently for examining and exploring spoken language.8 Conversation analysis is studied in pragmatics.
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which studies about language structure as a communication tool between listener and speaker. It also studies the use of language in human communication as determined by condition of society.9 In pragmatics, there are many theories such as speech act, maxims, relevance and conversation implicature. All those theories might happen in conversation. As mentioned above that conversation is one of realization of verbal language
Shirley Reay, 1998, “Conversation Analysis”inAlison Wray, Kate Trott and Aileen Bloomer. Project in Linguistics : A Practical Guide to Researching Language. (Bristol : Arnold Publisher). p.54
9
occasions on which a permanent or semi permanent record, people use written language. Verbal or spoken language can be transfered to be a text as a written language record.10
All of people communicate in conversation everywhere, such as conversation between doctor and patients, conversation between teacher and students, conversation between host and guest in talk show and so on. Talk show is a television program where someone or a group of people come together to discuss about a particular topic in a relaxed but serious condition and guided by a host.11 People who invited are the famous, experienced, and who experts in particular topic which is recently discussed.
There are many talk shows on television programs. One of talk show is Piers Morgan Tonight on CNN. It is hosted by a British Tabloid Journalist and television personality Piers Morgan. Piers Morgan Tonight replaces the legendary
Larry King Live.12 Such another conversation, turn-taking also occurs in the
David Nunan. 1993. Introducing Discourse Analysis. (London: Penguin English) p. 8 11
Morissan, M.A. 2008. Manajemen Media Penyiaran: Strategi Mengelola Radio & Televisi. (Jakarta : Kencana).p.212
12
The Associated press.2010.
5 mechanism is not orderly because when Morgan has not given a floor yet to take a turn, Mars direct speak without waiting Morgan finishes his word, so it is caused overlapping between them. The symbol of overlapping is [word].13
This research focuses on conversation analysis of turn taking mechanism in Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show on January 6, 2012 and Bruno Mars as a guest by analyzing discourse in the transcript of Piers Morgan Tonight’s Talk Show. The Analysis of Turn Taking Mechanism consists of yielding the floor, taking a floor (starting up, interruption, overlapping), holding the floor, TRP and back channeling.14 This research Explains the reasons and the kinds of Turn Taking Mechanism are mostly used in conversation and tells the reasons of the turn-taking that occur in conversation. Piers Morgan Tonight is chosen because language is used in it is natural language such as informal language.
taking mechanism which consists of taking the floor ( starting up, interruption, overlapping) holding the floor, yielding the floor, TRP and back channeling. And explaining the reasons of turn taking which occur in conversation by analyzing discourse in transcription on Piers Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012 by using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey.
C. Research Question
According to explanation above, this research tries to find the answer of research question below:
1. What kinds of turn-taking mostly used in conversation on Piers Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012?
2. How does the mechanism of turn-taking occur in conversation on Piers Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012?
D. Objective of Study
Based on the research question above, so the aims of this research are:.
1) To identify the kinds of Turn-Taking Mechanism which includes Taking the Floor, Holding the Floor and Yielding the Floor on Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show Episode January 6, 2012.
7
E. Significance of the Study
1. Theoretical
The researcher expects that this thesis gives some advantages for the reader and next researcher. it can become an additional references or knowledge for reader in understanding of conversation analysis.
2. Practical
The thesis can be expected that the researcher can get more knowledge about Conversation Analysis (CA) especially turn taking. Furthermore, it will be useful to improve knowledge of English Letters Departement’s Student who are interested in Linguistics.
F. Research Methodology
1. The Method of Research
This research uses qualitative method in conversation analysis on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982), as quoted by Subroto, qualitative method is a research method, which is used in a problem that is not designed using procedural statistics.15 This method is descriptive, meaning that the researcher makes a note on the data from words, sentences, discourse, pictures or photos and video. This method is used to find out how the mechanism of turn taking, the reasons and the kinds of turn taking mostly occur.
15
2. The Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis
To collect data, this research uses bibliography technique. Biblioghraphy technique means using written sources to get data. Written sources are chosen which describe synchronic language used.16 The synchronic is a study which formulates indications of language which is produced by speaker at the certain time (past or present).17 Technique of data collecting follows some steps:
a. Download the video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show at
www.YouTube.com
b. Download the dialogue transcription of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show
at http://transcripts.cnn.com
c. Read the whole dialogue transcription and watch the video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show
d. Give a transcription symbol on dialogue such as the symbol [word] is using when overlapping occurs.
e. Compile the dialogues into data card. So the data card contains number of data, the clasification of mechanisme of turn taking that occured in conversation and the dialogue text. On this object was found 42 corpus data. The details are shown in this table.
16
Ibid. p.42 17
9
Processes of data analysis are: analyze data which are collected before and classify data based on types of turn taking with using data card. After collecting data, data is put in data card and choose some of data finding and analyze one by one the mechanism of turn taking that occured on
Piers Morgan Tonight talk show by using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey.
f. After the data have been collected, the next step is processing the data.
In this point, the amount of samples will be specified. The data will be chosen and use random sampling technique to specify the samples. There are are four techniques in random sampling, such as: simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster sampling.18 And the most suitable for this research is simple random sampling technique and using raffle method with some steps:
1) Each component of populations is arranged into list and numbered.
