THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PREFIXES
A PAPER
WRITTEN
BY
APRISANDI GULTOM
NIM: 112202008
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM DIPLOMA III
FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
Approved by
Supervisor,
Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE. NIM: 19510907197902 2 001
Submitted to the Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for English Study Diploma III Program
Approved by
The chairperson of English Study Diploma III,
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP : 19521126 198112 1 001
Approved by the English Study Diploma III Program, Faculty of Culture Study,
University of North Sumatera
Accepted by the examination board in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the DIII examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of
Culture Study of University of North Sumatera.
The examination is held on:
June 2014
Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera Dean,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP : 19511031 197603 1 001
Board of examiners:
1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) ……….
2. Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE. (Supervisor) ……….
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am, Aprisandi Gultom, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper.
Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains
no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper
by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the
main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of
another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : ………
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : APRISANDI GULTOM
Title of paper : THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PREFIXES
Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya
Study Program : English
1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the
discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty
of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their
obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.
Signed : ………
ABSTRACT
The writer of this paper on this writing is talking about the analysis of English
prefixes. English is one of the international languages. It has its own structures.
The structures of the language of course have various rules. The rules may be
concerned with syntax (deals with the structures of sentences), grammar (deals
with the structures of sentences), semantics (deals with the meanings of the
sentences), phonology (deals with the production of speech), and morphology
(deals with the study of morphemes and forming words). The topic of this writing
is the analysis of prefixes, therefore the writer will give the analysis of the
prefixes that English language has. There are so many prefixes that English
language has, but on this paper the writer analyzes twenty prefixes only. The
analysis is dealing with forms, distributions, functions, and meanings of the
prefixes. The interpretation of the data analyzed shows that there is no prefix of
English that changes the form of the free morpheme, some of the prefixes can be
placed before nouns, adjectives, and verbs. There are some of the prefixes
functions to change part of speech. The twenty prefixes mentioned are a-, ab-,
an-, ad-an-, ante-an-, anti-an-, arch-an-, be-an-, bi-an-, by-an-, co-an-, demi-an-, di-an-, dis-an-, en-an-, ex-an-, extra-an-,
ABSTRAK
Paper ini adalah suatu tugas akhir yang membicarakan tentang analisis awalan di
dalam bahasa Inggris. Bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu dari bahasa Internasional.
Bahasa Inggris mempunyai tata bahasa tersendiri seperti bahasa lainnya yang ada
di dunia. Bahasa memiliki sintaksis (yang membicarakan posisi kata dalam
kalimat), grammar (membicarakan tentang tata bahasa dalam penggunaan kata),
semantic (membicarakan makna kata dalam kalimat), fonologi (berkenaan dengan
bunyi suara), dan morfologi (membicarakan morfem serta pembentukan kata), jadi
dengan itu penulis akan membicarakan tentang analisis awalan yang ada di dalam
bahasa Inggris. Sesuai data yang diperoleh bahwa bahasa Inggris mempunyai
banyak awalan, tetapi dalam paper ini penulis hanya menganalisis dua puluh
awalan saja. Kedua puluh awalan tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan bentuk,
distribusi, fungsi, dan arti. Analalisis data menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada awalan
yang merubah bentuk kata dasar bila digabungkan dengan morfem bebas,
beberapa awalan bahasa Inggris digabungkan dengan kata benda, sifat, maupun
kata kerja. Ada beberapa awalan yang berfungsi untuk merubah kelas kata bila
digabungkan dengan morfem bebas. Kedua puluh awalan yang dikaji adalah a-,
ab-, an-, ad-, ante-, anti-, arch-, be-, bi-, by-, co-, demi-, di-, dis-, en-, ex-,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all the writer of this paper would like to say thanks TUHAN
YANG MAHA ESA and my parents who has given a lot of blessing to him in
writing this paper. Therefore he is able to finish writing this paper. The writer
believes that without the blessing that God send him, this paper cannot be finished
as it is.
Secondly, the writer also wants to send thanks to the people or friends who
have given him spiritual encouragements to finish this paper. The writer also
believes that this paper has not reached its perfectness so he would be very happy
when its readers want to give some valuable suggestions for its perfectness.
The writer does not forget to give special thanks to:
1. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Dean of the Faculty of culture Study for
the facilities during her study at the Faculty.
2. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A., the chairperson of the English
department of the D-III Program.
3. Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE., his supervisor for his valuable corrections.
4. Drs. Siamirmarulafau, M.Hum, the adviser and reviewer of this paper
for his valuable correction.
5. All lecturers in English Diploma Study Program for giving me great
advices and lessons.
6. My beloved parents, Darwin Gultom and Norita Hutabarat who have
never found it boring to grow and send me to the university for my future.
7. My beloved brothers, Haposan and Christian, thank you for taking care
of me and for the big support.
Saturday, June 21th, 2014 The writer,
THE CONTENTS
Page
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii
ABSTRACT ... iii
ABSTRAK ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
THE CONTENTS ... vii
1. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The Background of Writing ... 1
1.2 The Problem of Writing ... 3
1.3 The Scope of Writing ... 3
1.4 The Purposes of Writing ... 3
1.5 The Method of the Research ... 4
2. A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... 5
3. THE ANALYSIS ... 11
4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 37
4.1 Conclusion ... 37
4.2 Suggestion ... 37
ABSTRACT
The writer of this paper on this writing is talking about the analysis of English
prefixes. English is one of the international languages. It has its own structures.
