BAHASA INGGRIS

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Hak CIpta

Penulis :

Reviewer :

Hak Cipta pada penulis

Hak Penerbitan pada Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh buku ini dalam bentuk apa pun tanpa izin dari penerbit UPI PRESS.

Edisi Kedua

Cetakan Kesatu, 2010

ISBN :

Desain

Tim Ahli : Prof. Dr. Ahman, M.Pd Prof. Dr. Mustofa Kamil Dr. Johar Permana, M.A

Koordinator : Iwan Gunawan

Tata Letak isi :

Desain Cover :

Penerbit : UPI PRESS

Gedung Penerbitan dan Percetakan Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi, No. 229 Bandung 40154 Tlp. (022) 2013163 Pes.4502

Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan

Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung, Tlp (022) 2013163 Pes.4301 Fax/Telp : (022) 2000021

BAHASA INGGRIS

Dra. Nurhasanah, M.Ed

Luqman Ginanjar M.R, S.Pd Fajar Ginanjar Mukti

Ika Lestari Damayanti, MA

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Dewasa ini, guru Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah dipersyaratkan memiliki kualifikasi S-1 sesuai dengan tuntutan profesional. Hal ini sesuai dengan ketentuan yang terdapat pada UU Nomor 20/2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, UU Nomor 14/2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen, PP Nomor 19/2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan dan Permen Diknas RI Nomor 58 Tahun 2008 tentang Penyelenggaraan Program Sarjana (S-1) Kependidikan bagi Guru dalam Jabatan.

Sejalan dengan itu, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) mulai tahun akademik 2006/2007 menyelenggarakan Program Strata I (S-1) PGSD bagi guru Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah dengan menggunakan pendekatan dual-modes. Pendekatan ini dilakukan melalui perpaduan antara sistem pembelajaran tatap muka dengan sistem pembelajaran mandiri (self-instruction). Sistem pembelajaran mandiri dilakukan dengan cara mempelajari bahan belajar mandiri tercetak (printed materials) yang dikaji lebih lanjut pada pembelajaran tatap muka. Bahan belajar mandiri ini mencakup materi untuk peningkatan wawasan tentang berbagai konsep dan keterampilan yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan diri sebagai guru profesional.

Mudah-mudahan dengan tersusunnya bahan belajar mandiri ini, para mahasiswa dapat belajar secara mandiri dengan tidak mengganggu pelaksanaan tugas-tugas keseharian.

Bandung, Juni 2010 Rektor,

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Daftar Isi

DAFTAR ISI

1. BBM 1 : INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH SOUNDS ... 1

Pendahuluan ... 1

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Reviewing English Alphabet through Greeting Introducing Self and Others and Parting... 3

Latihan .... ... 10

Tes Formatif ... 10

Balikan dan Tindak Lanjut ... 11

Kegiatan Belajar 2 : Intifying English Sound and Its Stress and Intonation ... 12

Latihan ... 14

Latihan .... ... 25

Latihan .... ... 33

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF ... 34

DAFTAR PUSTAKA... 39

2. BBM 2 : VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT ... 41

Pendahuluan ... 41

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Reviewing ‘Parts of Sentence’ Through Analyzing Simple Sentences ... 43

Latihan... 43

Rangkuman... 44

Tes Formatif... 45

Balikan dan Tindak Lanjut... 46

Kegitan Belajar 2 : Reviewing ‘Parts of Speech’ Through Analyzing Simple Sentences ... 47

Latihan... 50

Rangkuman... 64

Tes Formatif... 64

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF... 66

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3. BBM 3 : REVIEWING SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES IN ENGLISH

(ACTIVE VOICES) ... 71

Pendahuluan ... 71

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Understanding The Importance of Verb and Their Conjugations and Functions In English Grammar ... 73

Latihan... 73

Rangkuman... 77

Tes Formatif... 78

Kegiatan Belajar 2 :Understanding Present Tenses ... 79

Latihan... 81

Rangkuman... 91

Tes Formatif... 91

Kegiatan Belajar 3 :Gerunds and Infinitifes ... 94

Latihan... 96

Rangkuman... 97

Tes Formatif... 97

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF... 98

DAFTAR PUSTAKA...105

4. BBM 4 : REVIEWING SIMPLE PAST AND PERFECT TENSES IN ENGLISH (ACTIVE VOICES) ... 107

Pendahuluan... 107

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Understanding Past Tenses ... 109

Latihan ... 113

Rangkuman... 117

Tes Formatif... 117

Kegiatan Belajar 2 : Understanding Present Perfect Tenses ... 119

Latihan... 123

Rangkuman... 125

Tes Formatif... 125

Kegiatan Belajar 3 : Understanding Past Perfect Tenses... 127

Latihan... 130

Rangkuman... 134

Tes Formatif... 134

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF... 135

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Daftar Isi

5. BBM 5 : UNDERSTANDING PASSIVE VOICE AND CLAUSES IN ENGLISH..139

Pendahuluan ... 139

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Passive Voices ... 141

Latihan... 142

Tes Formatif... 145

Kegiatan Belajar 2 : Pengenalan Kata ‘Word’ Prase ‘Phrase’ Klausa ‘Clause’ Dan Kalimat ‘Sentences’ Dalam Bahasa Inggris ... 148

Latihan... 148

Rangkuman...149

Tes Formatif...149

Balikan dan Tindak Lanjut...149

Kegiatan Belajar 3 : Independent Clause dalam kalimat Bersusun Compound Sentences dalam Bahasa Inggris ... 151

Latihan... 152

Tes Formatif...153

Kegiatan Belajar 4 : Independent dan Dependent Clause dalam kalimat Majemuk Compound Sentences dalam Bahasa Inggris..154

