A Thesis
Submitted to The Faculty of Letters and Humanitiesin Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
Siti Maulidah
NIM. 1111026000078
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
Siti Maulidah, An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesion of References in J.K. Rowling’s speech, A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.
In this research, the researcher discusses the usage of grammatical cohesion of references in the J.K. Rowling’s speech. The datas are collected from the script of the J.K. Rowling’s speech in Harvard University with tittle the fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination. The purpose of this research is to find out the types and functions of grammatical cohesion devices of references used in the J.K. Rowling’s speech.
The researcher uses a qualitative method in this research. The researcher explains some theories of grammatical cohesion of references, and then the researcher collects the data of grammatical cohesion of references from the script of J.K. Rowling’s speech. Based on M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan’s theory, the items of grammatical cohesion devices of references that appear in J.K. Rowling’s speech are analyzed one by one to know the types and functions of grammatical cohesion devices of references and its context. To focus on the study, the researcher limits the problem by focusing the research on searching the markers of grammatical cohesion of referencse in the J.K. Rowling’s speech.
The result of this research shows that all types of grammatical cohesion of references used in the J.K. Rowling’s speech. They are personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference. In addition, the grammatical cohesion of references are used appropriate by the context. Therefore, cohesiveness sentence used in the script of J.K. Rowling’s speech, has connection to the other sentences.
REFERENCES IN J.K. ROWLING’S SPEECH
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
Siti Maulidah
1111026000078
Approved by
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2015
Name : Siti Maulidah
Nim : 1111026000078
Tittle : An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesion of References in JK. Rowling’s speech.
The thesis entitled above has been defended before to the Letters and
Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on October 23, 2015. It has already
been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata
one.
Jakarta, 23 October 2015
Examination Committee
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the University or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, 2015.
Siti Maulidah
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, praise, and gratitude be to Allah
for giving the researcher health so the researcher can finish the thesis. Peace and
salutation may be upon our beloved prophet who guides us to the right path by
teaching us to learning any kinds of subjects anywhere.
The researcher would like to give her sincerest and deepest gratitude to her
beloved parents, Drs. Sukri (Alm), and Hj. Uswatih who always pray for her, and
give much loves, especially her lovely mother, thank you so much for her love,
patience, affection, support, and advice during the time of study and the proccess
of making the paper. To her sister and brother, Rika Fistiani, and Ahmad Baidowi
for their silent prayer and who always accompany her with love and attention.
In this opportunity, the researcher also would like to convey her deepest
gratitude to the following amazing people:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. A., the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department and also as an
advisor of the researcher for her suggestions, corrections, supports, and also
criticism until the researcher can finish this thesis, because without his
guidance, patience, support and encouragement, this thesis is never completed.
Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department.
3. All the lecturers in English Letters Department who have taught her a lot of
things and educated her during her study.
5. For the researcher’s classmates, Yani, Maryanti, Nunk, Nova, Nepho, Dicha,
Uswah, Liana, Hanif, Tanto, Fikri, Iwa, Ade, Septian, Zulmi and especially
her best friends ever Anis. Keep struggle and may we all be successful.
6. The researcher’s best friends, Yayah, Lulu, Elly, Addah, Syifa, Meriyana.
7. The researcher’s inspirations, Fauziah Eryani S.Kom., and Kamaluddin
Mustofa, S.Kom. who always giving support for the researcher to finish and
complete this research.
8. The big family of PMII KOMFAKA, thank you for a rewarding experience
that will never be forgotten. Especially, kak Sohib, kak Toha, kak Sahrul, kak
Rifda, kak Yani, kak Ela, kak Indira, kak Rina, Rivah, Silvia and other who
cannot be mentioned one by one.
9. All the people and friends that are not mentioned here, for their memories,
their laughs, their activities, their supports, their spirit, their souls, their love
conveyed her into life-mature.
Jakarta, October 2015.
The researcher
ABSTRACT ... i
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A.Background of the Study …... 1
B.Focus of the Study …... 2
C.Research Questions ….. ... 3
D.Significance of the Study …... 3
E. Research Methodology …... 3
1. The Objectives of Research …… ... 3
2. The Method of Research ... 4
3. The Technique of Data Analysis ……. ... 4
4. The Instrument of the Research ……... 4
5. Unit of Analysis ……... 5
6. Time and Place of the Research …… ... 5
CHAPTER II. THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION A.Previous Research …... ... 6
B.Discourse Analysis …... ... 9
C.Halliday’s Cohesion Theory ... 10
1. Text ... 10
…...
E. Reference …... 12
a. Personal Reference ……... 15
b. Demonstrative Reference …... 17
c. Comparative Reference ……... 19
F. Context ………. 20
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDING A.Data Description …... 22
B.Data Analysis … ... 25
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A.Conclusions ….. ... 37
B.Suggestions …... 39
BIBLIOGRAPHY………. 40
APPENDICES ……….. 41
1 A. Background of the Study
To be able to conjugate a discourse relation to each sentences depends on
how speakers or writers in forming cohesiveness of their speech or writing. The
cohesiveness between sentences can be seen from the markers of cohesion which
their form can be found through grammar or vocabulary. According to Halliday
and Hasan, the elements of cohesion in discourse can be differentiated into two
types: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion
consists of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Meanwhile, lexical
cohesion consists of reiteration and collocation.1
Grammatical cohesion is one of the important parts to conjugate
cohesiveness of a discourse which the cohesiveness of a discourse can be seen
through fourth grammatical cohesion devices, they are: reference, substitution,
ellipsis, and conjunction. Without correct grammar, the language will be bias.