The structures of the language of course have various rules. The rules may be
concerned with syntax (deals with the structures of sentences), grammar (deals
with the structures of sentences), semantics (deals with the meanings of the
sentences), phonology (deals with the production of speech), and morphology
(deals with the study of morphemes and forming words). The topic of this writing
is the analysis of prefixes, therefore the writer will give the analysis of the
prefixes that English language has. There are so many prefixes that English
language has, but on this paper the writer analyzes twenty prefixes only. The
analysis is dealing with forms, distributions, functions, and meanings of the
prefixes. The interpretation of the data analyzed shows that there is no prefix of
English that changes the form of the free morpheme, some of the prefixes can be
placed before nouns, adjectives, and verbs. There are some of the prefixes
functions to change part of speech. The twenty prefixes mentioned are a-, ab-,
an-, ad-an-, ante-an-, anti-an-, arch-an-, be-an-, bi-an-, by-an-, co-an-, demi-an-, di-an-, dis-an-, en-an-, ex-an-, extra-an-,
ABSTRAK
Paper ini adalah suatu tugas akhir yang membicarakan tentang analisis awalan di
dalam bahasa Inggris. Bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu dari bahasa Internasional.
Bahasa Inggris mempunyai tata bahasa tersendiri seperti bahasa lainnya yang ada
di dunia. Bahasa memiliki sintaksis (yang membicarakan posisi kata dalam
kalimat), grammar (membicarakan tentang tata bahasa dalam penggunaan kata),
semantic (membicarakan makna kata dalam kalimat), fonologi (berkenaan dengan
bunyi suara), dan morfologi (membicarakan morfem serta pembentukan kata), jadi
dengan itu penulis akan membicarakan tentang analisis awalan yang ada di dalam
bahasa Inggris. Sesuai data yang diperoleh bahwa bahasa Inggris mempunyai
banyak awalan, tetapi dalam paper ini penulis hanya menganalisis dua puluh
awalan saja. Kedua puluh awalan tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan bentuk,
distribusi, fungsi, dan arti. Analalisis data menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada awalan
yang merubah bentuk kata dasar bila digabungkan dengan morfem bebas,
beberapa awalan bahasa Inggris digabungkan dengan kata benda, sifat, maupun
kata kerja. Ada beberapa awalan yang berfungsi untuk merubah kelas kata bila
digabungkan dengan morfem bebas. Kedua puluh awalan yang dikaji adalah a-,
ab-, an-, ad-, ante-, anti-, arch-, be-, bi-, by-, co-, demi-, di-, dis-, en-, ex-,
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of WritingThe title of this paper is The Analysis of English Prefixes. Dealing with the
topic we may understand that it discusses about the ways of how to form new
words. So, the study of forming words by joining morphemes is Morphology. Of
course Morphology discusses the formations of words. So it means that we cannot
escape from the term language.
Language is one of the tools that can be used by human beings to
communicate. It is a language of human beings which is non-instinctive method
of communicating ideas, feelings and desires by means of a system of sounds and
sound symbols.
The theory used to analyze the data is morphology. The term morphology
means the study of morphemes of a language and of how they are combined to
make words. Whereas morpheme is a smallest meaning full part into which a
word can be divided.
The data were taken from written text; therefore the method applied to
analyzed the data is from written text. Those language utterances are a part, or a
product, of social behavior is a proposition that few linguistics, if any, would
challenge, and language-utterances constitute at least one part, and obviously a
very important part, of the data that linguists should be concerned with. So
regarding the idea of William Labov in the above quotation, I the writer use the
utterances of the native speakers of the Karo language as the data for the
A language is a human phenomenon, which will differ somewhat even from
person to person; it will differ far more from one place to another and from one
time to another. These variations in persons, times, and places give rise to such
studies as dialectology, linguistic geography. Historical and comparative
linguistics; and, collaborating even more with other disciplines, lexicography, the
making of dictionaries, orthography, the study of spelling, and paleography, the
study of ancient text.
In the last few decade linguistics have developed a rigorous technique for
the analysis of languages, in part in reaction against previous methods of study,
particularly philology, which was concerned chiefly with the Indo-European
languages and based largely on the study of literature, especially of written
literature. A basic principle of linguistics is that language is primarily speech; the
methods of analyzing speech (such as establishing categories by comparing
“minimal pairs”, tow locutions alike in all but one linguistic feature–cat, rat) have
become relatively standardized and have been applied to other aspects of
language. Perhaps the most difficult aspect of linguistics has been the separating
(for the purposes of analysis) of linguistic activities from the current of life in
which they appear. The words structure and structural, often applied to linguistic
study (sometimes almost with a mystical or magical overtone), emphasize this
separation. Structural linguistics isolates the linguistic activity and stresses that
despite the variety in a language there is a system or a series of patterns which can
be discovered and described by linguistic methods and which alone are the proper
1.2 The Problem of Writing
Prefixes are part of affixes. Affixes are bound morphemes. Affixes have
prefixes, infixes, confixes, and suffixes. Affixes are part of morphology. English
is as the same as other languages. In this writing the writer wants to state his
problems deal with the prefixes. The problems are:
1) What prefixes does English have?
2) What are the distributions, forms, functions, and meanings of the prefixes?
1.3 The Scope of Writing
When we discuss the term of affixes, it means that we will talk about the
prefixes, confixes, infixes, and suffixes. On this opportunity the writer of this
paper wants to write a writing skill to be made as a report to fulfill one of the
requirements to get his diploma from the Faculty of Culture Study of the North
Sumatera University. So, if the report discuss affixes, the volume will be to vast,
therefore he wants to limit his writing just deal with the analysis of prefixes.
1.4 The Purposes of writing
There some purposes in writing this paper, such as to finish his study from
English Department of the Diploma Program of the Faculty of Culture Study, to
find out the prefixes of English language has, the distribution of the prefixes, the
1.5 The Method of Research
When someone wants to write a writing or a research he or she can apply
variety of methods. The methods can be field research, experiment, or library
research. The choice of methods will be dealing with the required data to be
collected for analysis. The writer of this paper will apply library research because
2. A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A prefix is an element that can be placed before a word or root to make
another word with a different meaning or function: anti-(antiprohibition), bi-
(biweekly), mis-(misfit).