2) Each of numbered lists of population’s member is written on the papers.
3) The papers are rolled up and inserted in the box.
18
4) After shake the box, the rolls of paper are taken in accordance with the amounts of wanted sample.19
5) Classifying the data. As stated by Jacob L.Mey, the mechanism of turn taking is divided into three types: (1) Taking the floor includes starting up, interruption, and overlapping, (2) Holding the floor and (3) Yielding the floor.
3. The Instruments of Research
The instrument of this research is data card. Data card is a card which is used to put relevant data with data sources at the end of line.20 After collecting data, data is put in data card and choose some of data findings and analyze one by one the conversations that occured on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show by using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey.
4. Unit of Analysis
As a unit of Analysis, this research uses transcript as a primary object and video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show episode January 6, 2012 as a secondary object.
19
Ibid.
20
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A.Previous Research
There are some previous researches which related to this research. The first is the research about discourse conversation analysis on TV one’s debates by Amir Mustofa (2010) from Sebelas Maret University Surakarta on the title “Analisis Wacana Percakapan Debat Tv One”. The results of Amir Mustofa’s research are: the speech event TV One debate has the characteristics of turn taking, finding 8 adjancy pairs in the object of his research, and occurring divergence in conversation such as interruption and overlaps.1 The differences between this research and Amir Mustofa’s research are on the theory, corpus and objects which
were analyzed. maxim of relation.2 In her research described the kinds of adjancy pairs and find weather there are any violations over maxim of conversation in it. The difference
1Amir Mustofa, 2010, “
Analisis Wacana Percakapan Debat TV One”, Unpublished
Thesis. (Surakarta : Sebelas Maret University ). 2Lia Lestari Mulya Diana, 2008, “
between this research and Lia Lestari’s research is the theory, corpus and focused
of the research.
The third is a thesis from Universitas Indonesia’s Student, Maria Margaretha Tika Larasati Guritno. Her thesis entitled “Analisis Percakapan Tiga Sahabat Wanita Bilingual di Jakarta” (2008). The purpose of her research is to investigate
the way in which they develop and maintain verbal interactions between each other by studying their conversational characteristics including the use more than one language, code switching and sequential organization which appears in the conversation.3 The differences between this research and Maria’s research is on combining code mixing and sequential organization. This research focused on turn taking mechanism and there is no combining as Maria did.
The fourth is the research about conversation analysis with object in tv talk show, by the title “ Conversation of Overlaps in Talk show, Conversation with Michael Eisner” (2008) by Martha Yoriza Handayani from Andalas University
Padang.4 The differences of the research is Martha’s research focuses on only overlaps in conversation and using theory according to Levinson, Jefferson, Sack et al and Yule. In another case, this research differs from Martha’s research. This
research focuses on turn taking mechanism and analysis is deeper than Martha’s one.
3
Maria Margaretha Tika Larasati Guritno, 2008, “Analisis Percakapan Tiga Sahabat Wanita Bilingual di Jakarta”, Unpublished Thesis (Depok : Indonesia University).
4Martha Yoriza Handayani, 2008, “
13
B.Concept.
1. The Definition of Discourse
The Discourse has many various definition according to some linguists. There are some differences and there are also some similarities among them. Here are the definition of discourse according to some linguists:
Discourse can be defined as a stretch of language consisting of several sentences which are perceived as being related in some ways.5 In another case, discourses are ways with words, deeds and interactions, thoughts and feeling, object and tools, time and place that allow us to enact and recognize different socially situated identities.6 According to Renkema in his book Introduction to Discourse Studies, discourse is discipline to the investigation of the
David Nunan, 1993, Introducing Discourse Analysis. (London: Pinguin English).p.5 6
James Paul Gee, 2005, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, Second Edition. (London : Rotledge)p.35
7
meaning of word in context that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing communication.8 Secondly, pragmatics and discourse have in common that they both look at discourse or the use of language and text, or pieces of spoken or written discourse concentrate on how stretches of language become meaningful and unified for their users.9 And the last, pragmatics and discourse have in common the fact that they are both concern with function: the about definition of discourse analysis ( Henceforth is called DA) according to some linguists. According to Nunan, DA involves the study of language in use.11 It means that the analysis of discourse involves the analysis of language in use, compared with an analysis of the structural properties of language divorced from their communicative functions.12 And Nunan also said that Discourse Analysts study these text-forming devices. However, they do so with reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced, as well as the context within which the discourse was created. Their ultimate
8
15
aim is to show how the linguistic elements enable language users to communicate in context.13 Schiffrin explains that there is a discourse marker in DA study. Discourse marker like expressions well, oh, but and y’know. They are one set of linguistic item that functions in cognitive, expressive, social, textual domain.14 And also discourse markers are one type commentary pragmatic marker: they are a class of expressions, each of which signals how the speaker intend the basic message that follows to relate to the prior example, as quoted by Mey “The presence of food in the mouth while speaking
may be part of some context, yet it is not a linguistic factor, and may be not even pragmatic one”.17
The context is more than reference. Context is action, it is about understanding what things are for; it is also what gives our utterances their true pragmatic meaning and allows them to be counted as a true
13
Ibid.