Latihan...156

Tes Formatif...156

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF...158

6. BBM 6 : COMPLEX SENTENCES I : NOUN CLAUSES ...163

Pendahuluan... 163

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Noun Clauses ... 164

Latihan ... 166

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF ... 172

GLOSARIUM...173

7. BBM 7 : COMPLEX SENTENCES I : ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB CLAUSES.175 Pendahuluan ... 175

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Comparative dan Superlative Deegres dalam adjectives dan adverbs ... 177

Rangkuman...179

Latihan... 179

Tes Formatif... 180

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Bahasa Inggris ...182

Latihan...182

Tes Formatif...186

Kegiatan Belajar 3 : ‘Adverb Clauses’ sebagai Dependent/Subordinat Clause dalam Kalimat kompleks ‘Complex Sentences’ dalam Bahasa Inggris ...189

Latihan...190

Tes Formatif...192

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF...194

GLOSARIUM...197

8. BBM 8 : GRAMMAR ENRICHMENT ... 199

Pendahuluan ... 199

Kegiatan Belajar 1 : Conditional Sentences ... 201

Latihan... 202

Tes Formatif... 204

Kegiatan Belajar 2 : Reported Speech/Indirect Speech...206

Latihan... 209

Tes Formatif... 212

Kegiatan Belajar 3 : Reported Speech/Indirect Speech... 214

Latihan... 214

Tes Formatif... 215

Kegiatan Belajar 4 : Phrasal Verbs ... 218

Latihan... 219

Tes Formatif... 219

Kegiatan Belajar 5 : Parallel Structure ... 221

Latihan... 221

Tes Formatif... 222

Kegiatan Belajar 6 : Inversion ...224

Latihan... 225

Tes Formatif... 226

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF...228

GLOSARIUM...231

DAFTAR PUSTAKA... 232

9. BBM 9 : COMMUNICATION AND INTEGRATION ...233

Pendahuluan ... 233

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Daftar Isi

Latihan... 237

Kegiatan Belajar 2 : Reading Skills :SQ3R Strategy ... 238

Latihan... 242

Kegiatan Belajar 3 : ... 246

Latihan... 247

Latihan... 250

Latihan... 252

Tes Formatif... 254

KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF...257

GLOSARIUM...263

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Introduction To English Sounds

Bahasa Inggris 1

INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH SOUNDS

P

ada Bahan Belajar Mandiri 1 ini, mahasiswa mengenal Abjad dalam Bahasa Inggris (English Alphabet), Bunyi-bunyi bahasa Inggris (English Sounds) baik dalam pengucapan kata maupun kalimat bahasa Inggris yang benar, termasuk lafal dan intonasi yang tepat, yang diperkenalkan melalui konsep-konsep perkenalan diri, memperkenalkan teman, latihan mengucapkan simbol bunyi sesuai dengan standar ‘Received Pronunciation’. Selain itu mahasiswa juga berlatih mengucapkan kata-kata melalui tema-tema maupun kegiatan yang berorientasi pada situasi pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Umum

Mahasiswa dapat mengucapkan bunyi kata maupun kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris dengan lafal dan intonasi yang tepat.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus

1. Mahasiswa dapat mengeja kata maupun ungkapan yang berkaitan dengan salam pertemuan, perkenalan, dan salam perpisahan.

2. Mahasiswa dapat melafalkan bunyi dalam kata maupun kalimat bahasa Inggris sesuai dengan standar ‘Received Pronunciation’ serta dengan lafal dan intonasi yang tepat, melalui tema-tema dan kegiatan yang berorientasi pada situasi pembelajaran di sekolah dasar.

3. Mahasiswa dapat menuliskan informasi tentang dirinya dan merespon koreksi dosen melalui ’editing symbol’ dan melakukan ’self correction’ terhadap hasil karyanya tersebut.

4. Mahasiswa dapat menjawab pertanyaan secara langsung maupun tertulis terhadap berbagai hal yang berkaitan dengan seluruh kegiatan pembelajaran pada Bahan Belajar Mandiri 1.

Untuk membantu Anda mencapai tujuan tersebut, BBM ini diorganisasikan menjadi empat Kegiatan Belajar (KB), yaitu:

KB1 : Kata maupun ungkapan yang berkaitan dengan salam pertemuan, perkenalan, dan salam perpisahan.

KB2 : ‘Received Pronunciation’

KB3 : ’Editing Symbol’ dan ’Self Correction’

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Bahasa Inggris

2

Untuk membantu Anda dalam mempelajari BBM ini ada baiknya Anda memperhatikan beberapa petunjuk belajar berikut ini:

1. Bacalah dengan cermat bagian pendahuluan ini sampai Anda memahami secara tuntas tentang apa, untuk apa, dan bagaimana mempelajari bahan belajar ini. 2. Bacalah secara sepintas bagian demi bagian dan temukan kata-kata kunci dari

kata-kata yang dianggap baru. Carilah dan baca pengertian kata-kata kunci tersebut dalam kamus yang Anda miliki.

3. Tangkaplah pengertian melalui pemahaman sendiri dan diskusikan dengan mahasiswa lain atau dengan tutor Anda.

4. Untuk memperluas wawasan Anda, bacalah dan pelajari sumber-sumber lain yang relevan. Anda dapat menemukan bacaan dari berbagai sumber, termasuk dari internet.

5. Mantapkan pemahaman Anda dengan mengerjakan latihan dan melalui kegiatan diskusi dalam tutorial dengan mahasiswa lainnya atau teman sejawat.

6. Jangan lewatkan untuk mencoba menjawab soal-soal yang terdapat pada setiap akhir kegiatan belajar. Hal ini berguna untuk mengetahui apakah Anda sudah memahami dengan benar kandungan bahan belajar ini.

