Reduction of
Salmonella typhimurium
in the Caecum of Broiler
Offered Rations Containing Banana Peel or Palm Kernel Meal
F. Sidiq*, Ardiansyah, S. Nurjanah, D. Kristina, P. Kusumawati, & T. Toharmat
Department of Nutrition Science and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
*e-mail: fajrins@live.com
Abstract
Oligosaccharides in digestive tract stimulate the growth of some intestine lactobacilus bacteria and reduced phatogenic bacteria. Kernel palm meal (KPC) and banana peel (BP) are high in mannan and fructose based polisaccharides. Limited ferementation of these producs may produce olygosaccarides. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclution of fermented palm kernel meal and banana peel on Salmonella typhimurium in the caecum of broiler. Experimental diets were: P0= Ration without BP, PKM, Bifidobacterium bifidum (Control); P1= Ration 2.5% BP; P2= Ration 2.5 % PKM; P3= Ration 2.5 % BP + B.bifidum, P4= Ration 2.5 % PKM+ B.bifidum. Ration conained 22% protein and 3050 kcal ME/kg. Experimental diets were allocated in a completely rendomized design with 5 replicates of 5 DOC each. At 14 days old, broiler were infected by Salmonella typhimurium and offered experimental diets.Weight gain, final body weight, carcass weight, carcass precentage, feed consumption and convertion, viscerals percentage and total colony of S.typhimurium in secum were evaluated. Weight gain, final body weight, carcass weight, carcass precentage, feed consumption and convertion, viscerals percentage of broiler offered ration contained BP, PKM and B. bifidum were not different from those of control. Percentage of liver, proventikulus, and jeujenum of broiler in P1 were smaller (P<0.05) than those of control. Total colony of S.typhimurium in secum of broiler in P1, P3, and P4 were smaller (P<0.05) than those of control. It was conluded that inclution of benana peel 2.5% in the broiler rations without B.bifidium inhibited S.typhimurium growth and increased body weight, weight gain, carcass weight, and improved feed convertion. Addition of B.bifidium into the ration did not improve the usefulness of banana peel as a source of prebiotic.
Introducton
The presence of gastrontestnal pathogenc bactera such as Salmonella typhimurium results n many problems n broler farmng and products (Ohl & Mller. 2001). Salmonella typhimurium s one of the common bactera reducng nutrent utlzaton, dsturbng some bologcal functons, growth and ncreasng mortalty of chcks. Mantanng the balances of gastrontestnal mcro flora s an mportant effort. Detary addton of antbotc s a common practce n reducng the persence of gastrontestnal pathogenc bactera. However, the resdual antbotc n anmal products s a major concerns, snce t results n the resstance of bactera whch s harmful for the consumer. Applcaton of prebotcs n poultry raton s an alternatve to replace the nutrtonal fucton of antbotcs.
Detary addton of mannan and fructose olygosacchardes have been demons-trated to have smlar benefcal effects wth an antbotc n mantanng a balance gastrontestnal mcro flora and mprove productvty n brolers (Km et al., 2011). Mannan contanng polysacchardes from palm kernel meal (PKM) could be used as an alternatve to replace antbotcs n preventng the colonzaton of Salmonella typhimurium n poultry (Tafsna et al., 2007). Banana peel s an agrcultural by pro-duct wch s avalable from banana processng actvty. Controled hdrolyss of PKM and banana peel contanng mannan and fructose polysachardes, may produce man-nan and fructoce olygosacchardes. The present experment amed et evaluatng the effect of the detary ncluton of fermented PKM and BP on Salmonella typhimurium
n the caecum of broler.