14
Deborah Schiffrin, 2001, “Discourse Markers: Language, Meaning and Context” in Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen and Heidi E.Hamilton (Ed). The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. (Malden : Blackwell Publisher) p. 59
pragmatics acts.18 And according to Kridalaksana in kamus linguistik context is physical environment aspects which related to certain statement or knowledge which is had between speaker and listener so that listener understands what actually said or written.20 Mey said that pragmatics studies the use of the way humans use their language in communication, bases itself on a study of those premises and determines how they effect and effectualize, human language use.21 So, pragmatics is a study which relate to meaning such as semantics but pragmatics relate to context. If the word bank is used in a sentence together with words like steep or overgrown, it has no problem deciding which type of
bank is meant. People know from this linguistic context which type of bank is intended. That is called the context.22 According to Mey, Pragmatics includes
18
Ibid.
19
Harimukti Kridalaksana, 2008, Kamus Linguistik Edisi ke-Empat, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama), p.134
20
Geoge Yule, 2006, The study of Language. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press).p. 112
21
Jacob L Mey, Op.Cit. p.6 22
17
Speech act, conversational implicature, Politeness, and conversation Analysis.23 developed relatively recently for examining and exploring spoken language.25 In other word, CA is fairly approach to analysing spoken language which is possible to find common observable rules and procedures by which participants organize and manage their conversation behavior such as who gets to speak next, when and how they get to speak. And a set of basic features which constitute the machinery of conversation such as turn-taking, interruption and simple overlapping talk.
Mey has noted in the framework of CA, the various mechanisms determining people’s use of the language in an extended, open conversational
settings are explored: who holds the right to speak (called „Turn’), what kind of
rules are there for taking, yielding or holding the floor, what makes a particular point in the conversation particularly appropriate for a turn (one speaker
relinquishing the floor, another taking it) and so on.26 Another definition of CA is stated by Cutting that CA is a studying the way what speakers say, dictates the type of answer expected and that speakers take turns when they interact.27 And according to Hutchby and Woffitt, CA is defined as study of talk where it is interpreted as the systematic analysis of talk produced in every day situation of human interaction.28 So, CA is the way how speakers say as a systematic analysis of talk produced in daily interaction.
6. The definition of Turn-Taking
In conversation, there are two people or more communicate each other. Only one of them speaks in one time. So that, to make conversation flows well, the participants of conversation have to know when they speak and when they listen. In this case, linguist always called by Turn. Turn is a shift in the direction of the speaking flow which is characteristic of normal conversation. As Sack, quoted by Mey said that a central feature of conversation is that exactly one person (at least one and no more than one) talks at a time.29 According to Yule, Turn is having the control of conversation or floor and attempt to get the turn is called turn-taking. Turns occur normally at certain well-defined junctures in conversation such points are called Transition Relevant Place’ (TRPs). TRPs can be exploited by the
26
Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit p. 134 27
Joan Cutting. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse. (London: Routledge) p. 24 28
Ian Hutchby and Robin Woffitt. 1998. Conversation Analysis: Principles, Practices and Applications. (Malden: Blackwell) p. 11
29
19
speaker holding the floor. Floor is defined as the right to speak.30 In the case of floor, it is made an analogy of conversation with the market economy which has a valuable commodity. A valuable commodity in conversation is the floor. So the people who have a floor, they have a control of conversation.
The natural breaks occurring in every conversation, it is called Transition Relevant Place (TRPs) as mentioned above. A speaker has to pause for breath, or runs out of things to say or simply declares his or her contribution to be finished: all those points in the conversation are places where a natural transition, a relay of the right to speak to the next speakers may occur.31 On the other hand, there are the formal rules of next speaker selection (turn allocation) that regulate the turn taking.
7. Procedure for turn Allocation
The turn allocation procedures for conversation are distributed into two groups: First, the current speaker selects the next speakers. Second, the next
George Yule, 1996, Pragmatics. (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p.127 31
Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit p. 139 32
(3) Piers Morgan : Bruno Mars, welcome.
Bruno Mars : Good to be here.
In this case, Piers Morgan uses person’s name to identify the appropriate the next speaker.
2) If no such selection has been made, then any next speaker may (but need not) self-selection occur, then first speaker has the right to the turn. For example :
(4) A : John’s lost on our scale, about fourteen pounds.
B : Oh [ no]
C : [twelve ponds I think, wasn’t it?]
In the example (4), A’s announcement is not directed to a specific recipient, and thus two people select themselves as the next speaker at the transition relevant place at the end of “Pounds”.
3) If no next speaker has been selected, then alternatively the current speaker may, but need not, continue talking with another turn constructional unit, unless another speaker has self-selected, in which case that speaker gains the right to the turn. For example :
(5) Ava : He, He and Joe were like on the outs, you know?
21
Bee : [They always are.]
In the example (5), after Ava’s observation, no next speaker has self -selected up to nearly a second into the onset of transition relevance place. Then Ava attempts to continue her turn. At the same time that Bee self-selects. Ava abandons her turn.