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Bahasa Inggris 3

REVIEWING ENGLISH ALPHABET THROUGH GREETING,

IN-TRODUCING SELF AND OTHERS, AND PARTING

ENGLISH ALPHABET

A a Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg

/ //

/æ //// /bi: //bi: //bi: //bi: / / si: / / si: // si: // si: / /di: //di: //di: //di: / / i: / / i: // i: // i: / /ef //ef / /ef //ef / ////i:/i:/i:/i:/

Hh

/ei t∫/

O o /Ǥʊ/ V v /vi:/ I i /ai/ /ai/ /ai/ /ai/ P p /pi:/ /pi:/ /pi:/ /pi:/ Ww

/d ʌʌʌʌ blju : /

J j

/ei/i/ i/i/ Qq /kju:/ Xx /eks/ K k /kei/ /kei/ /kei/ /kei/ R r /a:/ Y y /wai/ L l /el/ /el/ /el/ /el/ S s /es/ Z z /zed/ M m /em/ /em/ /em/ /em/ Tt /ti:/ N n /en/ /en/ /en/ /en/ Uu /ju:/

I. Face to face conversation

Listen to your lecturer explaining the greeting, introducing self and others, and parting below:

Greetings

Formal Informal

Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening/Night

(Ladies and Gentlemen/ Children/

Students, etc.)

Morning/Afternoon/Evening/Night

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Bahasa Inggris

4

Introducing Myself

Formal Informal

Hello Madam/Sir,

I would like to/ Let me introduce myself

to you. My name is …. My nationality is

……….. . My address is in …. . My

interest/s is/are ..., …………,

……….. My Profession is ………. . My

responsibilities in this ………..

(Profession) are ………, ………, ……..

.

Hi,

I’m ………….. I ’m from

……… I live in ……… My

hobby/ies is/are …….,

……., ………….., ………… I’m

a/an ………… (Profession). I

……… everyday.

Introducing (friends/colleagues, etc.) to other people

Formal Informal

Hello Mister/Mrs./Miss. ………….,

I would like you to meet my …….

(friends, colleagues/etc.). He is an

expert in ……../ Let me introduce

myself to you. My name is …. My

nationality is ……….. . My address is

in…. . My interest/s is/are ...,

…………, ……….. My Profession is

………. . My responsibilities in this

……….. (profession) are ………,

………, …….. .

Hi,

I’m ………….. I ’m from

……… I live in ……… My

hobby/ies is/are …….,

……., ………….., ………… I’m

a/an ………… (Profession). I

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Bahasa Inggris 5

Partings

Formal Informal

It is a glad/pleasure/really nice to

meet you.

But I have to go now. By the way,

how about ……….

(continued by inviting to a meeting/an

academic activities)

See you (in the next meeting, etc.).

See you again next time

Good Bye

It’s nice to meet you. How about

………

(continued by inviting to a party/an

informal activities)

See you in (the party, etc.)

See you soon

See you tomorrow

See you

Bye

Untuk memperdalam pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah diuraikan di atas, kerjakanlah soal latihan berikut.

Task 1.1

Practice these expressions in ‘pairs’ or in ‘group of three’ as required (remember to (1) use the right stress and intonation and (2) ask ‘how do you spell it?’ or ‘Could you repeat it, please!, whenever you can’t catch the word). In this task you act as a new teacher, and you want to teach English to the class, you’ve been asked by a student; he is the chief of the class:

A. Introducing myself:

Teacher All Students Teacher Student A Teacher Student A : : : : : : ……….1

Good morning Madam (in chorus)

My name is ………2 (spelling your name). I would like to

……….….3 . I hope you will enjoy my class. I will

be with you in this whole semester. If you have any queries during

my teaching here, please do not hesitate to contact me to my home

telephone ………. 4or to my mobile phone ……….. 5.

My name is ……….. 6. I’m ……….. 7. Could you repeat

spelling your name again, Madam? I could not catch that.

Yes, of course, it’s ……… 8(spelling the name again).

Anyway, ……….. 9, ……….10 (mention the

student’s name).

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Bahasa Inggris

6

Student A :

Anyway, ……….. 9, ……….10 (mention the

student’s name).

Nice to meet you, too. We hope we will enjoy your class, Ma’am.

A. Introducing a friend to other:

Task 1.2

You have to introduce your new colleague Intan to your headmaster, but your headmaster is in a hurry to have another appointment, and he promises to meet you in his office tomorrow.

A. When you meet your acquaintance

Biasanya jika bertemu dengan kenalan yang sudah dekat, biasanya percakapannya informal dan menggunakan nama panggilan.

Task 1. 3

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Vocabulary Enrichment

Bahasa Inggris 4 1

VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT

P

ada Bahan Belajar Mandiri 2 ini, mahasiswa mengenal kelompok kata (Parts of Speech) pembentukan kata (‘word formation’) melalui pemberian awalan (pre fixes) dan akhiran (suffixes) baik yang bersifat derivatives, maupun inflectional, yang berdampak pada pengayaan kelompok kata bahasa Inggris. Mahasiswa juga mengenali persamaan kata (synonym), lawan kata (antonym), serta mengetahui pasangan kata yang sesuai (collocation) dalam bahasa Inggris.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Umum

Mahasiswa dapat menguasai sejumlah kosa kata dalam bahasa Inngris dengan melakukan pengelompokkan kata, pembentukkan kata maupun pemasangan kata yang tepat dalam bahasa Inggris, dan menggunakannya dalam kalimat sederhana.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus

1. Mahasiswa dapat menganalisa kalimat sederhana ke dalam unsur-unsur kalimat. 2. Mahasiswa dapat mengelompokkan kata dalam bahasa Inggris dengan

pengelompokan fungsi yang tepat.

3. Mahasiswa dapat menunjukkan ciri-ciri awalan maupun akhiran pembentuk kata bahasa Inggris dan mengaplikasikannya dalam kalimat.

4. Mahasiswa dapat menggabungkan kata dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi frasa yang bermakna.

5. Mahasiswa dapat menunjukkan persamaan kata, lawan kata, maupun pasangan kata.

Untuk membantu Anda mencapai tujuan tersebut, BBM ini diorganisasikan menjadi dua Kegiatan Belajar (KB), yaitu:

KB1 : Reviewing ‘Parts of Sentence’ through analyzing simple sentences. KB2 : Reviewing ‘Parts of Speech’ through analyzing simple sentences.