Suffix is an element that can be placed after a word or root to make a new
word of different meaning of function is called a suffix. –ize (criticize), -ish
(foolish), -ful (playful), -th (warmth).
Linguistics has been defined as the scientific study of language. A more
modest definition would be the systematic study of human languages. Scientific
study is today commonly associated with such natural sciences as physics,,
chemistry, and biology, whose conclusions lend themselves to objective
verification more readily than those arrived at by in instigators of human behavior.
Since speech is a uniquely human phenomenon, the systematic study of it
remains, despite the assistance received from other disciplines, a humanistic
study, a study whose ultimate objectives are based on human values. Linguistics is
scientific, nevertheless, both in the rigor received from the natural and social
sciences.
Any language in the world has the same functions. Now our examples are
drawn mainly from English–is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon. The more
thoroughly languages are analyzed, the more astonishing their complexity
becomes. This complexity suggests a structure, and even the earliest ancient
Since language is sequences of sound, and sound is invisible, we cannot see
its structure as we can, for example, see the bony structure of a body – its
skeleton. As we recognize the basic elements of the linguistic structure we invent
names for them and attempt to describe the total structure part by part. It is one of
the great beauties of plane geometry that its structures can be seen in their
entirety. Though the native speaker seems to have a full grasp of the total
grammatical structure of his language, we have no way of describing that structure
so that it can all be seen at once. Instead we must break it up into what seem to be
its most significant or at least its most conveniently describable parts and present
them one after another. This is a most exasperating approach. All the parts are
interrelated and necessary to the functioning of the whole, and a native speaker
controls them all, utilizes them simultaneously, and never gives a conscious
thought as to how he is using the structure to communicate his ideas. We know
our English but we seldom know how it works. So we find it irritatingly hard to
learn a lot of names for what we do so easily and unconsciously. It is the function
of linguistics to discover the structure, to find names for its parts, and to use those
names to explain how the system operates. Some of the basic areas of linguistic
investigation are briefly defined below:
1). Phonology studies and attempts to describe the primary sound units of speech.
Two related approaches are made in phonetics and phonemics.
2). Morphology studies and attempts to describe the primary meaningful units of
3). Syntax studies and attempts to described the arrangement of morphemes in
meaningful utterances, usually called sentences.
4). Grammar is a term with a number of senses. Linguistics is concerned with the
first two which are defined in the article grammar.
5). Semantics studies and attempts to describe meaning. in this definition
“meaning” is not used in the same sense. Morphological meaning is restricted to
the linguistic unit itself; the s on cats means “plural” and is recognized as such
even though we don’t know what a cat is. For example, if the sentence “I saw a
cat” is changed to “I saw some cats,” we know that cats is plural though we have
no notion of what a cat is. Semantics studies the relationship between the word
and what it stands for; the relationship between cat and the concept of a feline
which it represents for us is its meaning.
Semantics gets its into what is called met linguistics-studies that go beyond
linguistics-matters that involve more than the language itself. Most of the concern
of this topic is metalinguistics because it deals with such matters as spelling,
dictionaries, rhetoric, dialect, jargon, as well as the lexical meanings of words.
The structures of meaning, in so far as they exist, are certainly far less apparent
than the structures examined in phonology, morphology, and syntax. The modern
linguist has therefore given most of his attention to these more obvious aspects of
language. There is an irony in this because the layman is far more interested in
what an utterance means than in how it is structured. And his attitude is right to
this extent: Language does have as this primary purpose the communication of
more significant aspects of his environment. Language is the most important of
these and he should therefore have some understanding of it. This linguistics tries
to provide.
Because of the tremendous importance of language in life, there have been
numerous pressures for practical applications of the methods and findings of the
new science. To date, the notable successes have been in recording and analyzing
languages not previously written, recording many that were on the point of
extinction, and in teaching the spoken form of a second language through more
Considerable progress has been made in describing English in newer and more
precise terms. Features like word order and intonation patterns have been more
systematically explored. Real advances have been made in abandoning or at least
minimizing some categories inherited from Latin grammar but not significant for
English, such as form for case in nouns and mood in verbs; in defining various
categories more objectively, such as the parts of speech (or form classes)–defining
them by references to form and function rather than to meaning; in giving more
definite recognition to the phrase patterns basic to syntax; and in providing a
syntax grounded in observation of speech.
The purpose of a composition or communication course is to further the
communicative skills of the students. Its organization and general direction should
aim toward this end, based on the principles of composition-rhetoric. The current
language is the medium, and consequently the rhetoric must be presented on the
basis of this language. (In the last few generations “grammar” has often triumphed
many student and partly because the elementary facts of language have seemed
more definite and consequently easier to present and test).
The description of English should be as accurate as possible, and gradually
linguistics is furnishing a more complete and consistent description. Even now
there are gains in using some of the terms and categories of linguistics: a few
topics such as sentence boundaries and restrictive punctuation can be more
accurately presented than formerly, even though the precise definitions of the
terminals involved are uncertain.
But a composition course is not an introduction to linguistics and can hardly
spare time for a very secure grounding in such a technical field-though some
teachers with specialized training in the field report considerable success in using
linguistics as the basic material of the course.
The language part of a composition course, beyond a few pretty elementary
topics, is certainly in the area of met linguistics, involving social habits and
attitudes. Most of the question are of the order of “Shall I say or write this in this
situation?” Linguistic generalizations, whether in traditional or more scientific
form, can help in presenting general patterns, in summarizing general practices,
but they do not go far in guiding choices between similar expressions when both
are in the range of Standard English. To make these decisions student need not
only the paradigms but a wide knowledge of the varieties of current usage, what
educated people say and write. Since this knowledge by itself will not answer the
Morpheme is a term in linguistics for what is most briefly described as the
smallest grammatically meaningful unit in language. It may be a word– “free
form” – (boy, tall, Yokyakarta) or part of a word that can combine with other
3. THE ANALYSIS
English is one of the International languages. English is rich of
vocabularies. Vocabularies can be formed by using affixes. Prefix is one of the
affixes term. When someone wants to communicate with the others by using
English is the construction he or she needs to understand how to use prefixes. If
he or she does not understand how to use the prefixes the communication can be
broken down. Therefore, to understand the usage of prefixes is very crucial. When
we want to discuss about the usage of prefixes we cannot be escaped from the
terms distribution, form, function, and meaning.