4) Whichever option has operated, then rules 1-3 come into play again for the next transition relevance place.33
The discussion of the principles above reflects that it is designed to account the smooth turn transition which can be found in conversation. In other words, turn taking consists of a set of rules which enacted through the use of signals. Those signals indicate to take, to hold or yield the turn at talk.
8. The Turn Taking Mechanisms
The turn taking system involves three basic strategies: taking the floor, holding the floor, and yielding the floor.34
a. Taking the floor
When conversation occurs, it means that the participants have initiative to begin speak or bring the topic to be discussed in the conversation. Of course, it must be cooperative among participants as speaker and listener. So, it makes conversation flows well. The
33
Ibid. p.28 34
response from the listener to give comment or to answer the current speaker’s question are called taking the floor which has been done by
the listener. In the other word, taking the floor is when the participants take a turn to speak. Kinds of taking the floor :
a. Starting up means that the beginning of conversation. It can be done by hesitent star and clean start. For example :
(6). PM : I switch to the rather more glamorous Avalon Club in Hollywood. I found somebody even more glamorous than Rob Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars.
Bruno, welcome BM : (.) Good to be here.
23
b. Taking over means take a turn to speak. Can be done by using conjunction.
c. Interruption means when speaker do not want to wait until the TRP. next speaker cannot be sure that the current speaker’s turn is
complete, but they usually take the end of a sentence to indicate that the turn is possibly complete.35
It can be said that take a turn to speak while the current speaker haven’t finished his speaking yet.
The next speaker think the current speaker’s talk is enough. For
example :
(7). Bruno Mars : I definitely don't plead guilty to being a heartthrob. I don't think my friends will ever let me say that I'm a //
Piers Morgan : // Some mornings you look in the mirror.
Bruno Mars : And I say, yeah, you are the most beautiful man I've ever seen. But that's just me, Piers.
In the example (7), strategy which is used by Piers Morgan to take the floor is Interruption which is signed by “//”. Bruno Mars
told about facing the heartthrob, Bruno Mars didn’t finish the
speaking then Piers Morgan directly took the turn before Bruno
35
Mars takes on TRP. When Bruno Mars said „That I’m a...’ it means
that Bruno Mars is still thinking to continue the speaking but Piers Morgan takes the floor without waiting TRP’s. Interruption was
done by Piers Morgan when Bruno Mars was speaking and looking for the words to say. Because of interruption, Bruno Mars can’t
take on the TRP then the words are missing. But after PM speaks, BM continues the speaking and it makes the conversation is still informative.
d. Overlaps means that the participants talk in a time together. For example:
(8) Piers Morgan : That’s going to really eat away at
Rob Lowe. You’re younger.
[you’re better looking]
Bruno Mars : [That’s my goal in life]. Eat your heart out, Mr. Lowe. (LAUGHTER)
25
b. Holding the floor
Holding the floor means to carry on talking. The participant who hold the floor has right to bring conversation as well as he/she wants. Pay attention for the example below :
(9).Piers Morgan : Was that a dream of yours to do that? Bruno Mars : Absolutely. She had been taking care of me for quite some time. It's time for her to sit back and relax.
Piers Morgan : How did she react when you did that? Bruno Mars : She said, it's not big enough. Get me out of it.
(LAUGHTER)
(.)
Bruno Mars : She was in tears. It was a very special moment for me. So-
Piers Morgan : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it carries on and burns out.
In the example (9), Piers Morgan starts the conversation with asking question about BM’s dream for his mother. Bruno Mars wanted to give
And continuing with asking question about reactions of Bruno Mars’ mother when Bruno Mars’ dream comes true. Bruno Mars answered after
TRP’s and both of them laugh, making a pause (.) for a moment and then
Bruno Mars took the turn again or it is called holding the floor. Keep the turn before Piers Morgan take the turn to speak. Bruno Mars felt his speaking don’t enough so he continues his speaking although in the end
of his speaking are taken by interruption by Piers Morgan. As far as this conversation flows well.
c. Yielding the floor
Yielding the floor means give a turn to the next speaker. To yield someone the turn can use a question and a statement. For example :
(10). Piers Morgan : If I could take away the money or the women, which would you rather keep? ↓
Bruno Mars : Definitely the women, Piers. What kind of question is that? What is this, a setup? ↑
Piers Morgan : It's a good answer.
In the example (10), Piers Morgan gave the floor by asking question with fall intonation in the end of the sentence. He asked about Bruno Mars’ life, woman or money would be chosen when both of it were a
27
CHAPTER III
THE RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. The Data Description
In this chapter, the compiled data and the selected one will be analyzed. This research is using qualitative case study and for the data collecting is using bibliography technique. Bibliography technique uses written sources to get the data.
Data have been collected and identified by some steps which is mentioned in the previous chapter. Then, Compiled in the table as below.
Table I: The Types of Turn Taking Mechanism of Piers Morgan Tonight.
NO Types of Turn Taking Mechanism Total
1 Taking the Floor
a). Starting up 2
b). Interruption 10
c). Overlapping 8
2 Holding the Floor 4
3 Yielding the Floor 18
TOTAL 42
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Table II : The Result of Simple Random Sampling on Research Data.