Therefore, the understanding of correct grammar is important to construct a
discourse.
Afterwards, one type of language activity which contain discourse in it is
speech. On doing speech, we also need a high level of cohesiveness to build an
integrated discourse. A discourse will be integrated if the sentences in the
1
discourse relates to the topic. That’s why the researcher interests to analyze
grammatical cohesion devices especially reference in J.K. Rowling’s speech. In
this research, the researher will analyze the speech of famous writer J.K. Rowling.
As we know, she is an author of Harry Potter novel. J.K. Rowling had speeched
on graduation ceremony in Harvard University in front of the graduates,
graduates’ parents, and all of members of the Harvard Corporation. The tittle of
her speech is the fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination.
Her speech has caused many people stunned. The speech generally share about
her life experience during her lecture period, before she success in her career as an
author.
J.K. Rowling’s speech many give inspirations and motivations to anyone
who hear. Although, in her many speeches very inspires to anyone, the whole
sentences that are said by J.K. Rowling is not difficult enough to be understood.
Therefore, the researcher interests to analyze grammatical cohesion of references
used by J.K. Rowling in that her speech. Whether J.K. Rowling is familiar with
the usage of grammatical cohesive devices in her speech.
We also need a good understanding about the relation between context and
grammatical cohesion of references in J.K. Rowling’s speech. So, as the hearer
can understand a discourse the speaker means well.
B. Focus of the Study
Related to the background of the study, so the researcher focus on
analyzing the marker of grammatical cohesion devices of reference used in the
C. Research Questions
Based on focus of the study above, the researcher formulates research
questions as follow:
1. What types and functions of grammatical cohesion devices of references
are used in J.K. Rowling’s speech?
2. How does context affect the audience’s understanding on the grammatical
cohesion of references in J.K. Rowling’s speech?
D. Significance of the Study
Through this research, theoritically, the researcher hopes it will give
contribution to linguistics field. Especially, grammatical cohesion of references.
And practically, the researcher hopes that the result of this research is able to give
input for those who interest in discourse analysis, and can be used as source of
information to another researcher who do the same research.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objectives of Research
Based on the background of the research, the objective of the research
are:
a. To identify and describe types and functions of grammatical cohesion
devices of references used in J.K. Rowling’ speech.
b. To describe context affect of the audience’s understanding on the
2. The Method of Research
The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method.
Through this method, the researcher will describe markers of grammatical
cohesion of reference contain in this research object. In this research, the
researcher tries to analyze and classify kinds of the grammatical cohesion
devices of references appear in J.K. Rowling’s speech, then describe the
functions of the grammatical cohesion devices of reference appear in J.K.
Rowling’s speech.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher applies the several steps. First,
the researcher searchs video and script of J.K. Rowling’s speech in
Harvard University. Second, the researcher watchs that video which
duration video at 00:20:59 and reads its script. Third, the researcher uses
M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan’s theory and other similar support
theories in analyze markers of grammatical cohesion of reference used in
J.K. Rowling’s speech to construct discourse in that her speech.
4. The Instrument of the Research
The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself as the
subject of the study through collecting, reading, and analyzing the acquired
datas. Those data are collected from the script of video J.K. Rowling’s
5. Unit of Analysis
The unit of data analysis in the research are all of the sentences are
used in the J.K. Rowling’s speech the fringe benefits of failure and the
importance of imagination in Harvard University on June 5th, 2008.
6. Time and Place of the Research
This research was started in March until July 2015 in UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta’s library and other libraries that can be references of
6
A. Previous Research
The researcher lists some of the results of previous studies by other
researchers that had ever been read by the researcher. The first study was
conducted by Anna Kharunnisa (2011) with tittle “An Analysis of cohesion on
Editor‟s Note in U.S. News and world Report Magazine. This study was
conducted to analyze the using of cohesion devices on Editor‟s Note in U.S. News
and world Report Magazine. The study focused on cohesiveness degree by
analyzed cohesion on three texts of editor‟s note in U.S. News and world Report
Magazine. Based on M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan‟s theory, the researcher
of this study analyzed the two kinds of cohesion devices, which were grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohesion on Editor‟s Note in U.S. News and world Report
Magazine. The result of this study showed the differences in using grammatical
cohesion, lexical cohesion devices and degree of cohesiveness in each text. First
text was the fewer cohesive than third text, and third text was fewer cohesive than
second text. Generally, first text was the fewest cohesive of all the text, and
second text was the most cohesive of all the text.
The next study was conducted by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin (2011) with
tittle “An analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the Journalistic Text
of VoAnews.com”. In this study, the researcher examined grammatical and lexical
lexical cohesion and its markers of the journalistic text on the Journalistic Text of
VoAnews.com (Edition of December 27th 2010 - December 30th 2010). The
result of her study, based on Halliday and Hasan‟s theory about cohesion, the
researcher concluded that all kind of grammatical and lexical cohesion devices
utilized in the journalistic text which the researcher analyzed. They were
reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction as grammatical cohesion devices.
While repetition, synonym, near-synonym, superordinate, general word, and
collocation as lexical cohesion devices. However, generally lexical cohesion
devices were very rarely utilized in the text, except repetition. The dominant
device of grammatical cohesion was reference, its percentage reached 56.64%.