1) Prefix a-
a. form
When we use prefix a- of English by adding it the root of a word it will not
change the form of the word.
Prefix a- in English can be added to:
(1). nouns
Examples:
a- + bridge ‘jembatan’ ⇒abridge ‘tanpa jembatan’
a- + prior ‘waktu’ ⇒aprior ‘tanpa waktu’
(2). verbs
Examples:
a- + sleep ‘tidur’ ⇒asleep ‘tertidur’
a- + blaze ‘menyala’ ⇒ablaze ‘bernyala’
a- + tremble ‘gemetar ⇒atremble ‘bergemetar’
c. function
Prefix a- in English can be functioned to change:
(1). nouns to adjective
drift[v] ‘mengapung’ ⇒adrift[adj] ‘terapung-apung’
dance[v] ‘dansa’ ⇒adance[adj] ‘berdansa’
d. notion
The meaning of the prefix a- in English is to state:
(1). not or without
a- + moral ‘moral’ ⇒amoral ‘tidak bermoral’
a- + bridge ‘jembatan’ ⇒abridge ‘tanpa jembatan’
(2). Stating as the same meaning as mentioned in the base form.
a- + shore ‘pantai’ ⇒ashore ‘di pantai’
a- + ground ‘tanah’ ⇒aground ‘berada di tanah’
a- + top ‘puncak’ ⇒atop ‘berada di puncak’
2) Prefix ab-
a. Form
Prefix ab- in English can be added to:
(1). nouns
Examples:
ab- + duct[n] ‘pipa’ ⇒abduct ‘di luar pipa’
ab- + original[n] ‘keaslian’ ⇒aboriginal ‘tidak asli’
ab- + solution[n] ‘penyelesaian ⇒absolution ‘tanpa penyelesaian’
(2). verbs
ab- + sent ‘mengirim’ ⇒absent ‘tidak dikirim’
ab- + solve ‘membereskan’ ⇒absolve ‘tidak beres’
ab- + sorb ‘mengisap’ ⇒absorb ‘tidak mengisap’
c. Function
Prefix ab- in English functions to change:
(1). nouns to adjectives
lute[n] ‘kecapi’ ⇒ablute[adj] ‘tanpa kecapi’
stain[n] ‘minuman beralkohol’ ⇒abstain[adj] ‘minuman tanpa alkohol’
(2). verbs to adjectives
solve[v] ‘membereskan’ ⇒absolve[adj] ‘tidak beres’
sorb[v] ‘mengisap’ ⇒absorb[adj] ‘tidak mengisap’
sent[v] ‘mengirim’ ⇒absent[adj] ‘tidak dikirim’
c. Notion
The meanings of prefix ab- when we add it to the base form is to state without.
ab- + normal ‘normal’ ⇒abnormal ‘tidak normal’
ab- + original ‘keaslian ⇒aboriginal ‘tidak asli’
ab- + solution ‘penyelesaian’⇒absolution ‘tanpa penyelesaian’
3) Prefix an-
a. Form
Prefix an- in English does not change the form of the base form.
Examples:
an- + aesthatic ‘ilmu keindahan’ ⇒anaesthatic ‘tanpa ilmu keindahan’
an- + archy ‘pemerintah’ ⇒anarchy ‘tanpa pemerintah’
an- + hydrous ‘air’ ⇒anhydrous ‘tanpa air’
b. Distribution
Prefix an- can be attached to nouns.
Examples:
an- + anemia ‘butir-butir darah’ ⇒ananemia ‘tanpa butir-butir darah
an- + archist ‘orang pemerintah’ ⇒anarchist ‘tanpa percaya kepada pemerintah’
c. Function
Prefix an- functions to change nouns into adjectives.
Examples:
archism[n] ‘teori pemerintah’ ⇒anarchism[adj] ‘tanpa teori pemerintah’
hydrous[n] ‘air’ ⇒anhydrous[adj] ‘tanpa air’
anemia [n] ‘butir-butir darah’ ⇒ananemia[adj] ‘tanpa butir-butir darah’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix an- in English is stating without.
Examples:
an- + hydrous ‘air’ ⇒anhydrous ‘tanpa air’
an- + archy ‘pemerintah’ ⇒anarchy ‘tanpa pemerintah’
an- + anemia ‘butir-butir darah ⇒ananemia ‘tanpa butir-butir darah
4) Prefix ad-
a. Form
When we add prefix ad- in English does not change the form of the base form.
ad- + monitor ‘ketua kelas’ ⇒admonitor ‘mengurus kepentingan kelas’
ad- + judge ‘hakim’ ⇒adjudge ‘mengadili’
ad- + duct ‘saluran’ ⇒adduct ‘menyalurkan’
b. Distribution
Prefix ad- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
ad- + join ‘gabungan’ ⇒ adjoin ‘meggabungkan’
ad- + oration ‘pujaan’ ⇒ adoration ‘memuja’
c. Function
Prefix ad- in English functions to change nouns into verbs.
Examples:
herd ‘pengembala’ ⇒adherd ‘mengembala’
jure ‘sumpah’ ⇒adjure ‘bersumpah’
minister ‘menteri’ ⇒administer ‘mengurus’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix ad- in English when we add to the base form it will
state the action mention in the base form.
ad- + monitor ‘ketua kelas’ ⇒admonitor ‘mengurus kepentingan kelas’
ad- + judge ‘hakim’ ⇒adjudge ‘mengadili’
5) Prefix ante-
Prefix ante- in English does not change the form of base form when we add
it to the base form.