1. Bacalah dengan cermat bagian pendahuluan ini sampai Anda memahami secara tuntas tentang apa, untuk apa, dan bagaimana mempelajari bahan belajar ini. 2. Baca secara sepintas bagian demi bagian dan temukan kata kunci dari

kata-kata yang dianggap baru. Carilah dan baca pengertian kata-kata-kata-kata kunci tersebut dalam kamus yang Anda miliki.

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Bahasa Ingris

4 2

mahasiswa lain atau dengan tutor Anda.

4. Untuk memperluas wawasan Anda, baca dan pelajari sumber-sumber lain yang relevan. Anda dapat menemukan bacaan dari berbagai sumber, termasuk dari internet.

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REVIEWING ‘PARTS OF SENTENCE’ THROUGH ANALYZING

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

K

alimat dalam bahasa Inggris pada dasarnya terdiri dari dua unsur, yaitu (1) subject dan (2) predicate. Predicate dalam bahasa Inggris, terdiri dari (1) a predicating word (Verb), yang biasanya disertai dengan object, dan (2) a linking verb, yang biasanya disertai dengan complement berupa adjective (kata sifat) atau adverb (kata keterangan).

Subject

Predicating Words

Object Adverbs

Linking Verb Complement Subject Predicate

Dengasn demikian kalimat bahasa Inggris memiliki unsur berikut

Subject Verb Object Adverb Complement (SVOAC)

Perhatikan contoh kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris berikut: 1. The boy throws the ball into the water

2. Mary is beautiful

Kalimat di atas diuraikan menjadi:

1. The boy throws the ball into the water Subject Predicating Word Object Adverb Subject Predicate

2. Mary is beautiful Subject Linking Verb Complement Subject Predicate

Untuk memperdalam pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah diuraikan di atas, kerjakanlah soal latihan berikut.

Task 1.1:

Analyze the pattern of these sentences. Put S for

subject, V for verb, O for object, C for complement, and A

for adverb

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Bahasa Ingris

4 4

2. The boy eats the meal hungrily

3. We had delicious dinner

4. He works efficiently

5. She stares Blankly into the fire

Maka pola kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris merupakan variasi dari Subject (S) Verb(V) Object (O) Complement (Adverb). Perhatikan pola kalimat di bawah ini

Sentence Notes on Verbs

Pattern Subject Verb Complement Object Adverb

S-V I cry Intransitive Verbs (do not need an object)

S-V-A He screams loudly

S-V-C She seems Happy

Linking Verbs S-V-C Mary is Beautiful

S-V-O He throws the ball Transitive Verbs (predicating words; should have objects) S-V-O-A She sings the

song

beautifully

S-V-C-O-A

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From the four words or phrases (A), (B), (C), or (D), choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1. ____________ in fluorescent lamps, television tubes, and other devices. (A) Phosphors are used (C) To use phosphors (B) It is phosphors (D) Using phosphors

2. The tips of some undersea mountains ____________ islands in the middle of the ocean.

(A) to form (B) they form (C) form (D) forming 3. ____________ of fish: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish.

(A) It is three types (C) Three types

(B) There are three types (D) Three types are

4. ____________to stop yourself from blinking except for a short period of time. (A) Impossible it (C) It impossible

(B) Impossible (D) It is impossible

5. ____________ the Sitka spruce a hundred years to grow eleven inches. (A) It takes (C) By taking

(B) To take (D) That takes

6. ____________ today was developed by the Swiss scientist Horace de Sassure around 1773.

(A) Mountaineering it as we know (C) We know mountaineering is (B) Mountaineering as we know it (D) We know there is mountaineering 7. ____________ of the surface of the Earth is covered by water.

(A) Three-quarters is nearly (C) It is nearly three-quarters (B) There is nearly three-quarters (D) Nearly three-quarters

8. By the mid-eighteenth century ____________ many new immigrants entering North America from Europe that the original colonies in the Northeast were overcrowded. (A) it were (B) were (C) there (D) there were

9. ____________ not until the end of the seventeenth century that scientists began to stress the importance of experiment as a way of gaining knowledge.

(A) There was (B) It was (C) There (D) It

10. ____________ are the most poisonous fish in the world.

(A) There are stonefish (C) They are the stonefish (B) That the stonefish (D) Stonefish

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Bahasa Ingris

4 6

Cocokkanlah hasil jawaban Anda dengan kunci jawaban Tes Formatif I yang

ada pada bagian belakang BBM ini. Hitunglah jawaban Anda yang benar,

kemudian gunakan rumus di bawah ini untuk mengetahui tingkat

penguasaan Anda terhadap materi kegiatan belajar 1.

Rumus:

Jumlah Jawaban Anda yang benar

Tingkat Penguasaan = —————————————————— x 100 % 10

Arti Tingkat Penguasaan :

90 % - 100 % = Baik Sekali 80 % - 89 % = Baik

70 % - 79 % = Cukup < 69 % = Kurang

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REVIEWING ‘PARTS OF SPEECH’ THROUGH ANALYZING

SIMPLE SENTENCES

P

ada kegiatan pembelajaran 1, Anda telah mempelajari unsur-unsur kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris, pada kegiatan pembelajaran ke-2 ini Anda akan mempelajari pengelompokkan kata dalam bahasa Inggris berikut fungsinya dalam kalimat.

Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal pengelompokkan kata (Parts of Speech), yakni: Kata Benda (Noun), Kata Kerja (Verb), Kata Sifat (Adjectives), dan Kata Keterangan (Adverb). Dalam paragraf selanjutnya akan diuraikan secara rinci masing-masing kelompok kata.