Meanwhile the dominant device of lexical cohesion was repetition, its percentage
attained 15.39%. The cohesiveness degree each markers were different,
grammatical cohesion devices reached very high level of cohesiveness degree, the
percentage average of cohesiveness degree attained 85.77%. Contrast to
grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion devices was very low, its percentage
average only reached 50.01%.
Another study has been made bySri Widyarti Ali (2010) entittled “Penanda
Kohesi Gramatikal dan Leksikal dalam Cerpen “The Killers” Written by Ernest
Hemingway”. This study also use M.A.K Halliday and Hasan‟s theory, and the
result of that study was the reseacher found the four aspects of grammatical
cohesion, they were reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction in discourse
of short story “The Killers”. If it presentated, so in grammatical cohesion there are
and 6,49% aspect of conjunction. Besides that, the researcher found the five types
of lexical cohesion, they were repetition, synonym, hyponym, antonym, and
meronym. If it presentated, so in lexical cohesion there were 22,5% repetition,
20% synonym, 12,5% hyponym, 32,5% antonym, and 12,5% meronym. Using of
the grammatical and lexical cohesion on the short story “The Killers” had some
reasons that became background. Basically, usingsome aspects of grammatical
and lexical cohesion that dominate discourse of this short story had background
of minimalism in written short story Hemingway‟ style. The minimalism
represented on the expressing plot of story which dominated by using short
dialogues. Mentioning nominal and nominal phrase as the elements of reference
almost always followed by using personal reference and demonstrative reference
which was the elements of its cohesion. In addition, using the lexical cohesion
markers like synonym and hyponym aim to avoid using monotonic language or
tend to same from the begin until the end of the story, and created variation of
using language that made discourse more interesting.
Actually, the related studies above are similar to this study that discussed
about cohesive devices, and also use M.A.K Halliday and Hasan‟s theory like this
study who has done by the researcher. But, they had a different object. However,
this research differs from those previous studies above. This study focuses on
using grammatical cohesion of references on J.K. Rowling‟s speech entittled the
fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination. The researcher
will analyze and describe grammatical cohesion devices of references which
B. Discourse Analysis
One of different kinds of language as potential objects for study is used to
communicate something and is felt to be coherent (and may, or may not, happen
to correspond to a correct sentence or a series of correct sentences). This kind of
language in use, for communication is called discourse, and the search for what
gives discourse coherence is discourse analysis.2
Many experts have the same opinion about discourse. It is defined as
language complete unit in grammatical hierarchy is the highest grammatical unit
upon unit of sentences.3
Discourse analysis or discourse is an explanation about how sentences are
connected and give reference framework that understand about various kinds of
discourse, which is give explanation about logical arrangement, discourse
management, and stylistic characteristic of a discourse.4A discourse is not only
consist of grammatical sentences, but also a discourse must give an interpretation
that meaningful to their readers or listeners. It also mean that speaker or writer not
only arrange the grammatical sentences, but also the sentences that connected
logically and context. So, discourse analysis objectiveis not to arrange one general
rule about discourse analysis.5
Based on the opinion above, it can be concluded that discourse analysis is
a study that observe and analyze language which is used to communicate and
review some function (pragmatic) of language and try to reach the nearest
2
Guy Cook, Discourse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p.6.
3
Abdul chaer, Linguistik umum (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2007), p. 62.
4
J.D Parera, Teori semantik second edition (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004), p. 219.
5
meaning with the real meaning intended by speaker in an oral discourse or by a
writer in a written discourse.
C. Halliday’s Cohesion Theory
Cohesion is a semantic relation between elements in text and some other
elements that is crucial to the interpretation.6Therefore, Halliday divided the
concept of cohesion into text, texture, and ties.
1.Text
The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or
written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. A text may be spoken
or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a
single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all day
discussion on a commitee. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not grammatical
unit, like a clause or a sentence, and its not defined by its size.7From the official
statement before, we know that the text can be spoken or written form.
2. Texture
The concept of texture is entirely appropriate to express the property of
„being a text‟. A text has texture, and this is what distinguishes it from something
that is not text. It derives this texture from the fact that it functions as a unity with
respect to its environment.8
6
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan, Cohesion in english (London dan newyork: Longman Group Limited,1976), p. 8.
7 Ibid,p. 1
8
3. Ties
We need a term to refer to a single instance of cohesion, a term for one
occurance of a pair of cohesively related items. This we shall call tie.9The concept
of a tie makes it possible to analyze a text in terms of its cohesive properties, and
give a systematic account of its patterns of texture.10A tie is a complex notion,
because it includes not only the cohesive element itself but also that which is
presupposed by it.11
D. Grammatical Cohesion
The ties that connect up units of language to form a text,12 or referring to
the connections which have their manifestation in the discourse itself.13Therefore,
to facilitate in interpreting a discourse in the text needs good cohesion. Because
cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is
dependent on that of another.14
Kushartanti explained that cohesion is the condition of language elements
which reference and connected systematically.15Some form cohesion which is
represent in grammar by vocabulary.16 Based on Halliday‟s theory the cohesion
elements in the discourse divided into two types. They are grammatical cohesion
and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion devices is discussed in reference,
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.
9
Ibid, p. 3.
10Ibid,
p. 4.
11
Ibid, p. 329.
12
H.G. Widdowson, Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford Universitty Press, 1996) p. 125.
