DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURAL SPRINKLER SYSTEM
NORHAYATI BT RIDHUAN
This Report is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering (Computer Engineering)
With Honours
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
SULIT* *(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek : DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURAL SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Sesi
Pengajian : 2011
Saya NORHAYATI BT RIDHUAN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
√
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references”
Signature :
Author : NORHAYATI BT RIDHUAN
“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor Degree of Electronic
Engineering (Computer Engineering) With Honours.”
Signature :
Supervisor’s Name : EN. AHMAD NIZAM BIN MOHD JAHARI @ JOHARI
DEDICATION
Especially dedicated to adorable mother Teh Khadijah Binti Haji Ahmad
Your encouragement and counsel are really appreciated
Thankfulness to beloved other family members Mohd Faizal, Hafiz, Noor Hafiza and Nor Fadilah
Their supports really assist me a lot
Gratefulness to fellow friends
For lending your hand to complete the projects Your assistant will never be forgotten
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank to my Project Supervisor, En. Ahmad Nizam Bin Mohd Jahari @ Johari for his constantly support and guidance throughout the implemented of this project. Unforgettable, to related lectures and tutor for their encouragement and fellow friends for moral support and lend so much help in completing the project.
This appreciation also given to all my family members and my love for giving all the support I need during my study especially in completing this project. Their support gives inspiration to me to get through all the hindrance.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGES
PROJECT TITLE i
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Problem Statements 2
1.4 Scope of Project 3
1.5 Thesis Outline 4
II LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Water-saving Irrigation Automatic Control System 5
by Plant
2.1.1 Introduction 5
2.1.2 System Principle 6
2.1.3 Irrigation Control Strategy 8
2.1.5 Division Principle of System Control Round Irrigation Area
9
2.2 Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation
System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network Efficient
10
2.2.1 Introduction 10
2.2.2 Materials and Methods 11
2.2.2.1 Site-Specific Field Configuration 12
2.2.2.2 In-Field Sensing Stations 13
2.2.3 System Operation 16
2.3 Solar Power Automatic Irrigation System 17
2.3.1 Introduction 17
2.3.2 Site Description 18
2.3.3 Irrigation Requirement and Water Source 19
2.3.4 System Structure 19
2.3.5 Maintenance of the System 21
2.3.5.1 Maintenance during Defects
Liability Period
21
2.3.5.2 Maintenance after Defects Liability Period
21
2.4 Main Components 21
2.4.1 Microcontroller (PIC16F877A) 22
2.4.2 Soil Moisture Sensor 24
2.4.2.1 Soil Humidity 25
2.4.3 DC Power Supply 26
2.4.4 Water Pump 27
2.4.5 LCD Display 28
2.4.6 Proteus 7.1 29
III METHODOLOGY 32
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Project Methodology 32
3.3 Explanation of Project Planning 33
3.3.1 Searching for Project Title 33
3.3.2 Understanding the Circuit Operation and 33
Circuit Analysis
3.3.3 Preparing for Proposal 34
3.3.4 Searching for Components 35
3.3.5 Testing the Circuit Function 35
3.4 Project Sequence Overview 37
3.5 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacturing 38
3.5.1 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) 38
3.5.2 Classification of PCB’s 38
3.5.3 Types of the PCBs 39
3.5.4 PCB Design 40
3.5.5 The Printed Circuit Board Layout (PCB) 41
3.5.6 The Layout Design of the Circuit 41
3.5.7 PCB Fabrication 43
3.6 Etching Process 44
3.7 Prepare the PCB for Use and Drill the PCB 46
3.8 Drilling 47
3.8.1 Drilling Process 47
3.9 Soldering Process 48
3.9.1 Solder onto a PCB 49
3.10 Testing and Troubleshooting the Circuit Function 50
3.11 Designing a Suitable Case 51
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Circuit of Project 52
4.3 Design and Circuits Simulation Using Proteus (ISIS) 53
4.4 Circuits of the Project 54
4.4.1 Soil Moisture Sensor Results 54
4.4.2 LCD Display Results 55
4.5 Discussion 56
V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 57
5.1 Conclusion 57
5.2 Suggestion Future Works 58
REFERENCES 59
APPENDIX A 61
APPENDIX B 62
APPENDIX C 63
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE PAGES
2.1 Hardware Connection of PIC16F877A 23
2.2 Pin Number PIC16F877A Description 24
2.3 The LCD Display Pin Assignment 28
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE PAGES
2.1 The Configuration of System 6
2.2 The Operating Principle of System 7
2.3 Conceptual System Layout of In-Field Wireless Sensor 12
Network for Site-Specific Irrigation
2.4 Base Station to Communicate With both the Sensing 16
Station and Control Station in the Field
2.5 Solar Power Automatic Irrigation System 18
2.6 Block Diagram of the Project 22
2.7 PIC Microcontroller 23
2.8 Soil Moisture Sensor 25
2.9 Block Diagram Power Supply 26
2.10 Water Pump 27
2.11 LCD Display 29
2.12 Proteus 7.1 30
2.13 CCS C Compiler 31
3.1 Block Diagram of the System 34
3.2 Flowchart Representing the Working of the System 36
3.3 Flowchart of the Project 37
3.4 Circuit on Plastic Transparent 44
[image:14.612.137.519.229.708.2]3.6 PCB after Developing 46
3.7 Drilled PCB 47
3.8 Drilling Process 48
3.9 Anatomy of a Good Solder Joint 50
4.1 Design and Circuit Simulation using ISIS (Proteus) 53
4.2 LCD Display the Percentage of Humidity 53
4.3 Complete Circuit 54
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Water is required for the basic growth and maintenance of plants. When a sufficient amount of water is not present for plant needs, then stress can occur and the quality of plants will decrease or plants will dead. Irrigation is common in Malaysia landscapes because of sporadic rainfall and the low water holding capacity of sandy soil. This inability of many of soils in Malaysia to hold substantial water can lead to plant stress after only a few days without rainfall or irrigation. In order to overcome this problem, Intelligent Agricultural Sprinkler System is used. This system based on method of applying irrigation using sprinkler which is similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pump. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
technology to automate irrigation that can improve water usage efficiency. Soil moisture sensor is needed to control the water pump of automatic watering system. Once the soil moisture sensor detects the dry soil conditions, the sprinkler head will be function by control the PIC. This system improved the irrigation system from manual to automatic to make the farmers easier to monitor the soil condition of the plants.