1. NOUN

A NOUN is the name of a person, place, or thing. Its function in a sentence is as ‘subject’ and ‘object’

There are three kinds of nouns:

Common Proper Collective

(General Type) (Particular) (Organized into one group) girl

park army

Mary

Central Park US Army

team crowd congress

Examples below are to show the relationship between proper nouns and related com-mon nouns:

Proper Nouns Related Common Nouns

Susan B. Anthony Henry Ford

Katharine Hepburn Alexander Bell Boston Hoover Dam Lake Superior U.S. Constitution General Motors

Leader, activist, feminist industrialist, manufacturer actress, movie star scientist, inventor city, capital, port dam, structure, feat lake, resource, water constitution, law, document corporation, business, firm

(Burtn

Concrete and Abstract Noun

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Bahasa Ingris

4 8

Concrete Abstract

Name of Persons, Plants, Things,

Activities or Events

Usually derived from other words, adjectives, or

verbs plus the following suffix:

Persons

Plants

Things

Activities

Events

Carol

Orchid

Table

Christmas

-ness

-th

-ance

-cy

-ism

Happiness, helpfulness

Length, warmth

Endurance, appearance

Supremacy

Capitalism

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Nouns’ function in a sentence (case):

Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case

as subject

as predicate noun as direct address

as direct objects as indirect

as objective complement

shows ownership

The girls ran outside

Einstein was a scientist

Claudia, please answer the

phone

The team won the game Pedro throw Mario the ball The team elected Terry

captain

the girl’s doll Charles’(s) book the children’s toys

POSITION OF NOUNS

The position of a noun is determined by its function in the sentence. The blanks in the fol-lowing sentences indicate the position of nouns as they fulfill different functions.

Subject The ___________ is good.

Subjective Complement

(Predicative Noun) Mary is a pretty ___________ .

Direct Object The children ate ___________.

Indirect Object The lawyer sent ___________ a letter

Objective Complement The member elected Mr. Jones ___________.

Object of Preposition He deposited the money ___________.

Noun Adjunct He bought some gas at the ___________ station.

Apposition Shakespeare, a great ___________, wrote many fine plays.

Noun in Direct Address ___________, please come here. Or Please come here, ___________.

Task 2.1.1:

Noun (thing ) Endings

Word endings in English often tell you how a word is used grammatically in En-glish; therefore, it is very important for you to recognize some common word endings. If you recognize a word ending on a word that you do not you can tell how the word should be used grammatically, even if you do not understand the meaning of the word.

The following noun (thing) endings are every common in English. It is important for you to study them and become familiar with them.

NOUN (THING) ENDINGS

-ism socialism -nce excellence -ness sadness -ion information

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Using one of the endings above, change each of the following words into a noun (thing)

Task 2.1.2:

Noun ( person) endings

The following noun (person) endings are very common in English. It is important for you to study them and become and familiar with them.

NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS -er employer

-or actor

-ist tourist

-cian musician

Using one of the endings above, change each of the following words into a noun (per-son):

1. teach 9. perfection

2. type 10. program

3. beauty 11. electricity

4. ideal 12. invest

5. invent 13. build

6. clinic 14. natural

7. special 15 advice

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Task 2.1.3

Choose the correct word in parentheses.

1. Franklin was a (politics/politician).

2. Franklin was also an (invention/inventor).

3. Franklin is known in the field of (science/scientist). 4. Franklin became a successful (printer/printing).

5. In 1820 a Danish (physicist/physics) proved that electricity produced magnetism.

Task 2.1.4 : Irregular Plurals

Direction: Study the irregular plurals in the chart in Skill 41. Then, indicate whether each of the following is correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. one men 9. several naughty children

2. lots of data 10. an in-depth analyses 3. a surprising hypothesis 11. one hundred alumni 4. one fast-growing fungi 12. lots of bright tooth 5. various criterion 13. various exotic cacti 6. a few mice 14. two required thesis 7. each syllabi for the class 15. the earth’s axis 8. a young deer 16. lots of wooly sheep

From the four underlined words or phrases (A), (B), (C), or (D), identify the one that is not correct.

1. The potato was the staple of Ireland, and when the crop failed in 1840, A B C

there was mass starvations.

D

2. Shark can maneuver considerably faster than other fish because they A B C

have no bones . D

3. Although sugar cane and sugar beet look very different, the sugars that is A B C

refined from them tastes almost the same. D

4. Textiles industries are as widespread as food industries because both

A B

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5

2. PRONOUN

It is used in place of a noun. The followings are types of Pronouns:

There is another type of pronoun that directly relates to person either singular or plural, which also called ‘Personal Pronoun’. Study this table below:

Person

Case

Reflective & Intensive Subjective/

Nominative

Objective

Possessive

implicit noun

adjective (explicit noun)

Singular

1st I me mine my + noun myself 2nd You you yours your + noun yourself

3rd

He him his his + noun himself She her hers her + noun herself It It its its + noun itself

Plural

1st We us ours our + noun ourselves 2nd You you yours your + noun yourselves 3rd They them theirs their + noun themselves

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1. Between …, I think he is not telling the truth.

A. I and you B. me and you C. you and me D. you and I E. he and you

2. I’ll take all the luggage out and put … by the car.

A. it B. its C. they D. them E. no word is needed

3.

I’ve had many requests for assistance but most of … have been comparatively trivial.

A. it B. its C. they D. them E. no word is needed

4. I gave her the money which I found … on my way home. A. it B. its C. they D. them E. no word is needed

5. Is that car your sister’s or … .

A. ours B. our’s C. ours’ D. of us E. of we

Etherton, 1971:32-33

Task 2.2.2

From the four underlined words or phrases (A), (B), (C), or (D), identify the one that is not correct.

1. The penguin chicks cannot go into the water to get themselves own A B food until they have waterproof coats of feathers like their parents. C D 2. Balloons rise into the air because they contain a gas who is less dense,

A B C or lighter, than air.