13
Jan Renkema, Introduction to Discourse Studies (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004), p. 103.
14
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan (1976),Op.cit., p. 4.
15
Kushartanti, Pesona Bahasa (Jakarta: PT, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005) p. 96.
16
E. Reference
Reference occurs when elements not only to get interpretation
systematically but also give reference to other something to be interpretated. The
reference refers to the same thing.17In the case of reference, the meaning of a
dummy word can be determined by what is imparted before or after the
occurrence of dummy word. In general, the dummy word is a pronoun.18And in
English, types of reference consist of personal particels, demonstratives and
comparatives.19For examples:
(1) I see John is here. Hehasn‟t changed a bit.
(2) She certainly has changed. No, behind John. I mean Karin.
But reference can also be achieved by other means, for instance, by the use
of a definite article or an adverb,20 as in the examples below:
(3) A man crossed the street. Nobody saw what happened. Suddenly the man
was lying there and calling for help.
(4) We grew up in the 1960s. We were idealistic then.
There are two ways to work out the full meaning of a reference word in a
text. One is to look in the surrounding text, can call this text reference. The other
is to look outside the text in the real world, we shall call it situation reference.
The word we, for instance, refers to a group of people including the writer or
17
J.D Parera (2004),op.cit., p. 225.
18
Jan Renkema (2004),op.cit., p. 104.
19
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan (1976), op.cit., p. 31.
20
speaker. To arrive at the meaning of we in a text, then, we need to know who the
speaker or writer is, and which other people are included.21
It is important to grasp the difference between reference and substitution.
Reference is a relation between the meaning of a word and its environment, where
the environment can be the text or the real world. Substitution is a relation
between words: a substitute such as one replace another word or phrase. This
means that there is no such things as „situation substitution‟ or put it more
concrete, a verb substitute like do can‟t refer to anything outside the text, but only
to words in the text.22
Reference
(Situational) (Textual)
Exophora Endophora
(to preceding text) (to following text)
Anaphora Cataphora
Diagram 1. Categories of Reference
The diagram above, based on Halliday‟s theory,reference can be divided
into two categories. Those are exophora and endophora. And there are two
different ways in which reference items can function within a text. They can
function in an anaphoric way, or they can function in a cataphoric way.23
21
Raphael Salkie, Text and Discourse Analysis (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 65.
22
Ibid. 23
1. Exophora
Exophora reference is an interpretation on words that related and depend
on situational context.24Based on Parera, the source information gained through
the elements of extrinsic of the text called exophora. The elements of exophora
generally related by context the discourse.25Example:
(5) Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on which
to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools.
The word your included exophora reference, which is the word your that
related and depend on situational context. Then, that sentence is a part of
JK.Rowling‟ speech in Harvard University, and the word your refers to President
Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members
of the faculty, proud parents, and all graduates.
2. Endophora
Meanwhile additional information within the discouse called endophora.
Endophora can be defined into anaphora and cataphora reference. In anaphora
reference, the elements needed to interprete are in front of before the discourse.
Then, cataphora reference happen if the elements needed to interpreteare in the
part or after the discourse.26Examples:
(6) Mr. George is not a teacher. He actuallly want to help children in that
village to study.
He refers to Mr. George,he explain Mr. George. Here, the anaphora reference happen. The pronoun He include is the item of anaphora in the text.
24
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan (1976), op.cit.,p. 33.
25
J.D Parera (2004),op.cit., p. 226.
(7)His declaration make the furies of society. President increased the cost of
the fuel.
His refers to what is said follow, that is president. Therefore, His include
the item of cataphora.
There are three types of reference based on Halliday and Hasan‟s theory,
they are: personal, demonstrative, and comparative.27
a. Personal Reference
Personal reference is the reference refers to individual in utterance
situation, through the category of person. Personal category included personal
pronouns, possessive determiners (usually called possessive adjective), and
possessive pronoun.28So, those which include in personal reference is all forms of
personal pronoun, singular or plural. In this case it is also include in personal reference.29
Table 1.2 Personal Reference
Person Head Modifier
Personal
Pronoun
Possessive
Determiner
Possessive
Pronoun
1st person singular I Me My Mine
1st person plural We Us Our Ours
2nd person singular You You Your Yours
2nd person plural You You Your Yours
2nd person male He Him His His
2nd person female She Her Her Hers
27
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan (1976), op.cit.,p. 37.
28Ibid
. p. 43.
29Ibid
3rd person plural They Them Their Theirs
3rd person object It It Its Its
Generalized person One One One‟s Ones
Since the first and second person pronouns I, you and we involve the
speaker or writer and the listener or reader, they are normally used for situation
reference. the third person pronouns can be usedfor both types of reference. In
speech these pronouns normally involve situation reference, while text reference
is more common in writing.30Following are two examples of he:
(8) [Watching a person on a film] „Wasn‟t he also the chief baddie in the film
Hudson Hawk?‟
(9)Maurice Oberstein, the gravel-voiced boss of Polygram and, at 63, a
veteran of the record industry, is particularly dismissive. „Overmight
sensations are crap,‟ he declares.
The first example involves situation reference, and the last example
involves text reference.
According to grammatical concept, the personal can be grouped into three
group, they are first person (I, We), second person (you), third person (he, she,
it).31 Examples:
(10)My sister and I are leaving. We have seen quite enough of this
unpleasantness.