Materals and Methods
The total of 125 day old chck (DOC) of Cobb CP 707 stran were allocated radomly nto fve detray treatments n a completely rendomzed desgn wth 5 replcates of 5 DOC each. Expermental dets were: P0= Raton wthout BP, PKM,
Bifidobacterium bifidum; P1= Raton 2,5% BP; P2= Raton 2,5 % PKM; P3= Raton 2,5 % BP + B. bifidum, P4= Raton 2,5 % PKM+ B. bifidum. Raton contaned 22% proten and 3050 kcal ME/kg. Chck n all treatments were offered P0 raton and kept n a collony cage facltated wth two 100 watt of ball lamps as heaters. Banana peel and palm kernel meal used n the experment were ground and mxed wth fltrate obtaned from the fermentaton of ether BP or PKM. The fermentaton was conducted for 24 hours accodng to the modfed method of Tlley dan Terry (1963). Source of bactera used n the method was the mxture of bactera solates nstead of fresh rumen lquor. At 14 days old, broler n all treatments were nfected by
Salmonella typhimurium and offered expermental dets. Feed and water were gven
gan, fnal body weght, carcass weght, carcass precentage, feed consumpton and converton, vscerals percentage and caecal Salmonella typhimurium were observed. Feed consumpton and body weght were determned weekly. Caecal Salmonella typhimurium was observed on day 28.
Results and Dscusson
Live Weight and Carcass
Mean of fnal lve weght, carcass weght and carcass percentage of of broler nfected S. typhimurium and offered dfferent ratons wth or wthout B. bifidum were presented n Table 1. Mean of fnal and carcass weght of broler was the hghest when BP was ncluded n the det. However further ncluton of B. bifidum n a raton contanng BP reduced the fnal weght of the broler. Mean of carcass percentage were not affected by detary treatments. The result ndcated that feedng broler wth a raton contanng BP for 14 days reduced the negatve effect of S. typhimurium
nfecton n broler. The result suggested that the fermented BP contaned actve
Table 1. Mean of Fnal Lve Weght, Carcas Weght and Carcas Percentage of Broler offered Raton Contanng BP or PKM on 28 days
Detary Treatments
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
Fnal lve weght, g 871AB ± 49 943B ± 67 858AB ± 42 812A ± 68 843AB ± 60
Carcass weght, g 527AB ± 49 584B ± 45 516AB ± 39 493A ± 51 525AB ± 34
Carcass percentage, % 60.39 ± 2.42 61.77 ± 0.65 60.10 ± 1.41 60.73± 1.95 62.31 ± 0.79
Note: Means wth dfferent superscrpt dffer sgnfcantly (P<0.05); P0= Control; P= Raton 2.5% BP; P2= Raton 2.5% PKM; P3= P1 + B. bifidum; P4= P2 + B. bifidum.
Table 2. Mean of Feed Consumpton, Daly Gan and Feed Converson Rato of Broler offered Raton Contanng BP or PKM on 28 days
Note: P0= Control; P= Raton 2.5% BP; P2= Raton 2.5% PKM; P3= P1 + B. bifidum; P4= P2 + B. bifidum.
Dtary Treatments
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
Consumpton (g/brd) 1190 ±101 1166 ±40 1233 ±80 1167 ±145 1165 ±51 Weght Gan (g/brd) 739 ±43 765 ±53 750 ±56 721 ±90 709 ±35 FCR (consumpton/
substances such as fructose olygosaccardes, but the olygosachardes from fermented BP dd not support the growth of B. bifidum.
Feed Consumpsion, Weight Gain and Feed Conversion Ratio
Mean of feed consumpton, weght gan (WG) and feed converson rato (FCR) were presented n Tabel 2. Mean of total feed ntake, weght gan and feed conver-son of broler nfected S. Typhimurium and offered dfferent ratons wth or wthout
B. bifidum vared from 1164-1233 g per brd, 708-764.97 g per brd and 1.53-1.63, respectvely. There were no sgnfcant dfferent (P<0.05) n total feed ntake, weght gan and feed converson among treatments. Incluton of BP wthout B. bifidum
tended to ncrease weght gan and mproved feed converson. The result ndcated that ncluson of BP, KPM and B. bifidum n broler nfected by S. typhimurium
was not effectve. However, the mprovement of the fermentaton method of BP and PKM and the ncrease n ncluson level of fermented product may mprove the response of broler.