D

3. The narwhal is the only animal in the world that has a tusk on A B

only one side of it body. C D

4. Silver is too soft to use by itself, so it is mixed with another metal to A B C make themselves harder.

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5. Most slugs and snails breathe using a lung which opens through a small A B

hole in the side of its bodies. C D

Broukal, 1997: 21-22

3. ADJECTIVES

An Adjective describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun. An adjective usually answers the question ‘which one?’, ‘what kind?’ or ‘how many?’.

ARTICLE USAGE EXAMPLE

indefinite a

an

Before a noun begins with consonant

sound:

Pronounced ‘h’ sound

Pronounced ‘j’ sound

a dog, a book

a house

a university

Before a noun begins with vowel sound:

Pronounced ‘a’ sound

Pronounced ‘⌃’ sound

an eye,

an hour

an umbrella

In General Statement:

An Island is a body of land surrounded by water

To introduce subject that has not been mentioned before:

I saw a snake

With certain numerical expressions:

a dozen a couple a hundred a third

a great many a great deal a lot of a half

replacement for ‘per’: fifty miles an hour, $ 10 a day

With names of professions:

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6. Before decades and centuries: The 1800s, the twenties

7. Before expression of time and place The afternoon, the future

The North, The front

8. Before Ordinal Numbers The first, the second, etc.

9. Before names of countries, states,

cities, universities, colleges, and school

that contain the word ‘of’

The USA,

The state of Florida,

The city of Boston,

The university of Texas,

The Netherlands

The Philippines

10. Before names of ocean, rivers, seas, gulfs, and plural names of mountains, islands, and lakes

(No articles for singular mountain, islands, and lakes)

The pacific Ocean The Gulf of Mexico The Appalachian Mountain, etc

11 Before geographic areas, but not before

the names of continent

The Middle East

Europe

12 Before the names of fields of study

when they contain the word ‘of’

The history of the US

history

13. Before the names of wars The second world War

World War II

14. Before names of ships, planes, trains,

and people’s family names (but not for

the name of people and magazines

The Browns

The May Flower

The Orient Express

Robert Brown

Time Magazine

Limiting Those Books belong to John The three boys didn’t see any birds

Descriptive The large chair

The sad song

Demonstrative-

Possessive

Pronoun Possessive

Possessive Adjective

This Book is my father

Interrogative-

Relative

Ask Questions (Wh-questions)

Join two clauses and modify some words

What’s his name?

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Exercise 2.3.1

Circle a or an in the following sentences. Write “C” on the left if the sentence is correct. Write “NC” if the sentence is not correct. Correct the error.

1. Indonesia is a country made up of thousands of islands. 2. Greenland is an big island with a permanent ice cap covering. 3. The Bahamas, which consist of 700 islands, have a superb climate. 4. Robinson Crusoe is a character in a book by Daniel Defoe.

5. Robinson Crusoe spent twenty years with his friend Man Friday on an uninhabited island.

Broukal, 1997: 61

Task 2.3.2 Fill in the blanks with the correct article a, an, the,

or 0.

1. Islands make up _____ entire land area of some countries, including _____Japan and _____Philippines.

2. _____ Florida Keys are coastal islands built on coral reefs.

3. _____Mackinac Island in _____ Lake Michigan is _____ lake island. 4. _____ city of Montreal, in_____ Canada, is built on ____ large river island.

5. _____ Aleutian Islands, part of _____ Alaska, are _____string of coastal islands that were built by_____ volcanoes.

Broukal, 1997: 64-65

Task 2.3.3

From the four underlined words (A), (B), (C), or; (D), identify the one that is not correct.

1 The watt is named after James Watt, the British engineer who developed A B

the steam engine in 1760s. C D

2 Methane is a odorless burning gas and is the main ingredient of natural gas. A B C D 3. The alcohol acts as a narcotic on the nervous system and the brain.

A B C D 4. Zachary Taylor was first president to be elected from a state west of

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the Mississippi River.

D

5. Barnacles which are related to lobsters, shrimps, and crabs, makes

A B C

strongest glue.

D

Broukal, 1997: 66-67

Task 2.3.4 :

Adjective endings

The following adjective endings are very common in English. It is important for you to study and become familiar with them.

ADJECTIVE ENDINGS -ent -ant -ful -ic -less excellent important careful economic careless -ive -out -al -able -ible expensive dangerous natural capable possible

Using one of the endings above, change each of the following word into an adjective.

1. heart 9. courage

2. nature 10. use 3. athlete 11. enthusiasm 4. mystery 12. motion 5. help 13. tradition 6. impress 14. change 7. intelligence 15 permanence 8. comfort 16. attract

4. VERBS

Transitive Intransitive Linking Auxiliary

Need an Object Do not need an object seem, look, appears, Primary Auxiliary: Do, Have, Be Modal Auxiliary:

Can, May, Might, Should, etc. S + V + O S + V S + linking verb(s) +

adjective

S + PAux .+ Adj. S + MAux.+ Vo He borrows some

books

She cried all night The couple look very unhappy

She is beautiful.

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Task 2.4.1 : V

erb Endings

The following verb endings are very common in English. It is important for you to study them and become familiar with them.

Using one of the endings above, change each of the following word into a verb.

Task 2.4.2 Change the incorrect sentences using Noun or Verbs.

1. In Franklin’s time electricity was mainly used as a form of entertain. 2. Franklin discovery that lightning was electricity.

3. Franklin was the only man to signature all four key documents that helped to make the United States independent.

4. Besides his many activities in the serve of his country, he found time to be an inventor.

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Task 2.5.1

: Adverb endings

The following adverb ending is very common in English. It is important for you to be-come familiar with it.

ADVERB ENDINGS

-ly really

Using the ending above, change each of the following words into an adverb.

1. final 9. great

2. careful 10. complete 3. obvious 11. eager 4. recent 12. absolute 5. strong 13. correct 6. perfect 14. sudden 7. fearful 15 doubtful 8. quick 16. regular

6. CONJUNCTIONS

A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions connect words or phrases that have the same function in a sentence.

CD Function Example

And

joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses of similar function and is used to show addition.

