Effect of Mannanases-predigested Palm Kernel Meal in the Diets
on Nutrient Digestibilities and Broiler Performance
B. Sundu1,*, R. Tantu1, & J. Elisabeth2
1Animal Husbandry Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Tadulako,
Palu, 94118, Indonesia *e-mail: b_sundu@yahoo.com
2 Wilmar Group Company, Medan, Indonesia, 20111
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of using mannanase treated and untreated palm kernel meal (PKM) with different commercial mannanases in various broiler diets. Forty five birds and 160 birds were used for digestibility and performance studies respectively. Three different diets (PKM with no enzyme and PKM pretreated with mannanase A or B) were offered to the birds for digestibility study. In contrast, 7 different diets containing 0% PKM as control (T1), 10% PKM (T2), 10% mannanase A-treated PKM (T3), 10% mannanase B-treated (T4) were offered for performance study. The pre-treated PKM was heated in the oven at 90oC for 15 minutes to inactivate the enzyme prior to its mixing with the diets. The study was conducted for 42 days and the birds were fed their respective diets ad libitum. Faecal discharge was collected for three consecutive days for faecal coefficient of digestibility and ileal digesta was taken from Mackel’s diverticulum to 1 cm before caeca for ileal amino acid digestibility. Data indicated that pre-digested PKM with both mannanases increased digestibility of crude fibre and AME of PKM (P<0,05). However, an increased ileal protein digestibility and a decreased moisture content of faeces were only found in birds fed the mannanase A treated PKM. Addition of 10% PKM in the broiler diet negatively affected body weights of birds when compared with the birds fed the control diet (T1). Predigestion of PKM with mannanase A improved feed intake and body weight gain significantly. In conclusion, Predigested PKM with mannanase could be effectively used to improve the nutritive value of PKM.
Key words: mannanase, palm kernel meal, predigestion and broiler
Introducton
kernel meal (FAO, 2008), beng about 2.04 mllon tonnes/year. Although palm kernel meal appears to have favourable nutrents for growng chckens, nutrent qualtes are poor due to hgh fbre content, partcularly mannan, and low dgestblty (Sundu
et al., 2008). Accordngly, the use of ths by-product n poultry det s lmted. Treatment of low qualty feedstuffs wth exogenous enzymes has been a focus of research n anmal feed ndustry. Conventonal use of an enzyme through ts d-rect applcaton onto the det may nactvate the enzyme when the enzyme contan-ng det was pelleted due to ts heat exposure (Sundu et al., 2006). Instead of usng conventonal method of enzyme applcaton onto the det, predgeston was used to cope wth the problem of enzyme damage due to pelletng. Predgeston s an enzy-matc treatment takng place n a chamber. Settng up the temperature and mosture durng treatment process have been an mportant procedure to be consdered. Two studes were conducted to determne the effect of predgeston usng mannanase n palm kernel meal based dets.
Materals and Methods
Animals and Diets
Forty fve brds and 160 brds were used for dgestblty (experment 1) and performance studes (experment 2) respectvely. Three dfferent dets (PKM wth no enzyme and PKM pretreated wth mannanase A wth the actvty of 800 U/g or mannanase B wth the actvty of 1100 U/g ) were offered to the brds for dgestblty study. Due to commercal reason, the brands of these two enzyme products were confdental. Palm kernel meal and pre-dgested palm kernel meal beng used n these two studes were kndly provded by Wlmar Company. Pror to mxng wth other feed ngredents and feed addtves, the pre-dgested palm kernel meal were heated n the oven at 90oC for 15 mnutes to nactvate the added enzymes n the det.
In experment 2, 7 dfferent dets contanng 0% PKM as control (T1), 10% PKM (T2), 10% mannanase A-treated PKM (T3), 10% mannanase B-treated (T4)
Table 1. Ingredent composton of expermental dets (g/kg)
Det 1 (D1) Det 2 (D2) Det 3 (D3) Composton
Untreated PKM Mannanase A- PKM Mannanase B- PKM 915
Palm ol Palm ol Palm ol 40
Lmestone Lmestone Lmestone 16
Salt Salt Salt 5
Premx Premx Premx 4
were offered for performance study. The pre-treated PKM was heated n the oven at 90 oC for 15 mnutes to nactvate the enzyme pror to ts mxng wth the dets. The study was conducted for 42 days and the brds were fed ther respectve dets
ad libitum. Faecal dscharge was collected for three consecutve days for faecal dgestblty and leal dgesta was taken from Mackel’s dvertculum to 1 cm before caeca for leal proten dgestblty.
Statistical analysis
A completely randomzed desgn was used n each of these two experments. Three treatment dets wth fve replcate cages and four dfferent dets wth fve replcatons were used for tral 1 and tral 2 respectvely. Data were analyzed by analyss of varance usng Mntab software package. Dfferences among treatments were tested for sgnfcance by usng Tukey Test (Steel and Torre, 1980).