Examples:
a. Form
ante- + room ‘kamar’ ⇒anteroom ‘sebelum kamar’
ante- + natal ‘kelahiran’ ⇒antenatal ‘sebelum kelahiran’
ante- + chapel ‘gereja’ ⇒antechapel ‘sebelum gereja’
Examples:
ante- + bellum[n] ‘peperangan’ ⇒antebellum ‘sebelum peperangan’
ante- + nuptial[n] ‘pesta kawin’ ⇒antenuptial ‘sebelum pesta kawin’
ante- + date[n] ‘tanggal‘ ⇒antedate ‘sebelum tanggal’
c. Function
Prefix ante- functions to change nouns into adjectives.
Examples:
chapel[n] ‘gereja’ ⇒antechapel[adj] ‘sebelum gereja’
room[n] ‘kamar’ ⇒anteroom ‘sebelum kamar’
natal ‘kelahiran’ ⇒antenatal ‘sebelum kelahiran’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix ante- in English when we add it to the base form is
to state before the meaning stated in the base form.
Examples:
ante- + deluvian ‘banjir’ ⇒antedluvian ‘sebelum banjir’
ante- + chamber ‘bilik’ ⇒antechamber ‘sebelum bilik’
ante- + reformation ‘perbaikan’ ⇒antereformation ‘sebelum perbaikan’
ante- + bellum ‘peperangan’ ⇒antebellum ‘sebelumpeperangan’
6) Prefix anti-
a. Form
Prefix anti- in English does not change the form of the root.
anti- + aircraft ‘pesawat’ ⇒antiaircraft ‘anti pesawat’
anti- + pope ‘paus’ ⇒antipope ‘anti paus’
b. Distribution
Prefix anti- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
anti- + Darwinism[n] ‘aliran Darwin’ ⇒antiDarwinsm‘anti aliran Darwin’
anti- + hero[n] ‘pahlawan’ ⇒antihero ‘anti pahlawan’
anti- + social[n] ‘masyarakat’ ⇒antisocial ‘anti masyarakat’
c. Function
Prefix anti- in English functions to change nouns into adjectives.
Examples:
Septic[n] ‘pembusuk’ ⇒aseptic[adj] ‘tanpa pembusuk’
Darwinism[n] ‘aliran Darwin ⇒antiDarwinsm[adj] ‘anti aliran Darwin’
aircraft [n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒antiaircraft[adj] ‘anti pesawat’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix anti- when we add to the base form it will state of
opposite.
anti- + christ ‘kristus’ ⇒antichrist ‘anti kristus’
anti- + pope ‘paus’ ⇒antipope ‘anti paus’
anti- + hero ‘pahlawan’ ⇒antihero ‘anti pahlawan’
7) Prefix arch-
a. Form
Examples:
arch- + bishop ‘uskup’ ⇒ archbishop ‘kepala uskup’
arch- + prophet ‘nabi’ ⇒ archprophet ‘kepala nabi’
arch- + enemy ‘musuh’ ⇒ archenemy ‘kepala musuh’
b. Distribution
Prefix arch- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
arch- + angel[n] ‘malaikat’ ⇒archangel ‘kepala malaikat’
arch- + liar[n] ‘pembohong’ ⇒archliar ‘kepala pembohong’
arch- + minister[n] ‘pendeta’ ⇒archminister ‘ kepala pendeta’
arch- + way[n] ‘jalan’ ⇒archway ‘jalan raya’
c. Function
Prefix arch- does not function to change part of speech.
impostor[n] ‘pembohong’ ⇒archimpostor[adj] ‘kepala pembohong’
type[n] ‘mode’ ⇒archtype ‘kepala mode’
bishop[n] ‘uskup’ ⇒archbishop ‘kepala uskup’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix arch- is to state the chief of the meanings stated in
the base form.
arch- + prophet ‘nabi’ ⇒archprophet ‘kepala nabi’
arch- + angel ‘malaikat’ ⇒archangel ‘kepala malaikat’
8) Prefix be-
a. Form
Prefix be- does not change form when we add it to the base form.
Examples:
be- + moan ‘keluhan’ ⇒bemoan ‘mengeluh’
be- + jewel ‘permata’ ⇒bejewel ‘membuat permata’
be- + sprinkle ‘percikan’ ⇒besprinkle ‘memerciki’
be- + fog ‘awan’ ⇒befog ‘melindungi’
b. Distribution
Prefix be- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
be- + smear[n] ‘coretan’ ⇒besmear ‘mencoret’
be- + spatter[n] ‘percikan’ ⇒bespatter ‘memerciki’
be- + head[n] ‘kepala’ ⇒behead ‘memenggal kepala’
c. Function
Prefix be- in English functions to change nouns to verbs.
Examples:
mock[n] ‘contoh yang palsu’ ⇒bemock[v] ‘meniru’
guile[n] ‘akal bulus’ ⇒beguile[v] ‘memperdayakan’
friend[n] ‘kawan’ ⇒befriend[v] ‘menolong kawan’
d. Notion
Examples:
be- + moan[n] ‘keluhan’ ⇒bemoan[v] ‘mengeluh’
be- + jewel[n] ‘permata’ ⇒bejewel[v] ‘membuat permata’
be- + spatter[n] ‘percikan’ ⇒bespatter[v] ‘memerciki’
9) Prefix bi-
a. Form
Prefix bi- in English does not change the form.
bi- + sexual ‘jenis kelamin’ ⇒bisexual ‘satu orang mempunyai dua jenis kelamin’
bi- + annual ‘tahunan’ ⇒biannual ‘satu tahun dua kali’
bi- + axial ‘kampak’ ⇒biaxial ‘satu tangkai dua kampak’
b. Distribution
Prefix bi- in English can be added to nouns.
bi- + plane[n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒biplane ‘satu pesawat mempunyai dua set sayap’
bi- + camera[n] ‘tustel’ ⇒bicamera ‘satu tustel dua fokus’
bi- + polar[n] ‘kutub’ ⇒bipolar ‘mempunyai dua kutub’
c. Function
Prefix bi- in English does not change part of speech.