1. Like peas and broad beans, soya beans grow in pods.

2. The plant is ready for harvesting when the leaves turn yellow and drop off, and the pods and stems dry out.

joins two subjects, the verb is plural.

1. Soya beans and peas have pods.

But joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses and is used to show contrast.

1. In the U.S. soy is not harvested by hand but my machine.

2. Soya is not a new discovery but is one of the oldest crops grown in the Orient.

Or joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses. It is used to give a choice.

1. The beans may be yellow, green, brown, or mottled.

2. After being chilled, the margarine is packed into tubs or cut in blocks.

So joins a clause.

It does not join single words or phrases.

So is used to show effect.

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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

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Task 2.6.1

From the four words or phrases (A), (B), (C), (D), choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1. Both diamond __________ graphite are made of the same element, which is carbon.

(A) and (B) except (C) together (D) both 2.

Blinking helps keep the surface of the eye clean __________ moist. (A) to (B) or (C) and (D) so

3. Normally, piranhas swim alone and feed on smaller fish__________ on seeds in the water.

(A) but (B) either (C) instead (D) or

4. Most rodents eat grain, seeds, and nuts, __________ some eat almost anything.

(A) contrary (B) they (C) but (D) instead

5. Fungi do not absorb sunlight but use animals and plants, __________ dead and living, as their source of food.

(A) furthermore (B) both (C) together (D) besides

Task 2.6.2

From the four underlined words or phrases, identify the one that is not correct.

1. Peppermint originated in Europe, but the early English colonists A B

brought it to North America C D

2. _{The central core of the earth is made of both very hot or dense} A B C material.

D

3. _{Many meteorite falls go unnoticed because they either happen at} A B C

night nor they hit the earth in uninhabited areas. D

4. _{Octopuses have not only large brains and also a well-developed}

A B C D

nervous system.

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7. PREPOSITION

PREPOSITION shows time, place, and agent

A volcanic eruption occurred in Krakatoa on August 27, 1883- Due to the erup-tion, 36,000people died.

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Task 2.7.1

Identify one of the underlined words or phrases (A), (B), (C), or (D) that should be rewrit-ten or corrected.

1. The rocky island of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay was discovered by A B the Spanish in 1769 and named by its large pelican colony.

C D

2. Bacteria are responsible of many of the textures and flavors in our food A B C and are particularly important in milk products.

D

3. Art Nouveau, a style that was in fashion in the 1890s, was based of A B C long curving lines inspired by climbing plants.

D

4. The brain is made up of billions of neurons that differ with each other A B C

greatly in size and shape. D

5. Wood, the hardened material from which trees are composed, is A B made up of millions of tiny tubes of fibers packed together.

C D

Task 2.7.2

From the four words or phrases, choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1. Camels store water________ of fat in their humps. (A) with the form (C) by the form (B) in the form (D) form

2. Tears contain an antiseptic that helps protect our eyes ________ infection.

(A) from bacterial (C) bacterial (B) in bacterial (D) with bacterial

3. So far only two other of our neighboring planets________ the solar system have been visited by unmanned spacecraft.

(A) by (C) in

(B) that they are in (D) they are by

4. Many tropical orchids grow________ branches of trees and have aerial Roots that absorb water from the moist air around them.

(A) of the (B) the (C) they are in the (D) in the

5. ________ compact disc, sound is stored as digital information in tiny pits on the surface.

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a. All Endings Together

Identify each of the following word as a noun-thing ( NT ), a noun – person ( NP ), an adjective ( ADJ ), an adverb ( ADV ), or a verb ( V ).

(40)

b. All Ending Together

Circle the letter of the word that correctly completes each sentence. 1. The __________ of the new could not be stressed enough.

A. important B. importance C. importantly

2. the detective __________ that the maid committed the robbery A. theorized B. theoretician C. theoretic

3. It is ________ that they live so close to the school

A. convenience B. convenient C. conveniently

4. The patient responded __________ to the medication.

A. weaken B. weakness C. weakly

5. The psychologist explained his ideas on ________ interaction

A. social B. society C. socialize

c. All Endings Together

The following sentences contain a number of underlined words. Each of the underlined words may or not be correct. Circle the underlined words that are incorrect, and make them correct.

1. The police inspect organized an intensively search for the robber.

2. The newspaper reporter did not exact appreciate the negation comments about her article.

3. He became penniless and homeless when a seriousness ill made him unable to work.

4. On the old college campus, the ivy-covered wall of the colonial buildings create an aura of gentility and tradition.

5. Maya Angelou is a poem , composition, and author of two autobiographically work, I Know Why the caged bird sing and My Name

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Rumus:

90 % - 100 % = Baik Sekali 80 % - 89 % = Baik

70 % - 79 % = Cukup < 69 % = Kurang

Apabila Anda mencapai tingkat penguasaan lebih dari 80% atau lebih, Anda dapat meneruskan dengan BBM selanjutnya. Selamat dan Sukses! Akan tetapi, apabila tingkat penguasaan Anda masih di bawah 80%, Anda harus mengulangi Kegiatan Belajar 2, terutama bagian yang belum Anda kuasai. Jangan putus asa, dimana ada kemauan, disana ada jalan.