NO Types of Turn Taking Mechanism Total
host and guest in the talk show. First, observing the context which supported the analysis. Second, identifying the mechanisme of turn taking in the dialogue of talk show. Third, giving the symbol on sentences or words that contain mechanismof turn taking in conversation.
(Participants code)
PM : Piers Morgan
BM : Bruno Mars
1. Taking the floor
a. Starting up
Datum Number 1
PM : I switch to the rather more glamorous Avalon Club in Hollywood. I found somebody even more glamorous than Rob Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars.
Bruno, welcome
BM : (.) Good to be here.
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b. Interruption
Datum Number 8
PM : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it carries on and burns out. In your case, you had this big wakeup call. You were 18 years old. You come to Hollywood. Motown signs you up. And you thought, whoa emm //
BM : //This is it.
PM : I have arrived. BM : Yes.
In this data, BM doesn’t wait TRP and then interruption occurs. The conversation above told about BM’s life and the carrier. PM admired and felt proud of BM
carrier because it had been easy, a lot of entertainers in his age, it all went crazy very young. When BM was 18 years old, he had come to hollywood and motown sign. PM was still speaking, BM took a turn by Interruption. He took a turn without waiting TRP’s of PM so missing text of PM. PM was still looking for the
words to continue with signed by pause at the moment and saying „whoa emm’. It
Datum Number 9
BM : It was taking a step back. I used to be able to walk into a room and say, hey, I'm Bruno Mars, I'm signed with Motown Records. Now I have to say I got dropped from Motown Records. You lose leverage. You lose people believing in you because, then, why didn't it work?
Emmm//
PM : //How did you get told the news?
In this data, BM told about story of his career. BM had been signed with Motown records but he have to be patient and strong when Motown Records dropped him and told to everyone what happened with him. In the end of his sentences, he showed a question but it doesn’t need to be answered. When BM was still thinking to continue with saying „emmmm’, PM took a turn by interruption
because PM thought that BM’s speaking was enough and informative so he
doesn’t need more information. PM took a turn by interruption and yield a turn
again with asking question in the end of the sentences. Taking the floor was done by PM without waiting the TRP and Interruption occured. When BM is still looking for the word to continue, PM directly speaks without waiting the TRP so that some words are missing. It is because of PM thinks that information that BM conveys clearly.
33
BM : I think it was the Milton Berle show. I believe. I think it was the Milton Berle show. I don't if it was Ed Sullivan. But he sang "Hound Dog." He had girls in the palm of his hand. He said, you know what, watch this. You could tell that it was like an improve thing, because the band kind of didn't know what to do. I don't know if that was live TV or not. But as he started, he got -- he milked it for everything it was worth. I remember being a kid watching that and saying, I want that. I want girls to scream like that.
PM : Now they do, Bruno. It’s emm//
BM : //That's right. Rob Lowe, you hear that?
In this data, BM told history about his dream when he was kid. He wanted to be like other super star, people screamed his name like a super star. PM takes a turn with waiting TRP from BM and when PM is still speaking, BM take a turn by doing interruption signed by (//) when PM still thinks to continues the sentences with saying „it’s mmm..’. It means PM still wants to continue the speaking but BM directly takes the turn because BM feels what was spoken by PM are enough. In this case Interruption (//) occured when one of the participants feel enough information then he doesn’t wait the TRP.
Datum Number 28
PM : // Some mornings you look in the mirror.
BM : And I say, yeah, you are the most beautiful man I've ever seen. But that's just me, Piers.
In this data, strategy which is used by PM to take the floor is Interruption which is signed by “//”. BM told about facing the heartthrob, BM didn’t finish the speaking
then PM directly took the turn before BM takes on TRP. When BM said „That I’m a...’ it means that BM is still thinking to continue the speaking but PM takes the
floor without waiting TRP’s. Interruption was done by PM when BM was
speaking and looking for the words to say. Because of interruption, BM can’t take on the TRP then the words are missing. But after PM speaks, BM continues the speaking and it makes the conversation is still informative.
Datum Number 39
PM : You've been involved with songs about desperately wanting to be a billionaire.
35
weeks. It broke records. I was flat broke. Another//
PM : //How?
In this data, PM yields the floor by giving a statement and BM answers clearly. But when BM is still speaking, PM directly speaks without waiting TRP so that BM can’t continue his words and some informations might be missing. The
conversation above told about writing a song when BM was flat broke. When BM was still thinking to continue the speaking, PM took a turn by interruption then missing text of BM. PM took the floor by doing interruption because he thought information is enough. In this case, conversation above often occured and however, when participants of conversation feel comfortable, the conversation still flows well. The important thing that their discussion or their talking connected each other.
Datum Number 40
PM :You've been involved with songs about desperately wanting to be a billionare.
the number one song in the world, biggest downloads ever. It was the number one song for I don't know how many weeks. It broke records. I was flat broke. Another //
PM : // How?↑
BM : Because we're going to -- I can explain all of that. It works differently for songwriters. Songwriters, you have to work -- you have to wait for residuals. You have to pray that the song's going to be a hit. And then a year later, you might get a check.