Wiryawan et al. (2005) reported that supplementaton of FOS at level of 2.5% from garlc ncreased weght gan of nfected S. typhimurium brd. The present result ndcated that BP and PKM suppressed the negatve effect of S. typhimurium on growth but the level could not optmze nutrent metabolsm to create the better weght gan and feed converson rato.
Mean of Percentage of Visceral Organ
Mean of percentage vsceral organ s presented n Tabel 3. Incluton of BP, KPM and B. bifidum n det of broler from 14 to 28 day old, had sgnfcant effect on ther percentage of lver, gzzard and proventrculus. Percentage of lver, gzzard and proventrculus of broler offered det P1 had the lowest values. The result ndcated that BP ncluton n the det reduced the negatve effect of S. typhimurium
nfecton n broler. Ferket et al. (2002) reported that nfecton of S. typhimurium
could swell lver organ. Therefore detary ncluton of 2.5% BP (P1) stmulated the balance growth of ntestnal mcro flora and suppressed S. typhimurium growth. Reducton of S. typhimurium growth may mantan the normal condton and fucton of lver and dgestve tract.
Total Colonies of Salmonella typhimurium
Data of total number of S. typhimurium collones was shown n Table 4. Man-nan and fructose olygosacchardes produced short chan fatty acds and lactc acd (Bantora & Dtya, 2012). These organc acds have antmcrobal property to nhbt pathogenc bactera. The data ndcated that the most effectve treatment to reduce
Data showed that BP ncluton n a broler det stumulated the growth of B. bifidum and therefore reduced caecal S. typhimurium colones. Detary ncluson of PKM had no effect on S typhimurium growth n the caecum. However, ncluton of B. bifidum n the det contanng PKM reduced caecal S. typhimurium colones. The result ndcated that ncluton of ether BP or PKM facltated the growth of B. bifidum as probotcand.
Conclusons
Detary ncluton of 2.5% fermented banana peel was effectve to reduce colonzaton of S. typhimurium. Detary ncluton of both banana peel and palm kernel meal stmulated the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum suppressng S. Table 3. Mean of the Percentage of Vsceral Organ to Lve Weght (LW) of Broler offered
Raton Contanng BP or PKM on 28 days
Note: Means wth dfferent superscrpt dffer sgnfcantly (P<0.05); P0= Control; P= Raton 2.5% BP; P2= Raton 2.5% PKM; P3= P1 + B. bifidum; P4= P2 + B. bifidum.
Vsceral Organ (% LW)
Detary Treatment
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
Lver 3.17±0.62b 2.46±0.18a 2.97±0.45ab 2.73±0.13ab 2.80±0.24ab
Gzzard 2.47±0.32ab 2.15±0.18a 2.30±0.18ab 2.57±0.35b 2.33±0.18ab
Proventrculus 0.73±0.20b 0.57±0.07a 0.66±0.07ab 0.67±0.11ab 0.70±0.11b
Lymph 0.12±0.04 0.11±0.04 0.14±0.04 0.12±0.04 0.09±0.04
Heart 0.52±0.04 0.50±0.03 0.57±0.06 0.54±0.06 0.57±0.08
Ble 0.15±0.20 0.11±0.04 0.10±0.05 0.13±0.04 0.10±0.06
Kdney 0.79±0.11 0.89±0.14 0.82±0.14 0.83±0.08 0.88±0.12
Pancreas 0.44±0.12 0.41±0.04 0.42±0.06 0.39±0.05 0.44±0.06
Table 4. Number of S. typhimurium collones n Cecum of Broler offered Raton Contanng
BP or PKM on 28 days
Parameter Treatment
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
Number of colones
(cfu) 155 x 10
3 1.58 x 103 160 x 103 10 x 103 2.4 x 103
typhimurium growth n broler. Therefore banan peel and palm kernel meal were potental sources of olgosacchardes.
Acknowledgment
Ths research was funded by the Student Creatvty Program-Research (Program Kreatititas Mahasiswa-Penelitian/PKM-P) offered by Drectorate General of Hgher Educaton, Mnstry of Culture and Educaton of Indonesa.
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