Contoh:
cuspid[n] ‘gigi’ ⇒bicuspid[n] ‘satu gigi dua puncak’
plane[n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒biplane[n] ‘satu pesawat bersayap dua stel’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix bi- when we add to the base form it will state doublé
of the things mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
Prefix by- in English does not change the form of the root.
by- + name[n] ‘nama’ ⇒byname ‘nama keluarga’
by- + election[n] ‘pemilihan’ ⇒byelection ‘pilihan kedua’
by- + law[n] ‘undang-undang’ ⇒bylaw ‘anggaran rumah tangga’
b. Distribution
Prefix by in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
by- + name[n] ‘nama’ ⇒byname ‘nama keluarga’
by- + election[n] ‘pemilihan’ ⇒byelection ‘pilihan kedua’
by- + law[n] ‘undang-undang’ ⇒bylaw ‘anggaran rumah tangga’
c. Function
Prefix by- in English does not function to change part of speech.
way[n] ‘jalan’ byway[n] ‘jalan yang jarang dipakai
line[n] ‘garis’ byline[n] ‘nama penulis’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix by- in English when we add to the root is stating
part of the meanings mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
Prefix co- in English does not change the form.
Examples:
co- + pilot ‘pilot’ ⇒copilot ‘pembantu pilot’
co- + partnet ‘kawan’ ⇒copartner ‘pembantu kawan’
co- + heiress ‘ahli waris perempuan’ ⇒coheiress ‘pembantu ahli waris’
b. Distribution
Prefix co- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
monitor[n] ‘kepala kelas’ ⇒comonitor ‘pembantu kepala kelas’
heir[n] ‘ahli waris’ ⇒coheir ‘pembantu ahli waris’
education[n] ‘pendidikan’ ⇒coeducation ‘pendidikan bersama’
c. Functions
Examples:
monitor[n] ‘kepala kelas’ ⇒comonitor[n] ‘pembantu kepala
kelas’ heir[n] ‘ahli waris’ ⇒coheir[n] ‘pembantu ahli waris’
education[n] ‘pendidikan’ ⇒coeducation[n] ‘pendidikan bersama’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix co- in English is to state the assistance of the
meanings mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
co- + pilot ‘pilot’ ⇒copilot ‘pembantu pilot’
co- + keeper ‘pengawas’ ⇒cokeeper ‘pembantu pengawas’
co- + manager ‘pemimpin’ ⇒comanager ‘pembantu pemimpin’
12) Prefix demi-
a. Form
Prefix demi- in English does not change the form.
Examples:
demi- + God ‘tuhan’ ⇒demiGod ‘setengah tuhan’
demi- + military ‘militer’ ⇒demimilitary ‘setengah militer’
demi- + John ‘John’ ⇒demiJohn ‘setengah John’
d. Distribution
Examples:
demi- + human[n] ‘manusia’ ⇒demihuman ‘setengah manusia’
demi- + God[n] ‘tuhan’ ⇒demiGod ‘setengah tuhan’
demi- + gold[n] ‘emas’ ⇒demigold ‘setengah emas’
c. Function
Prefix demi- in English does not function to change part of speech.
Examples:
God[n] ‘tuhan’ ⇒demigod[n] ‘setengah tuhan’
John[n] ‘John’ ⇒demiJohn ‘setengah John’
military[n] ‘militer’ ⇒demimilitary ‘setengah militer’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix demi- in English when we add to the root to state
half of the things mentioned in the base form.
demi- + God ‘tuhan’ ⇒demiGod ‘setengah tuhan’
demi- + gold ‘emas’ ⇒demigold ‘setengah emas’
demi- + human ‘manusia’ ⇒demihuman ‘setengah manusia’
13) Prefikd di-
a. Form
Prefik di- in English does not change the form of the base form.
Examples:
di- + pole ‘arah’ ⇒dipole ‘dua arah’
di- + oxide ‘zat asam’ ⇒dioxide ‘dua zat asam’
b. Distribution
Prefix di- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
di- + atom[n] ‘atom’ ⇒diatom ‘dua atom’
di- + chloride[n] ‘klorida’ ⇒dicloride ‘dua klorida’
di- + lemma[n] ‘pilihan’ ⇒dilemma ‘dua pilihan’
c. Function
Prefikd di- in English does not function to change part of speech.
Examples:
chromate[n] ‘krom’ ⇒dichromate[n] ‘dua krom’
chromium[n] ‘alat pemutih’ ⇒dichromium[n] ‘dua alat pemutih’
chrotomy[n] ‘bahagian’ ⇒dichrotomy[n] ‘dua bahagian’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix di- in English are to state doublé of the things
mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
di- + oxide ‘zat asam’ ⇒dioxide ‘dua zat asam’
di- + pole ‘arah’ ⇒dipole ‘dua arah’
di- + cloride ‘klorida’ ⇒dicloride ‘dua klorida’
14) Prefix dis-
Prefix dis- in English does not change the form when we add to the base
though the base begin with vowel or consonant sounds.
Examples:
dis- + agree ‘setuju’ ⇒disagree ‘tidak setuju’
dis- + appear ‘muncul ⇒disappear ‘tidak muncul’
dis- + allow ‘mengijinkan’ ⇒disallow ‘tidak mengijinkan’
dis- + order ‘memesan’ ⇒disorder ‘tidak memesan’
dis- + connect ‘menyambung’ ⇒disconnect ‘tidak menyambung’
dis- + believe ‘percaya’ ⇒disbelieve ‘tidak percaya’
dis- + miss ‘kehilangan’ ⇒dismiss ‘tidak kehilangan’
b. Distribution
Prefix dis- in English can be added to verbs.
