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Effect of bentonite and spent bleach earth (SBE) addition on the sintered properties of glass waste composite.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

EFFECT OF BENTONITE AND SPENT BLEACH EARTH (SBE)

ADDITION ON THE SINTERED PROPERTIES OF GLASS WASTE

COMPOSITE

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering

(Engineering Materials) (Hons.)

by

AHMAD SYUKRY BIN ISMAIL

B051010047

910220035129

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EFFECT OF BENTONITE AND SPENT BLEACH EARTH

(SBE) ADDITION ON THE SINTERED PROPERTIES OF

GLASS WASTE COMPOSITE

AHMAD SYUKRY BIN ISMAIL

B051010047

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: EFFECT OF BENTONITE AND SPENT BLEACH EARTH (SBE)

ADDITION ON THE SINTERED PROPERTIES OF GLASS WASTE COMPOSITE

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2013/2014 Semester 2 Saya AHMAD SYUKRY BIN ISMAIL

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Alamat Tetap:

Lot 233, Kampong Gong Tengah Pengkalan Chepa, 16100

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN PEMBUATAN

PENGKELASAN LAPORAN PSM SEBAGAI SULIT/TERHAD LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN PEMBUATAN (BAHAN KEJURUTERAAN): AHMAD SYUKRY BIN ISMAIL

Sukacita dimaklumkan bahawa Laporan PSM yang tersebut di atas bertajuk “Effect of

Bentonite and Spent Bleach Earth (SBE) Addition on the Sintered Properties of Glass Waste Composite” mohon dikelaskan sebagai *SULIT / TERHAD untuk tempoh

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DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled “EFFECT OF BENTONITE AND SPENT BLEACH EARTH (SBE) ADDITION ON THE SINTERED PROPERTIES OF

GLASS WASTE COMPOSITE” is the results of my own research except as cited in

the references.

Signature : ……….

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APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Engineering Materials) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as follows:

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i

ABSTRAK

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ii

ABSTRACT

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iii

DEDICATION

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iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank to ALLAH for HIS blessing that provide me a good health and rational thinking within period given to finish this project. Secondly, peace and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad because of his efforts today we can feel the blessing of Islam and faith.

I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Zurina binti Shamsudin, for her patience, support, encouragement and guidance throughout this project. Without her experience and suggestion, this would have not been possible.

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v

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

2.2.4 Microstructure of Glass 11

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vi

2.7 Properties Characterization 20

2.7.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 20

2.7.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 20

2.7.3 Vickers Hardness (Hv) 21

3.4 Sample Characterization 30

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vii

3.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 30

3.4.3 Vickers Hardness (Hv) 31

3.4.4 Density 32

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 33

4.1 Introduction 33

4.2 Material Characterization 34

4.2.1 Microstructure Analysis 34

4.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 36

4.3 Density Analysis 39

4.4 Hardness Analysis 41

4.5 Shrinkage Analysis 43

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 47

5.1 Conclusion 47

5.2 Recommendations 48

REFERENCES 49

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viii

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Types and composition of glasses and applications 9

3.1 Composition of glass waste (SLG), SBE and bentonite 27

4.1 Weight and density of sintered glass composite 39 4.2 Average weight and density of sintered glass composite 39

4.3 Hardness of sintered glass composite 41

4.4 Dimension of glass ceramic before sintering 43 4.5 Dimension of glass ceramic after sintering 43

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ix

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Schematic two-dimensional illustration of atomic arrangement

in (a) crystal and (b) glass 8

2.2 SEM section micrographs of the glass ceramics obtained

after different heat treatment conditions: 10000C, 10 h + 12000C, 4 h 12 2.3 Types of SBE (with or without residual oil) 14 2.4 Classification of composite based on structure 16 2.5 Evolution composite application in Airbus 18

3.1 Flow chart of experimental work 23

3.7 Manually hydraulic press 28

3.8 Sintering profile 29

3.9 Sputter coating machine 31

3.10 Vickers hardness test machine 32

4.1 Surface on samples at 500x magnification (SLG: SBE: BENTONITE)

(a) 65:30:5 (b) 65:25:10 (c) 65:20:15 (d) 65:15:20 35 4.2 XRD result analysis for composition 65:30:5 36 4.3 XRD result analysis for composition 65:25:10 37 4.4 XRD result analysis for composition 65:20:15 37 4.5 XRD result analysis for composition 65:15:20 38