1.2 Objectives:
The objectives of the project are important to ensure the research will fulfill the solution of the problem research. All the objectives are shown below:
a) To design and develop an automatic sprinkler system controlled by using programmable microcontroller (PIC).
b) To implement the automatic watering system based on soil moisture sensor. c) To design and develop the prototype of the agricultural sprinkler system.
1.3 Problem Statements
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. Most of the farmers use the manual system to irrigate their plant but this system is not efficient. The plants will die if there are not enough water supplies to the plant or vice versa. Plus, the farmer must often monitor their plants to ensure the conditions of their plant are in the good health. Knowing when and how much the water used is two important aspects of irrigation.
In order to maintain the condition and overcome this problem, the automatic watering system is used. This will reduce the number of workers and time usage to maintain the plants if using automatic method rather than using manual method for watering the plants. To do this automatically, sensors and proper methods of irrigation is important to determine when plants may need water. The soil moisture sensor is used to control the watering of the plants. The irrigation by sprinkler is very economical and efficient. With use the low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes this project as a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer.
1.4 Scope of Project:
Several scopes that need to be considered in this project to make sure this project successful are:
a) Study and research - Find more information that related with this project. The entire for this project can be divided in two sections; software and hardware design.
c) Software design – Find some sources of software to get the expected output. Make sure the software is suitable with the hardware.
1.5 Thesis Outline
This final year project report consists of five chapters. First part which is Chapter I of this paper discusses the introduction, objectives, problem statements, scope of project and thesis outline of Agricultural Sprinkler System.
The second part which is Chapter II describes literature review and background study of Agricultural Sprinkler System.
The third part which is Chapter III covers the design and development which is methodology project of Agricultural Sprinkler System.
The fourth part which is Chapter IV consists of the results and application of Agricultural Sprinkler System. It is includes the result analysis and software development.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will describe the literature review which related with development of the Intelligent Agricultural Sprinkler System. It consists of three literature review namely Water-saving Irrigation Automatic Control System by Plant, Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network Efficient and Solar Power Automatic Irrigation System.
2.1 Water-saving Irrigation Automatic Control System by Plant
2.1.1 Introduction
a) BLY plant viability analyzer’s detection of plant vigor on the nature of activities of plant life; real-time detection of dynamic changes of water plants need in the drought process.
b) Real-time detection of soil water content (volume water content).
c) The estimates of best irrigation for greenbelt and automatic control of sprinkler irrigation system.
[image:21.612.116.545.233.475.2]d) Control plant roots soil water to near settings in a long time.
Figure 2.1: The Configuration of System
2.1.2 System Principle
plant growth and enable substratum soil water stable near a default value, avoid excessive irrigation which result in a waste of water resources, prevent excessive irrigation away fertilizer and the pollution of underground water resources [2].
[image:22.612.116.541.339.663.2]When the detection value of BLY plant viability analyzer is lower than set value information of plant water demand, meanwhile upper soil water sensor detection value is lower than upper soil water setting, irrigation monitoring controller will send start-up signal to corresponding valve, activate nozzle and start irrigation work. At the same time, substratum soil water sensors real-time detect soil water information, when its measured value and substratum settings of soil water content’s deviation is over 5%, Irrigation monitoring controller will send stop signal to corresponding valve, the nozzle will close, irrigation work is done [3]. System principle is shown in Figure 2.2.
2.1.3 Irrigation Control Strategy
The function of the system is carried out by irrigation area, round irrigation area and round irrigation area set. Irrigation area is the smallest control unit of system, including a number of soil water information acquisition points, plants water demand information acquisition point and a number of electromagnetic valves. System control electromagnetic valve in the irrigation area in accordance with the soil water content information of irrigation area and plant water demand information [4]. So that soil water of the irrigation area is stable near the default value. Default value of soil water content in various irrigation areas is different as a result of different types of vegetation.
Default value of soil water content in the same irrigation area is different as a result of plant growth stage and the changes of seasons. Round irrigation area composes of a number of irrigation areas, and equips with a irrigation monitoring controller. System considers round irrigation area as unit to make irrigation strategy, i.e. round irrigation areas in the same irrigation area adopt the same irrigation strategy. Irrigation strategies of different round irrigation areas are different because of the difference of topography and soil type.
2.1.4 System Modes
This system controls start-up and shutdown of irrigation system with three working mode which are [5]:
a) Automatic Mode
This mode includes automatic control and time control which is users can choose any one. In this control mode, users only need to set corresponding status parameters and system can automatically complete soil water acquisition, data analysis and control of irrigation system without manual intervention. However, in the time control mode, the users need to set the start time and stop time for each valve according to the time table. The system can controls irrigation systems automatically.
b) Semi-Automatic Mode
In this mode, users need to operate upper monitoring computer to complete data acquisition and valve.
c) Manual Mode
System could be switched to manual mode by control switch on cabinet knobs. The system can normally acquire soil water content information right now but cannot control irrigation system and need manual to control electromagnetic valve.