In the example above, personal reference showed with first person
personal pronouns I and my in my sister refers to someone who said the
utterance. Meanwhile, the second person plural we in second the sentence refers
to my sister and I.
30
Raphael Salkie (1995), op.cit., p. 66.
31
b. Demonstrative Reference
Demonstrative reference is expressed through determiners and adverbs.
This items can represent a single word or phrase, or much longer chunks of
text-ranging across several paragraphs or even several pages.32
Neutral the
Near
Far (Not near) near: far:
Singular: this that
Selective Participant
Plural: these those
Place: here there
Circumstance
Time: now then
Diagram 2. Demonstrative Reference
Based on the diagram above, nominal demonstrative reference refers to
some thing that close and unclose, they are this/these and that/those. In dialogue
there is some tendency for the speaker to use this to refer something that himself has said and that to refer to something said by his interlocutor.33For examples:
(11) There seems to have been a great deal of sheer carelessness. This is what I
can‟t understand.
(12)Yes, that‟s what I can‟t understand.
32
David Nunan (1993), op.cit., p. 23.
33
This and that is another one whereby proximity is interpreted in terms of
time, in this case that tends to be associated with a past time referent and this for
one in the present or future.34 For example:
(13)We went to the opera last night. That was our first outing for months.
The example above, demonstrative reference appeared by existing
demonstrative pronoun that refers to time where is in the past that utterance “last
night”.
Demonstrative reference is a kind form of verbal pointing. The speaker
identifies referents by locating it on scale of proximity. Then, demonstrative
reference classified into two types, they are adverbial demonstrative reference
(here, there, now, then), and nominal demonstrative reference (this, these, that,
those). Adverbial demonstrative reference refers to the place of a process in a
space or time, whereas nominal demonstrative reference refers to the place of
someone or something. typically some entity person or object that is participating
in the process.35
Nominal demonstrative that refers to single noun is this and that. And,
nominal demonstrative that refers to plural noun is these and those.36
The reference that refers to location in a process about space or time
appeared on words here, there, now, and then.37Here and there refers to place or
refers to things generally that has been mention before. Whereas, thenand
nowrefers to time.38For examples:
34Ibid.
35
Ibid. pp. 57-58.
36Ibid
. p. 62.
37Ibid
. p. 57.
38Ibid.
(14)The class is finished. Now we can go home.
Based on the example above, the word now refers to time when that
utterance said. The use of now is confined to those instances in which the
meaning is „this state of affairs having come about‟.39
One of the demonstrative reference item is the.The create cohesion
relationship which follows by noun or the things mention before.40 For example:
(15)I saw a house yesterday. The house was antique.
From the bold“the”, it is clear that that device refers to thing that has been
mentionin sentence before which is house.
c. Comparative Reference
Comparative reference is expressed through adjectives and
adverbs.41When two or more things are compared in a text, this can often
contribute to cohesion. We can distinguish two types of comparison, they are
general comparison and particular comparison.42
General comparison express equaland unequal to the things compared. To
general comparison can refers to the same things (same, equal, identical,
identically), similar things (such, similar, so, similarly, likewise) or to different
things.43For example:
(16)It‟s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday.
Based on the example above, there is a cohesion comparative reference
that showed by general comparison which refer to the same thing, signed by
39Ibid
. p. 75.
40Ibid.
p. 71.
41
David Nunan (1993), op.cit., p. 24.
42
Raphael Salkie (1995),op.cit., p. 68.
43
words same as. Whereas the comparison in that sentence is the cat that saw when
that sentence said with the cat that saw yesterday.
Meanwhile, particular comparison expresses comparability between things
in respect of a particular property. The property in question may be a matter of
quantity or of quality.The comparison that shows quantity expressed in more or
as. Then, the comparison is in terms of quality, it is expressed in comparative
adjective, eg: easier in easier tasks, more difficult in more difficult tasks.44 For
example:
(17)We are demanding higher living standard than we have now.
The most generalized comparative is actually the superlative, highest
means simply „higher than any other‟.45
F. Context
A context is not just one possible world-state, but at least a sequence of world-states. Moreover, these situations do not remain identical in time, but change.46We have an infinite set of possible contexts, of which one will have a specific status, viz the actual context. The actual context is defined by the period of time and the place where the common activities of speaker and hearer are realized, and which satisfy the properties of “here” and
“now” logically, physically, and cognitively.47
Contexts are courses of
events and thus are defined by an ordered set of “here-now” pairs; the
44Ibid
. pp. 80-81.
45
Ibid. p. 81.
46
Dijk, Teun A. van, Text and Context, (New York: Longman Group Ltd, 1977) p. 191.
47Ibid
context changes from moment to moment. This change must affect (effect) objects in the successive states 48 In order to provide the necessary relative interpretation of sentences, e.g. for the correct identification of individuals, with respect to previous sentences of the discourse sequence, we could also interpret a sentence relative to the sentence previously uttered in the same context of conversation.49
48 Ibid. 49 Ibid
22
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description
In this chapter, the researcher analyzes grammatical cohesion of references
in the script of J.K. Rowling‟s speech. The researcher finds 3 types of
grammatical cohesion devices of references in the script of J.K. Rowling‟s speech.
They are: personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference.
For the item of each types of references in the script of J.K. Rowling‟s speech, the
researcher compiles and classifies data into the table below:
Table 2.3 Personal reference appear in the J.K. Rowling‟s speech
No
The Items
Corpuses (Sentences)
Total
1 I 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17,
18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33,
34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 63, 66, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 95,
97, 101, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118.