In this data, PM asked about involving BM’s life with his song title „Billionare’.
BM told about the history of the writing of song lyrics. When he wrote a song „Billionare’, BM had been in Flat broke and he explained about songwriter job.
Songwriters have to work, have to wait for residuals and have to pray that song will be a hit and famous and then he will get a check. BM looked sad when tells the story of that, the words seems stammer. When BM will continue the words, PM directly took a turn by Interruption (//) and gave a turn by asking question with rise intonation (↑) in the end of words because PM looked very curious with
the story which is told. PM as a host gave a turn to speak with ask the question. In conversation analysis theory, it is called yielding the floor. It means one of participants in conversation give a turn to other participant with asking the question or giving the statement. In this case, PM using question with saying „How’ and rising intonation in the end of the word to give a turn to BM as his
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c. Overlapping
Datum Number 2
PM : That’s going to really eat away at Rob Lowe. You’re younger.[you’re better looking]
BM : [That’s my goal in life]. Eat your heart out, Mr. Lowe. (LAUGHTER)
In this data, PM accolades BM as a starting to open the nice topic and also as a reception to a guest star. BM receives the reception with a great answer and makes a joking. Before PM takes on TRP, BM also speaks and then both of them speak in a time togrther and it is called by Overlapping ([]). It means that as a appreciation for a great reception which is given by a host.
Datum Number 17
PM : For the CNN worldwide audience, the worst Bruno Mars song you have ever written, the one that even now makes you come out in a weird sweat? ↓
BM : Me and my partner Phil wrote a song called "Bedroom Bandit." That's all I have to say. [LAUGHTER]
PM : I can't even imagine [how bad those lyrics are.]
been in the studio, we thought we were going to win 18 Grammys off this song. The next day, we called each other up like, what were we thinking?
In this data, PM asked with falling intonation (↓) at the end of the sentences about news from CNN that Bruno Mars has ever had a bad song. BM admits it that he ever writes a song with his friend under the title Bedroom Bandit. it is a funny title then PM laughs and took a turn and made a joke but when PM is still speaking, BM also speaks and then both speaks in a time together and it called by Overlapping. Overlapping sometimes occured in every conversation and in this case, overlapping don’t disturb the way of conversation.
Datum Number 18
PM : You told a good story, that I read about you, when you were talking about Elvis Presley and a bit of footage you'd seen of him performing I think on a TV show, with a big audience of women. There was a moment when Elvis spotted the girls were going crazy. Rather than doing what most guys do, [which is speed up], get to the moment, he slowed it all down.
BM : [That’s Right]
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Performance and something was happened about the audience who was going crazy and Elvis is slowed to face it. BM was giving a response for PM’s statement
by saying „that’s right’ while PM was still speaking. In that conversation has
occured Overlapping ([....]) because PM has predicted what will be spoken by BM and BM asserted the answer by saying „that’s right’. It called Back Chanelling.
Assertion the answering with using word like right, huuh, yeah etc. In this case, overlapping doesn’t disturb this conversation and it was still informative and BM
can predict so that overlapping also occured in this conversation. PM is still speaking but BM direct answer with simple word like he’em, right, yes. It is
called back chanelling. It shows that the participant listen and understand what is going to speak by other participant.
Datum Number 20
PM : You told a good story, that I read about you, when you were talking about Elvis Presley and a bit of footage you'd seen of him performing I think on a TV show, with a big audience of women. There was a moment when Elvis spotted the girls were going crazy. Rather than doing what most guys do, [which is speed up,] get to the moment, he slowed it all down.
BM : [That's right.]
In this data, PM as a host told a story about BM that when BM was child and watched the Elvis Presley Performance and something was happened about the audience who was going crazy and Elvis is slowed to face it. BM was giving a response for PM’s statement by saying „that’s right’ while PM was still speaking.
In that conversation has occured Overlapping ([....]) because PM has predicted what will be spoken by BM and BM asserted the answer by saying „that’s right’. It called Back Chanelling. Assertion the answering with using word like right, huuh, yeah etc. In this case, overlapping doesn’t disturb this conversation and it
was still informative.
Datum Number 25
PM : [Don't do the usual, me], a heartthrob?[ Me, Bruno Mars? ]
BM : [Oh come on] .[ Not me.]
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Datum Number 31
PM : I've seen your parents say that unlike the other kids in the family, who were quite shy when it actually came to performing on stage, you loved it.
BM : [I was a ham bone]
PM : [You wanted ] to be there You wanted to be little Elvis running around. Is that true? Do you remember that part of it?
In this data, overlapping occured. When BM wass speaking, PM was also speaking because PM has predict what will be spoken by BM. Piece of conversation told about his family life. PM gave a turn by giving a statement that he looked BM was unlike the other kids. BM wasn’t shy when it actually came to
perform on stage. BM took a turn and then PM also took a turn then they were speaking in a time together. But as far sa that, Conversation still flows well although both speak in a time together but information still realize and understan each other.
Datum Number 37
BM : Don't you take away my women, please. Don't you do that to me.
PM : Take all the money away, all the cars, the house. Think about this, Bruno? [This is a big question.]
BM : [I'm good.]