Table 2. Expermental dets composton (g/kg)
Feed Ingredents Starter Dets Grower Dets
T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4
Palm kernel meal 0 100 100 100 0 100 100 100
Maze 512 460 460 460 560 470 470 470
Full fat soybean 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Fsh meal 130 130 130 130 100 100 100 100
Rce bran 86 42 42 42 70 58 58 58
AME (MJ/kg) 12.97 12.85 12.85 12.85 13.19 13.02 13.02 13.02
Proten 228 229 229 229 212 214 214 214
Methonne 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7
Cystene 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6
Lysne 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7
Calcum 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.7 10.5 10.1 10.1 10.1
Results and Dscussons
Data of effect of predgeston on nutrent dgestbltes and broler performance are shown n Tables 3 and 4. It has been well recognzed that most of the detary fbre n PKM s n the form of ndgestble mannan (Daud and Jarvs, 1992). Effcacy of usng an enzyme to ncrease feed dgestblty has been long recognsed by nutrsonsts n varous feedstuffs. However, all the data of the effcacy of enzyme were based on drect addton of enzyme onto the det. Drect applcaton of enzyme suffers from enzyme damage when the det was pelleted due to heat exposure. Accordngly, predgeston where the low qualty feedstuffs undergo degradaton process n the dgeston chamber pror to mxng the det, was able to mnmsethe nactcty of enzyme durng pelletng or feed producton.
The AME of PKM n ths present study was low, beng 6.0 MJ/kg. Treatment wth mannanase ncreased AME of PKM by 24 to 27%. Ths mprovement may partly be due to an ncreased dgestblty of crude fbre when PKM was treated wth mannanase. Even though the actvty of the mannanases used n ths current study was dfferent, dgestbltes and AME of the PKM were statstcally the same between two mannanase-treated PKMs n experment 1. It can be speculated here
Table 3. Effect of predgeston on nutrent dgestbltes n experment 1
Parameters D1 D2 D3 SEM
Dry matter dgestblty (%) 36.7a 42.4b 41.1ab 1.7
Crude Fbre dgestblty (%) 17.2b 27.4a 29.3a 3.0
Faecal proten dgestblty (%) 52.0 58.0 54.5 2.1
Ileal proten dgestblty (%) 52.1b 58.3a 54.9b 0.8
Apparent Metabolzable Energy (MJ/kg)
6.00b 7.61a 7.43a 0.43
Faecal mosture (%) 72.2 71.4 71.9 0.8
Note: Values wth the dfferent superscrpt wthn a column are sgnfcantly dfferent (P<0.05).
Table 4. Effect of predgeston of PKM wth mannanase on body weght gan, feed ntake and FCR n experment 2
Note: Values wth the dfferent superscrpt wthn a column are sgnfcantly dfferent (P<0.05).
Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM
Body weght gan (g) 2009ab 1865b 2083a 1988ab 21.6
Feed ntake (g) 3615a 3417b 3692a 3659a 28.2
that the mannanase A actvty of 800 U/g may be enough to optmally ncrease dgestbltes and AME of ths enzyme treated PKM. Further ncreased actvty of 1100 U/g for mannanase B dd not affect feed dgestblty and AME of PKM greater than that for mannanse A.
Although the dgestblty of proten ether by usng the total faecal collecton or the lleal dgesta method was nearly the same, coeffcence of varance of faecal proten dgestblty tended to be hgher than those of lleal proten dgestblty (8.5 vs 5.8%). It can be sad here that problem of measurng proten dgestblty n the faeces was not only as a matter of contamnated faecal proten wth urne and the m-crobes outflow from the large ntestne, but also ths procedure sufferred from hgh varance of the data. It s possble that hgh coeffcence of varance of faecal proten dgestblty found n ths current study was partly due to varaton n total amount of mcrobe and urne outflow to the faeces and ths may not be found n lleal dgesta.
Addton of 10% PKM n the broler det dd not negatvely affect the body weght of brds, compared to the brds fed the control det. These data are consstent wth the results reported by Pangrah and Powell (1991). The data also clearly suggest that the use of 10% PKM n the broler det could be promoted n PKM producng countres where the PKM was abundantly avalable. There was a trend that treatng PKM wth mannanase slghtly ncreased bodyweght gan but ths mprovement was not statstcally sgnfcant. The effcacy of ths enzyme treatment technology become evdent when the brds were fed on the 10% PKM n the det. In ths partcular det, treatment of PKM wth mannanase A mproved body weght gan sgnfcantly and the body weght of brds fed a mannanase A-treated 10% PKM n the det exceed the body weght of brds fed the control det (2009g vs 2083 g). In concluson, ths enzyme treatment technology can be effectvely used to ncrease feed dgestblty and AME of PKM and mproved body weght gan, partcularly wthn the ncluson rate of 10% PKM n the broler det.
Acknowledgement
The Authors wsh to express specal thanks to Wlmar Group Company, Indonesa, for fnancal support of these two experments.
References
FAO (2008). FAOSTAT Agrculture Data. Flttp://apps.fao.org.
Daud, M.J., and Jarvs, M.C., 1992. Mannan of ol palm kernel. Phytochemstry, 31, 463-464.
Pangrah, S., and Powell, C.J., 1991. Effects of hgh rates of ncluson of palm ker-nel meal n broler chck dets. Anm. Feed Sc.Technol. 34, 37-47.
York, McGraw Hll.
Sundu, B., Kumar, A., and Dngle, J., 2006. Palm kernel meal n broler dets: effect on chcken performance and health. World’s Poult. Sc. J. 62,316-325