Examples:
dis- + accord[n] ‘menyetujui’ ⇒disaccord ‘tidak setuju’
dis- + oil[n] ‘meminyaki’ ⇒disoil ‘tidak meminyaki’
dis- + lead[n] ‘pimpin’ ⇒dislead ‘tidak dipimpin’
c. Function
Prefix dis- in English does not function to change part of speech.
Examples:
order[v] ‘memesan’ ⇒disorder[v] ‘tidak memesan’
pay [v] ‘membayar’ ⇒dispay[v] ‘tidak membayar’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix dis- in English is refusing or disagreeing to the
meanings mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
dis- + agree ‘setuju’ ⇒disagree ‘tidak setuju’
dis- + affirm ‘menegaskan’ ⇒disaffirm ‘tidak menegaskan’
dis- + solve ‘menyelesaikan’ ⇒ dissolve ‘tidak menyelesaikan’
15) Prefix en-
a. Form
Prefix en- in English does not change the form of the base form.
Examples:
en- + slave ‘budak’ ⇒enslave ‘memperbudak’
en- + snare ‘jerat’ ⇒ensnare ‘memikat’
en- + tomb ‘kuburan’ ⇒entomb ‘memakamkan’
en- + vision ‘penglihatan’ ⇒envision ‘memimpikan’
b. Distribution
Prefix en- in english can be added to:
1). verbs
Examples:
en- + treat[v] ‘menjamu’ ⇒entreat ‘memohon’
en- + list[v] ‘mendaftarkan’ ⇒enlist ‘memperoleh’
2). nouns
Examples:
en- + train[n] ‘kereta api’ ⇒entrain ‘menaiki kereta api’
en- + compass[n] ‘kompas’ ⇒encompas ‘meliputi’
en- + plane[n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒enplane ‘menaiki pesawat Udara’
3). adjectives
Examples:
en- + danger[adj] ‘bahaya’ ⇒endanger ‘mengancam’
en- + large[adj] ‘luas’ ⇒enlarge ‘memperluas’
en- + rich[adj] ‘kaya’ ⇒enrich ‘memperkaya’
c. Function
Prefix en- functions to change part of speech.
1) nouns to verbs
Examples:
mesh[n] ‘lobang mata jaring’ ⇒enmesh[v] ‘menangkap dengan jaring’
twine[n] ‘benang ikat’ ⇒entwine[v] ‘melilitkan’
capture [n] ‘rasa gembira’ ⇒enrapture[v] ‘memesonakan’
2) adjectives into verbs
Examples:
rich[adj] ‘kaya’ ⇒enrich[v] ‘memperkaya’
large [adj] ‘luas’ ⇒enlarge[v] ‘memperluas’
3) verbs still verbs
treat [v] ‘menjamu’ ⇒entreat[v] ‘memohon’
list[v] ‘mendaftarkan’ ⇒enlist[v] ‘memperoleh’
trust[v] ‘percaya’ ⇒entrust[v] ‘mempercayakan’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix en- when we add it to the base form are to state the
action mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
en- + slave ‘budak’ ⇒enslave ‘memperbudak’
en- + rich ‘kaya’ ⇒enrich ‘memperkaya’
en- + wrap ‘bungkusan’ ⇒enwrap ‘membungkus’
en- + grave ‘lukisan’ ⇒engrave ‘melukis’
en- + treat ‘menjamu’ ⇒entreat ‘memohon’
en- + trust ‘percaya’ ⇒entrust ‘mempercayakan’
16) Prefix ex-
a. Form
Prefix ex- in Enmglish does not change the form of the base form.
Examples:
ex- + wife ‘isteri’ ⇒exwife ‘bekas istri’
ex- + husband ‘suami’⇒exhusband ‘bekas suami’
b. Distribution
Prefix ex- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
ex- + president[n] ‘presiden’ ⇒expresident ‘bekas presiden’
ex- + minister [n] ‘menteri’ ⇒exminister ‘bekas menteri’
ex- + schoolroom[n] ‘ruang sekolah’⇒exschoolroom ‘bekas ruang sekolah
ex- + teacher[n] ‘guru’ ⇒exteacher ‘bekas guru’
c. Function
Prefix ex- in kata bendan English does not function to change part of speech.
dean[n] ‘dekan’ ⇒exdean[n] ‘bekas dekan’
governor[n] ‘gubernur’ ⇒exgovernor[n] ‘bekas gubernur’
regent[n] ‘bupati’ ⇒exregent[n] ‘bekas bupati’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix ex- in English to state has ever experienced in the
meanings mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
ex + soldier ‘prajurit’ ⇒exsoldier ‘bekas prajurit’
ex + military ‘militer’ ⇒exmilitary ‘bekas militer’
ex + consul ‘konsul’ ⇒exconsul ‘bekas konsul’
17) Prefix extra-
a. Form
Prefix extra- in English does not change the form.
extra- + sensory ‘alat pancaindra’ ⇒extrasensory ‘di luar jangkauan’
extra- + day ‘hari’ ⇒extraday ‘hari tambahan’
extra- + curricular ‘rencana pelajaran’ ⇒extracurricular ‘di luar rencana pelajaran’
b. Distribution
Prefix extra- in English can be added to nouns.
Examples:
extra- + salary[n] ‘gaji’ ⇒extrasalary ‘di luar gaji’
extra- + paper[n] ‘kertas’ ⇒extrapapaer ‘kertas di luar keperluan’
extra- + material[n] ‘bahan’ ⇒extramaterial ‘di luar bahan’
c. Function
Prefix extra- in English functions to change nouns into adjectives.