In this data, both of them make a joke about women and money. BM made a statement that he would choose woman than money. PM took a turn after BM finished the speaking. But BM took a turn without waiting PM reached his TRP then overlapping also accured in this conversation. When PM say „This is a big question’, BM has predicted so he directly say „I’m good’. This words were as a
response from joking above. In this conversation, although participants spoke in a time together but the information of their conversation was still expressed, so that there is no problem with strategy which is used in piece of the conversation above.
2. Holding the floor
Datum Number 5
PM : Was that a dream of yours to do that? BM : Absolutely. She had been taking care of me for quite some time. It's time for her to sit back and relax.
PM : How did she react when you did that? BM : She said, it's not big enough. Get me out of it.
(LAUGHTER)
(.)
BM : She was in tears. It was a very special moment for me. So-
43
easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it carries on and burns out.
In this data, PM starts the conversation with asking question about BM’s dream
for his mother. BM wants to give his mother the happiness and enjoys the time, just sit and relax because he knew that his mother always took care of him until now. BM answered without hesitant and his face looked having a big anthusiasm. And continuing with asking question about reactions of BM’s mother when BM’s dream comes true. BM answered after TRP’s and both of them laugh, making a
pause (.) for a moment and then BM took the turn again or it is called holding the floor. Keep the turn before PM take the turn to speak. BM felt his speaking don’t enough so he continues his speaking although in the end of his speaking are taken by interruption by PM. As far as this conversation flows well.
Datum Number 11
PM : As brutal as that?↑
BM : It wasn't as brutal as that. And you know what? It's not Motown's fault. I was too young. I didn't know what it was like.
(.)
craft. I didn't know what it took to become -- to record and be a recording artist.
(.)
Now, you got to write songs. Now, you got to establish who you are. I don't know if anyone who knows they are at 18 years old.
In this data, BM told about his carrier when he got dropped by Motown records. He told the chronology of dropping him from motown. He said that he was too young and can’t remember only a litle bit. He thought that it was motown’s fault
because he was just younger who hasn’t known yet about recording. He can sing
but to record there was steps which he knew and learned. When he told a story, he made a pause (.) at the moment and he always continued his speaking. In this case, PM as a nice hearer because he waited until BM reached TRP’s. holding the
floor by BM. BM doesn’t give a turn to PM to take the turn.
3. Yielding the floor
Datum Number 13
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BM : You definitely have those nights where you fell a little insecure, but I didn't want to give up, I wasn't going to -- my goal was, I'm not going to go back home. I'm not going back to Hawaii and face my friends and my family saying it didn't pan out. I've got to do something.
PM : What did you change about what you were doing? How did you move from has been at 18 to back on track? ↓
BM : I think I grew. I grew as an artist. I grew as a writer. I wrote songs every day. I started producing. And you know, practice is what you need. I've written a lot of awful songs. Hopefully –
In this data, PM gave the turn by asking question and fall intonation (↓) in the end
of sentence. It shows that give a turn or yielding the floor is clear, it give a contribution in making a good conversation so it flows well. The intonation can be rised or fallen to give a sign that the next speaker is selected. The conversation above told about BM’s life, the journey of life to reach a successful life like now.
Datum Number 33
PM : What values did they instill in you? ↓
BM : Just family is everything for us. You know, I wouldn't be where I am today without the support and the love that my parents gave me and the knowledge that my father gave me. He's the one that put me on to music. He's the one that showed me Jackie Wilson and James Brown.
PM : What kind of advice did he give you, your dad?↓ Because he's putting you into a business he knew well. It can be a rough business. It can be a lonely place.
BM : Right.
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response of participants statement with using the short word but the meaning can be understood by participants. like aha, right, hemm, etc.
Data Number 36
PM : If I could take away the money or the women, which would you rather keep? ↓
BM : Definitely the women, Piers. What kind of question is that? What is this, a setup? ↑
PM : It's a good answer.
In this data, PM gave the floor by asking question with fall intonation in the end of the sentence. He asked about BM’s life, woman or money would be chosen
when both of it were a choice. BM answered that he would choose his woman. BM made a joke with asking „what kind of question is that?’, he felt that PM just
wanted to make him shy and confused. And BM knew his turn to speak. BM answered clearly without hesitant because no pause before he answers, and he gave a turn by statement with rise intonation in the end. It is not a question, it is just a rhetorical question which do not the answer.
Datum Number 38
BM : (.) emm No. No. I'm not doing emmm of course, like I said, being able to buy my mom a house, that's something awesome that I've always wanted to do. I don't think emm if you're doing music for money, I don't know if you can be taken seriously.
In this data, yielding the floor by asking question with rise intonation (↑) at the end of the sentence. PM gives a turn with a question and BM answerer a hesitant answer. It signed by pause (.) and saying „emmm’ in some times. It shows that BM
isn’t ready to answer. The piece of conversation above told that when BM was success, Money was everything because he said that with money, he made his mom happy, bought a house for his mom and family, and gave everything for his family with own money.
Datum Number 41
PM : You're seeing this song go round the world, massive, huge international hit. And you're making nothing.
BM : And I can't buy a sandwich.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
According to research findings, it can be concluded that there are some points which can answer this research questions.