111
2 You 2, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 28, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43,
109, 112, 117, 118, 119
3 We 14, 40, 65, 101, 102, 104, 111, 116, 11
4 They 22, 25, 26, 30, 73, 74, 87, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98,
114.
16
5 She 7, 17, 81. 3
6 He 75, 76, 77. 4
7 It 7, 26, 27, 30, 31, 40, 41, 45, 52, 58, 62, 65,
66, 93, 100, 104, 110, 118.
20
8 My 5, 11, 12, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 40, 42,
44, 47, 49, 50, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69,
73, 78, 82, 88, 91, 114, 115.
38
9 Your 14, 28, 32, 33, 34, 39, 56, 57, 60, 105, 106,
108, 109, 110.
22
10 Their 27, 70, 71, 73, 82, 85, 91, 93, 94, 115. 11
11 Our 74, 101, 103, 104, 116. 6
12 Her 7, 80. 3
13 His 75, 81. 4
14 Its 61, 65, 97. 3
15 Me 3, 7, 8, 16, 18, 42, 47, 53, 54, 78, 80, 115. 14
16 Him 76, 78, 81. 3
Table 3.3 Demonstrative reference appear in the J.K. Rowling‟s speech
No The Items Corpuses (Sentences) Total
1 Here 36, 43. 2
2 Now 4, 21, 43, 62. 4
3 This 3, 7, 8, 12, 14, 26, 67, 78, 89, 91, 101, 11
4 These 16 1
5 Those 18, 66, 70, 74, 85, 99, 109, 117. 11
6 That 32, 35, 36, 44, 62, 88, 90, 95, 96, 101, 102. 11
7 There 28, 44, 69. 3
8 Then 45, 102. 2
9 The 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82,
83, 86, 88, 93, 97, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110,
111, 114, 115, 117, 118
112
Table 4.3 Comparative reference appear in the J.K. Rowling‟s speech
No The Items Corpuses (Sentences) Total
1 Such 58, 92. 2
2 Similar 117. 1
3 So 5. 1
6 Wiser 56 1
7 Taller 77 1
8 Fewer 95 1
9 Older 75 1
10 More 55, 83, 99. 3
11 Largest 4 1
12 Closest 18 1
13 Biggest 42 1
14 Greatest 49, 66 2
15 Earliest 67 1
B. Data Analysis
After explaining data description above, the researcher would like to
analyze data for the next step. The researcher will analyze the kind of grammatical
cohesion of references appear in J.K. Rowling‟s speech whether personal
reference, demonstrative reference or comparative reference. Then, the researcher
will desribe how does context affect the audience‟s understanding on the
grammatical cohesion of references in J.K. Rowling‟s speech.
1. Grammatical cohesion of references
a. Personal Reference
Data 1:
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Based on the sentence above,
the word I pointing forward to J.K. Rowling as a speaker on that time. I is
included to first person personal pronoun in English, which is it means I is one of
the items of personal reference. I involve the speaker, it is normally used for
situational reference. Therefore, I is categorized as exophora reference. Then, the
word you refers to audiences on that time, they are President Faust, members of
the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty,
proud parents, and graduates. It depends on situation, therefore you is categorized
as exophora reference.
Reference is the link between an element and others in sentences in which
it is interpreted. These is another example of personal reference on the script of
J.K. Rowling‟s speech.
Data 2:
The commencement speaker that day was the distinguished British
philosopher Baroness Mary Warnock.
Reflecting on her speech has helped me enormously in writing this one,
because it turns out that Ican‟t remember a single word she said.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Baroness Mary Warnock was a
speaker in J.K. Rowling‟s graduation ceremony. From the sentences above, there
reference, exactly it is possessive determiners “her”. The word her refers to
Baroness Mary Warnock. Andusage of personal reference her is categorized as
anaphora reference, pointing backward to Baroness Mary Warnock. Next, first
person personal pronoun me as object and I as subject in that speech refers to
J.K. Rowling as a speaker. fourth, the word she is personal reference exactly
second person female, she refers to Baroness Mary Warnock which is preceds
the text. So, the word she is categorized as anaphora reference. Fifth, the word it
refers to the word reflecting which is preceding the text. Therefore, it is also
categorized as anaphora reference.
Data 3:
I cannot remember telling my parents that I was studying Classics; they
might well have found out for the first time on graduation day.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. J.K. Rowling‟s parents absent
on that time, because her mother passed away on 1991. Based on the sentence
above, the researcher finds 3 items of personal reference. They are: I as subject is
first person like described by the researcher on the explanation before. I refers to
J.K. Rowling as a speaker. Then, My in my parents is possessive determiner. My
refers to speaker‟s parents here is J.K. Rowling‟s parents. The last is they as third
person plural. They refers to my parents, which is refers to preceding text.
Therefore they is categorized as anaphora reference.
I shall never forget the African torture victim, a young man no older than I
was at the time, who had become mentally ill after all he had endured in
his homeland.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. From the sentence above, the
researcher finds three items of personal reference. First, I is first person singular,
refers to the speaker. Second, he is second person male pronoun, a young man
refers to African torture victim. Therefore, he is categorized as anaphora
reference, which is the element needed to interpret preceding text. Third, the word
his in his homeland is possessive determiner. His refers to what is said before,
that is African torture victim, a young man. So, his in that sentence is categorized
as the item of anaphora reference.