4.6 Density of sintered glass ceramic 40

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xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND

NOMENCLATURE

Al2O3 - Aluminium Trioxide

APFE - European Glass Fiber Producer Association ASTM - American Standard of Testing Material B2O3 - Boric Trioxide

CaCO - Limestone

CaO - Lime

CaSiO3 - Wollastonite Ca4Si2O7F2 - Cusdipine

CMC - Ceramic Matrix Composite

Cu - Cuprum

E-glass - Low electric conductivity of glass

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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The quantity of waste glasses has been increased significantly without being recycled. This phenomenon contributes to the increasing of the risk to public health. For years, glass has been used as a container for liquids such as wine, olive oil, perfumes, soft drink and others. Mogensan (2008) reported that in some European countries, about 85% of glass packaging is processed to make new bottles and jars. Glass does not degrade or precisely undergo slow degradation rate through the recycling process, so it can be recycled repeatedly. Recycling glass is one of the initiatives to protect and conserve the natural resources and the environment. Nowadays, glass recycling has become a trend and its increasing year by year as more attention paid to efficient and sustainable use of natural resources.

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2 In this study, Spent Bleach Earth (SBE) and bentonite will be added in mixture of glass waste composite powder. SBE is generated from pre-treatment of crude palm oil in a refinery. The second material that will be used is bentonite. Bentonite is a geological term for soil materials with a high content of a swelling mineral, usually montmorillonite. The montmorillonite mineral belongs to the smectic group which all members have swelling properties. Bentonite acts as a rheology modifier, binding agent and filler.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has increased significantly from 16, 200 tons in 2001 per day to 19, 100 tonnes per day in 2005 (Zamali, M. Lazim, and Abu Osman, 2009). 3% of the MSW are glass (Malaysia Economic Planning Unit, 2006). However, glass in landfill will consume space because it does not easily degrade. In regard of this matter, this project will be focused on the usage of glass waste as matrices. Malaysia is rich with natural resources. One of the resources that has attracted researcher is spent bleaching earth (SBE). SBE is the extraction of residual oil from palm oil refining industry. One of the examples of the usage of SBE is in the construction of buildings in order to improve wastage in produced in Malaysia. Very little works have been done concerning the study of glass waste reinforced with SBE.

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3 properties with formulation batch. This paper reports on the effect of the addition of bentonite and SBE on the properties of sintered glass waste.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this research is to study the development of glass strength. Towards achieving the mentioned aim, the related objectives associated were identified as follows:

a) To formulate the composition of percentage of bentonite and SBE on batch glass waste composite towards to sintering profiles.

b) To characterize the effect of bentonite and SBE on microstructure and phases of glass waste composite

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4

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of this project is to investigate the effect of bentonite and spent bleaching earth (SBE) addition on the sintered properties of glass waste composite. The study starts by collecting the waste glass bottles as raw materials to be used in preparation of glass composite samples. The glass bottles will be cleaned to remove dirt and unwanted materials. The bottles will be crushed using hammer and planetary ball milling to obtain a glass powder. The glass will be crushed until passed through a sieve of less than 75μ -m. Then, the process is followed by mixing the glass powder with SBE and bentonite with a composition of 65:30:5, 65:25:10, 65:20:15, 65:15:20 % relatively.

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1.5 STUDY OUTLINE

Following this introduction, Chapter 2 presents a general literature review for studying of the properties of waste glass materials with the addition of bentonite and Spent Bleach Earth (SBE). These studies focused on the properties of the waste glass and the difference of the properties after mixes with different portions of bentonite and SBE. The characterization of material also reviewed.

Chapter 3 demonstrates the employed descriptive variables in the experimental study considering the properties of waste glass. These descriptive variables start with the preparation of raw material, followed by preparing the sample, and the characterization of the sample.

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6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Referensi

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