Interaction strategy in turn taking mechanism includes three main points, taking the floor, holding the floor and yielding the floor. In this research on Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show, yielding the floor is mostly used in conversation. In taking the turn, participants often speak in a time together and it is usually called by overlapping. In conversation, overlapping is not a big problem as long as participants understand each other. Besides overlapping, interruption also occurs in the conversation. Interruption is taking a turn without waiting speaker take on TRP. Almost participants as a listener do interruption because they have predicted what will be spoken by speaker. Listener feels getting enough information from the speaker so that he/she cuts the speaking. Sometimes some words are missing but it doesn’t influence that conversation. The other strategy is starting up. In this
question or a statement and then the listener responds directly from the speaker. b). Rising and falling intonation clearly in the end of sentences.
From explanation above, it can be concluded that every conversation has many various strategies. Whatever strategies chosen, the important thing in conversation is coherence and cohesion in the utterances by the participants.
B. Suggestions
Learning Pragmatics, especially Conversation Analysis in turn taking mechanism is quite important for the next researchers who concern with communication in social life and for all readers. Because in social community must have their own rules, regarded to culture, language and mentality to reach an ideal and understanding comminucation.
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APPENDICES
Transcript of Piers Morgan Tonight Interviews Bruno Mars
Aired January 6, 2012 - 21:00 ET
(COMMERCIAL BREAK) (MUSIC)
MORGAN : I switch to the rather more glamorous Avalon Club in Hollywood. I found somebody even more glamorous than Rob Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars. Bruno, welcome.
MARS : Good to be here.
MORGAN: That's going to really eat away at Rob Lowe. You're younger. You're better looking.
MARS : That's my goal in life. Eat your heart out, Mr. Lowe.
(LAUGHTER) MORGAN: Listen, you tweeted, "I thought 2010 was a great year but thanks to you guys 2011 has been the greatest year of my life." Why?
MARS : For many reasons. I toured the world this year. I've been to places that I never dreamt of going singing these songs and promoting my album, and got a tremendous response. It's funny, that day I tweeted that I just bought my mother a house.
MORGAN : Really?
MARS : Yes. And it's thanks to these fans. MORGAN : Was that a dream of yours to do that?
MARS : Absolutely. She had been taking care of me for quite some time. It's time for her to sit back and relax.
MORGAN : How did she react when you did that?
MARS : She said, it's not big enough. Get me out of it. (LAUGHTER)
55
MORGAN : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it carries on and burns out.
In your case, you had this big wakeup call. You were 18 years old. You come to Hollywood. Motown signs you up. And you thought, whoa --
MARS : This is it. MORGAN : I have arrived. MARS : Yes.
MORGAN : I, Bruno Mars, am a Motown sensation. I mean, boom, almost as fast as you got it, they dropped you.
How did that feel, that time in your life?
MARS : It was taking a step back. I used to be able to walk into a room and say, hey, I'm Bruno Mars, I'm signed with Motown Records. Now I have to say I got dropped from Motown Records. You lose leverage. You lose people believing in you because, then, why didn't it work?
MORGAN : How did you get told the news?
MARS : It was like this. Hey, we don't want you anymore. MORGAN : As brutal as that?
MARS : It wasn't as brutal as that. And you know what? It's not Motown's fault. I was too young. I didn't know what it was like.
I knew I could sing. I knew I can sing, but there's so much more I had to learn. I didn't come from the recording background. I came from doing live shows and performing with bands and that was my craft. I didn't know what it took to become -- to record and be a recording artist.
Now, you got to write songs. Now, you got to establish who you are. I don't know if anyone knows who they are at 18 years old.
MORGAN : Did you react well? Or like most 18 year olds when -- MARS : I might have cried. I might have shed some tears.
MARS : You definitely have those nights where you fell a little insecure, but I didn't want to give up, I wasn't going to -- my goal was, I'm not going to go back home. I'm not going back to Hawaii and face my friends and my family saying it didn't pan out. I've got to do something.
MORGAN : What did you change about what you were doing? How did you move from has been at 18 to back on track?
MARS : I think I grew. I grew as an artist. I grew as a writer. I wrote songs every day. I started producing. And you know, practice is what you need. I've written a lot of awful songs. Hopefully --
MORGAN : What's the worst song you've ever written?
MARS : I don't even want to say it. This is CNN, come on.
MORGAN : For the CNN worldwide audience, the worst Bruno Mars song you have ever written, the one that even now makes you come out in a weird sweat?
MARS : Me and my partner Phil wrote a song called "Bedroom Bandit." That's all I have to say.
MORGAN : I can't even imagine how bad those lyrics are.
MARS : But I promise you, Piers, had you been in the studio, we thought we were going to win 18 Grammys off this song. The next day, we called each other up like, what were we thinking?
MORGAN : You told a good story, that I read about you, when you were talking about Elvis Presley and a bit of footage you'd seen of him performing I think on a TV show, with a big audience of women. There was a moment when Elvis spotted the girls were going crazy.
Rather than doing what most guys do, which is speed up, get to the moment, he slowed it all down.
MARS : That's right.
MORGAN : Everyone went to slow motion.