Data 5:
The door opened, and the researcher poked out her head and told me to
run and make a hot drink for the young man sitting with her.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. J.K. Rowling shares about her
experience at Amnesty International. Based on that sentence, there are two items
of personal reference. First, word her is possessive determiner. The word her
refers to researcher, which is have been said before. In addition, the word her is
speaker or J.K. Rowling on that time. Therefore, the word me is categorized as
exophora reference.
Data 6:
There in my little office I read hastily scribbled letters smuggled out of
totalitarian regimes by men and women who were risking imprisonment
to inform the outside world of what was happening to them.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. J.K. Rowling shares about her
experience at Amnesty International. Based on the sentence above, the researcher
finds the item of personal reference. It is word them, which is refers to men and
women. This item is categorized as anaphora reference, because the item that
needed to interpret preceding the text.
Data 7:
Ultimately, we all have to decide for ourselveswhat constitutes failure, but
the world is quite eager to give you a set of criteria if you let it. So I think
it fair to say that by any conventional measure, a mere seven years after
my graduation day, I had failed on an epic scale.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. That sentence based on J.K.
Rowling‟s bad experiences, those are when her mother passed away on 1991 and
three items of personal reference. They are: we, I, and you. We is first person
plural, that refers to what is said follow, that are I and you. Because of that, this
item is categorized as cataphora reference. Meanwhile, the words I is first person
singular refers to J.K. Rowling as a speaker and you is second person plural refers
to audiences, they are President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and
the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, proud parents, and graduates
Therefore, those items are categorized as exophora reference.
Data 8:
Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on
which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. There is an item of personal
reference, it is your. The word your is possessive determiner refers to audiences
which is President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of
Overseers, members of the faculty, graduates‟ parents, and all graduates. That
item is categorized as exophora reference, which is the word your that relates and
depends on situational context.
b. Demonstrative Reference
Data 1:
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. From the sentence above, the
word the refers to thing that has been mentioned in sentence before, which is
commencement. Therefore, the word the is the item of demonstrative references
and the word the is categorized as anaphora reference. The is neutral
demonstrative reference.
Data 2:
This revelation came in the form of one of my earliest day jobs.
Based on the sentence above, the item of demonstrative reference marked
by this. The word this refers to context, something that is connected by J.K.
Rowling‟s speech directly. The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech
on graduation ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Then, she shares
about one of the greatest formative experiences of her life
Data 3:
These may seem quixotic or paradoxical choices, but please bear with me.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Based on the sentences above,
these refers to the benefits of failure which is said on preceding text, so these is
categorized as the item of anaphora reference. The word these is the item of
nominal demonstrative. As we know, these is plural of this.
Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on
which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. She describes about poverty in
her past time, then gives inspiration to climbing out of poverty. The word that
refers to phrase your own efforts which is said on preceding text, therefore the
word that is categorized as the item of anaphora reference. That refers to
something unclose that said by speaker, in this case is your own efforts. Besides
of that, that is included one of the items of nominal demonstrative reference,
which refers to something.
Data 5:
Now, I am not going to stand here and tell you that failure is fun.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Based on the sentence above,
there are 2 items of demonstrative reference. First, the word now refers to time
when that speech said, which is on June 5, 2008. Second, the word here refers to
to place where speech said, which is in Harvard University. Then, Both of them
are categorized as the items of adverbial demonstrative reference, which is refers
to the place of a process in a time or place.
Data 1:
So today, I wish you nothing better than similar friendships.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Based on that sentence, there
are two items of comparative reference. First, general comparison that marked by
word similar which refers to the similar thing, that is friendships. Second,
particular comparison that marked by better. The word better refers to similar
friendship.
Data 2:
He was a foot taller than I was, and seemed as fragile as a child.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. She tells about physical of
African torture victim. Based on the sentence above, the word taller is the item of
comparative reference, which is that word used to compare he was a foot and I
was. Therefore, taller is particular comparison, which expresses comparability
between things in respect of a particular property. In this case, the property in
question may be a matter of quality.
Data 3:
The knowledge that you have emerged wiser and stronger from setbacks
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. She reminds the graduates
about the importance of the knowledge. Based on the sentence above, the
researcher finds two items of particular comparison. They are wiser and stronger.
Both of them are the items of particular comparison, which is comparing between
The knowledge that you have emerged and setbacks.
Data 4:
I shall never forget the African torture victim, a young man no older
than I was at the time, who had become mentally ill after all he had
endured in his homeland.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. The African torture victim is a
man who J.K. Rowling meets in Amnesty International. She describes physical of
him. The word older in the sentence above is one of the items of comparative
reference exactly particular comparison. That item used to compare the terms of
quality between African torture victim and I.
Data 5:
The fears that my parents had had for me, and that I had had for myself,
had both come to pass, and by every usual standard, I was the biggest
failure I knew.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
her parents for her, and what happened with her. There is word biggest on the
sentence above, and the word biggest is categorized as the item that compare in
terms of quality, the biggest failuremeans simply „bigger than any failure‟.
Data 6:
I was set free, because my greatest fear had been realised, and I was still
alive, and I still had a daughter whom I adored, and I had an old typewriter
and a big idea.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. She tells about her formative
life. The researcher finds one of the items of comparative reference in the
sentence above, it is greatest. The most generalized comparative is actually the
superlative, greatest in the sentence above means simply greater than any fear.