Examples:
charge[n] ‘biaya’ extracharge[adj] ‘di luar biaya’
mural [n] ‘lukisan dinding’ extramural[adj] ‘di luar sekolah’
catedral[n] ‘katedral’ extracathedral[adj] ‘di luar katedral’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix extra- in English to state extra or addition as it
mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
extra- + sensory ‘alat pancaindra’ ⇒ extrasensory ‘di luar jangkauan’
extra- + mural ‘lukisan dinding’ ⇒extramural ‘di luar sekolah’
18) Prefix fore-
a. Form
Prefix fore- in English does not change the form.
Examples:
fore- + ground ‘tanah’ ⇒foreground ‘tanah yang terdepan’
fore- + close ‘menutup’ ⇒foreclose ‘menyita sebelumnya’
fore- + man ‘laki-laki’ ⇒foreman ‘kepala tukang’
b. Distribution
Prefix fore- in English can be added to:
1) nouns
fore- + tell[v] ‘mengatakan’ ⇒foretell ‘mengatakan terlebih dahulu’
fore- + taste[v] ‘merasa’ ⇒foretaste ‘merasa terlebih dahulu’
fore- + go[v] ‘pergi’ ⇒forego ‘pergi terlebih dahulu’
c. Function
Prefix fore- in English does not function to change part of speech.
Examples:
name[n] ‘nama’ ⇒forename[n] ‘nama kecil’
lock[n] ‘kunci’ ⇒forelock[n] ‘gembok’
warn[n] ‘memperingati’ ⇒forewarn[n] ‘memperingati lebih dahulu’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix fore- in English to state the things before the
meanings mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
fore- + tell[v] ‘mengatakan’ ⇒foretell ‘mengatakan terlebih dahulu’
fore- + see[v] ‘melihat’ ⇒foresee ‘melihat terlebih dahulu’
fore- + bear[v] ‘lahir’ ⇒forebear ‘yang lahir terlebih dahulu’
fore- + noon[v]‘tengah hari’ ⇒forenoon ‘sebelum tengah hari’
19) Prefix in-
a. Form
Prefix in- in English does not change the form of the base form.
Examples:
in- + ability ‘kesanggupan’ inability ‘ketidaksanggupan’
in- + accuracy ‘kesamaan’ inaccuracy ‘ketidaksamaan’
in- + activity ‘kegiatan’ inactivity ‘kemalasan’
in- + door ‘pintu’ indoor ‘di dalam rumah’
in- + finite ‘batasan infinite ‘tidak terbatas’
in- + digestion ‘pencernaan indigestion ‘salah cerna’
b. Distribution
Examples:
in- + attention[n] ‘perhatian’ ⇒inattention ‘kurang perhatian’
in- + aptitude[n] ‘bakat’ ⇒inaptitude ‘ketidakcakapan’
in- + carnation[n] ‘anyelir’ ⇒incarnation ‘penjelmaan’
c. Function
Prefix in- in English does not function to change part of speech.
Examples:
discretion[n] ‘kebijaksanaan’ ⇒indiscretion ‘ketidakbijaksanaan
ability[n] ‘kesanggupan’ ⇒inability ‘ketidaksanggupan’
activity[n] ‘kegiatan’ ⇒inactivity[n] ‘kemalasan’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix in- in English to state noto r opposite of the
meanings found in the base form.
Examples:
in- + finite ‘batasan’ ⇒infinite ‘tidak terbatas’
in- + accuracy ‘kesamaan’ ⇒inaccuracy ‘ketidaksamaan’
in- + aptitude ‘bakat’ ⇒inaptitude ‘ketidakcakapan’
20) Prefix inter-
a. Form
Prefix inter- in English does not change the form when we add it to the base form.
Examples:
inter- + marriage ‘perkawinan’ ⇒intermarriage ‘antar suku’
inter- + war ‘peperangan’ ⇒interwar ‘antar perang’
b. Distribution
Prefix inter- in English can be attached to nouns.
inter- + space[n] ‘tempat’ ⇒interspace ‘antar tempat
inter- + planet ‘bintang siarah’ ⇒ interplanet ‘antar bintang’
inter- + state ‘negara bagian’ ⇒interstate ‘antar negara bagian’
c. Function
Prefix inter- in English functions to change nouns into adjectives.
Examples:
urban [n] ‘tempat di luar kota’ ⇒interurban[adj] ‘antar lokal’
state[n] ‘negara bagian’ ⇒interstate[adj] ‘antar state’
school[n] ‘sekolah’ ⇒interschool ‘antar sekolah’
d. Notion
The meanings of prefix inter- when we add it to the base form, it will state
inter the things mentioned in the base form.
Examples:
inter- + national ‘warga negara’⇒international ‘antar bangsa-bangsa
inter- + state ‘negara bagian’⇒interstate ‘antar negara bagian’
4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 ConclusionAfter the writer of this paper has finished writing chapters one, two, three,
and four he is now coming to write chapter four of this paper, the conclusion. The
interpretation of the data analyzed shows us that there are eighteen prefixes out of
twenty prefixes analyzed can be added to nouns, so it means that there are two
prefixes out of twenty cannot be added to nouns. Out of twenty prefixes there are
six prefixes can be added to verbs, and only one prefix, en- can be added to
adjective. The whole prefixes analyzed there is no prefix changes the form of the
free morpheme. The twenty prefixes mentioned are a-, ab-, an-, ad-, ante-,
anti-, arch-, be-, bi-, by-, co-, demi-, di-, dis-, en-, ex-, extra-, fore-, in-, and
inter-.
4.2 Suggestion
I am very happy now because I have finished writing my paper. Before I
have finished writing this paper I was a little bit worried for thinking can be
finished or not. Therefore I, as the writer of this paper encourage my friends to
write anything you are interested in. I mean it is not necessary to be hesitated to
try. Because if you do so, you may not ever come to finish your writing. Now I
am also encouraging the others to write the English prefixes. Such a as I have not
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