Data 7:
I discovered that I had a strong will, and more discipline than I had
suspected; I also found out that I had friends whose value was truly above
the price of rubies.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. That sentence, J.K. Rowling
shares of her life that be better from the hard moment since. Based on the sentence
categorized as the item of endophora reference, exactly cataphora reference.
Because of the element needed to interpret is after the item in the text.
J.K. Rowling relates her personal failure until her success career in the
whole sentence of her speech on graduation ceremony in Harvard University. She
believes that the failure of her first marriage and career in her youth make her able
to grow up and to be success in current time. Therefore, J.K. Rowling speeches
37
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Considering the result of the study in the third chapter, the researcher
concludes that all of the grammatical cohesion devices of references utilized in the
almost of the sentence of the script of J.K. Rowling’s speech analyzed in the
preceding chapter. Cohesiveness sentence utilized in the script of J.K. Rowling’s
speech, has connection to the other sentences. The result of this research, the
researcher finds the grammatical cohesion devices of references which divided
into three kinds grammatical cohesion devices of reference namely personal
reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference.
Personal reference exists in the script of J.K. Rowling’s speech. It is
utilized to refer a person, something or object by specifying its function or role in
the speech situation.
The dominant item of personal references that is utilized in the script of
J.K. Rowling’s speech is I. As first person pronoun, I refers to the speaker. To be
able to understand the meaning of I in a speech, we need to know who the
speaker, and in this case, the speaker is J.K. Rowling. And other personal
categories are used in the sentences of the script of J.K. Rowling’s speech are
personal pronouns, and possessive determiners.
Next, demonstrative reference also exist in the script of J.K. Rowling’s
proximity whether it refers to location of a process in a process in a space or time
or location of something, person or object that is participating in the process.
Then, all of the items of demonstrative reference are utilized in the script
of J.K. Rowling’s speech. The most item that is utilized in the script of J.K.
Rowling’s speech is the. The is neutral demonstrative reference. And there are
two types of demonstrative reference in the script of J.K. Rowling’s speech. They
are adverbial demonstrative reference (here, there, now, then), and nominal
demonstrative reference (this, these, that, those).
Furthermore, comparative reference finds in the script of J.K. Rowling’s
speech. It is used to refer to person, something or object by expressing
comparison of two items may be the same, similar or different, and expressing in
more or as, or expressing in comparative adjective
The usage of the items of comparative reference is many enough. But, it is
not as many as the usage of the items of demonstrative reference. The researcher
finds two types of comparative reference are used in the script of J.K. Rowling’s
speech. They are: general comparison, and particular comparison.
Overall, personal reference is mostly utilized in the script of J.K.
Rowling’s speech. One of the types of personal reference is first person singular,
which is the most occured in the J.K. Rowling’s speech. Meanwhile, possessive
pronoun is not occured in the script. Finally, reference is the most important to
B.Suggestions
J.K. Rowling’s speech is function to give motivation for all graduates in
Harvard University. To be able to convey that speaker means to audiences, the
speaker has to consider the context with the usage of grammatical cohesion that
she is used.
In this research, the researcher only analyzes the script of J.K. Rowling’s
speech, and the next researcher suggested to expand the coverage by adding the
script of the speech that will be analyzed or do not only take one script of the
speech. So, the researcher can compare with another script of the speech. Finally,
it will be a comprehensive research and the result of the research is more
40
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http://harvardmagazine.com/2008/06/the-fringe-benefits-failure-the-Iimportance-imagination
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41
Transcript of JK. Rowling’s speech in Harvard University, entittle The fringe benefit of failure and the importance of imagination.
banners and convince is a great responsibility; or so I thought until I
cast my mind back to
my own graduation.
4 -I -My
-JK. Rowling -JK. Rowling
6 The commencement speaker that day was
enormously in writing
this one, because it
turns out that I can’t
remember a single word
she said.
8 This liberating discovery enables me to proceed without any fear that I might inadvertently influence
(S.1) together to celebrate
your academic success,
sometimes called ‘real life’, I want to extol the
crucial importance of imagination.
17 Looking back at the 21-strikes with the force of a cartoon anvil, now.
3 -I
car rounded the corner at the end of the road than I ditched German and scuttled off down
the Classics corridor.
-The
was studying Classics;
they might well have found out for the first time on graduation day.
5 -I mythology when it
came to securing the
clear, in parenthesis, that I do not blame my
parents for steering you
31 Poverty entails fear, and stress, and sometimes depression; it means a thousand petty humiliations and hardships.
1 -It -Poverty
32 Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts,
that is indeed something on which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools. not poverty, but failure.
1 -I stories, and far too little time at lectures, I had a knack for passing examinations, and that,
for years, had been the and well-educated, you
have never known never yet inoculated anyone against the
and I do not for a moment suppose that everyone here has enjoyed an existence of unruffled privilege and contentment.
Harvard University >
37 However, the fact that
you are graduating from Harvard suggests that you are not very a fear of failure quite as much as a desire for success.
1 -You -graduates (S.1)
39 Indeed, your
conception of failure might not be too far from the average
person’s idea of
success, so high have
you already flown.
3 -Your
and that I had had for
that failure is fun.
4 -Now represented as a kind of fairy tale resolution. Simply because failure meant a stripping away
might never have found
still alive, and I still had something, unless you live so cautiously that
things about myself that
I could have learned no
wiser and stronger