ANSWER KEYS

Kegiatan Belajar 1 LATIHAN

1. S V A

2. S V O A

3. S V C O

4. S V A

5. S V A A

TES FORMATIF I

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. D

Kegiatan Belajar 2 LATIHAN

Task 2.1.1 Noun (Thing) Endings

1. Membership 5. humanity 9. alcoholism 13. leadership 2. kindness 6. election 10. permanence 14. suddenness 3. reality 7. breakage 11. mileage 15. improvement 4. movement 8. intelligence 12. confusion 16. equality

Task 2.1.2 Noun (Person) Endings

1. teacher 5. inventor 9. perfectionist 13. builder 2. typist 6. clinician 10. programmer 14. naturalist 3. beautician 7. specialist 11. electrician 15. Advisor

(42)

Task 2.1.3

1. politician 2. inventor 3. science 4. printer 5. physicist

Task 2.1.4

1. I 9. C

2. C 10. I

3. C 11. C

4. I 12. I

5. I 13. C

6. C 14. I

7. I 15. C

8. C 16. C

Task 2.1.5

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B

Task 2.2.1

1. C 2. D 3. D 4. E 5. A

Task 2.2.2

1. B 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. D

Task 2.31

1. C 2. NC 3. C 4. C 5. C

Task 2.3.2

1. the 0 the

2. The

3. 0 0 a

4. The 0 a

5. The 0 0 0

Task 2.3.3

1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D

Task 2.3.4 Adjective Endings

1. heartless 5. Helpful/less 9. courageous 13. traditional 2. natural 6. impressive 10. Useful/less 14. changeable 3. athletic 7. intelligent 11. enthusiastic 15. permanent 4. mysterious 8. comfortable 12. motionless 16. attractive

Task 2.4.1 Verb Endings

1. darken 5. shorten 9. differentiate 13. personify 2. finalize 6. intensify 10. identify 14. sweeten 3. justify 7. investigate 11. lighten 15. liberalize

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Task 2.4.2

1. entertainment 2. discovered 3. sign

4. service 5. developed

Task 2.5.1 Adverb Endings

1. finally 5. strongly 9. greatly 13. correctly 2. carefully 6. perfectly 10. completely 14. suddenly 3. obviously 7. fearfully 11. eagerly 15. doubtfully 4. recently 8. quickly12. absolutely 16. regularly

Task 2.6.1 Conjunction

1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B

Task 2.6.2 Conjunction

1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. D

Task 2.7.1 Preposition

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B

Task 2.7.2 Preposition

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A

TES FORMATIF II

a.

1. V 11. NT 16. ADJ

2. ADJ 12. ADJ 17. ADV

3. NT 13. ADJ 18. NT

4. ADV 14. NT 19. NP

5. NP 15. ADJ 20. ADJ

b.

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A

c.

1. inspector, intensive 2. exactly, negative 3. serious, illness 4. no errors

(44)

REFERENCES

Behrens, Susan J. et.al. (1996) Peterson’s 2000 GMAT Success: Boots your Test Scores.. New Jersey: Peterson’s.

Broukal, Milada (1997) Peterson’s TOEFL Grammar Flash.. New Jersey: Peterson’s. Burtness, Paul S. Effective English for Colleges 6th_{Ed.. South Western.}

Etherton, ARB. (1971) Objective English Tests: Certificate Level. Hongkong: LongmanGroup (Far East) Ltd.

Frank, Marcella. (1993) Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide.. New Jer-sey: Regents/Prentice Hall.

Phillips, Deborah (1996) Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test,Vol. A. New York: Longman.

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Bahasa Inggris 71

REVIEWING SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES

IN ENGLISH (ACTIVE VOICES)

P

ada Bahan Belajar Mandiri 3 ini, mahasiswa mengenal konsep waktu ‘Time’ dan penekanan sekarang dan lampau ‘Present and Past Tenses’ baik dalam bentuk kalimat sederhana ’simple’ maupun kalimat sempurna ‘perfect’, sekaligus mengenal kalimat bersusun ‘compound sentences’ serta kata penghubung ‘conjunc-tion’ yang terlibat dalam penyusunan kalimat tersebut, sehingga mahasiswa dapat menganalisa unsure-unsur kalimat ‘parts of sentence’ bahasa Inggris.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Umum

Memperkenalkan konsep waktu ‘time’ dan penekanan waktu sekarang dan lampau ’present and past tenses’, baik dalam bentuk kalimat sederhana ’simple’ maupun sempurna ’perfect’.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus:

1. Mahasiswa dapat menyebutkan ciri-ciri penunjuk waktu sekarang dalam bahasa Inggris;

2. Mahasiswa dapat menunjukkan kelompok kalimat ’parts of sentence’ dengan menganalisanya dalam kalimat sederhana maupun sempurna ’simple and perfect’ dalam konteks waktu sekarang ’present tenses’;

3. Mahasiswa dapat menunjukkan konsep waktu yang akan datang ’future’ dengan penekanan waktu sekarang ’present tenses’;

4. Mahasiswa dapat menggabungkan dua atau lebih kalimat sederhana dalam bentuk kalimat bersusun;

5. Mahasiswa dapat menggunakan pola kalimat tersebut dalam menyampaikan gagasan nya, baik secara tertulis maupun lisan.

Untuk membantu Anda mencapai tujuan tersebut, BBM ini diorganisasikan menjadi tiga Kegiatan Belajar (KB), yaitu:

KB1 : Undertanding The Importance of Verbs and Their Conjugations and Functions in English Grammar

KB2 : Undertanding Present Tenses KB3 : Gerunds And Infinitives

(46)

Reviewing Simple Present Tenses In English (Active Voice)

Bahasa Ingris

72

2. Baca secara sepintas bagian demi bagian dan temukan kata kunci dari kata-kata yang dianggap baru. Carilah dan baca pengertian kata-kata-kata-kata kunci tersebut dalam kamus yang Anda miliki.

3. Tangkaplah pengertian melalui pemahaman sendiri dan diskusikan dengan mahasiswa lain atau dengan tutor Anda.

4. Untuk memperluas wawasan Anda, baca dan pelajari sumber-sumber lain yang relevan. Anda dapat menemukan bacaan dari berbagai sumber, termasuk dari internet.

(47)

Bahasa Inggris 73

UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANCE OF VERBS AND THEIR

CONJUGATIONS AND FUNCTIONS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR

D

alam ’grammar’ bahasa Inggris, perubahan yang sangat mendasar adalah perubahan kata kerja ’verb’ nya. Jadi perubahan dan penekanan waktu akan secara otomatis mengubah pola kalimat, terutama ’verb’ dalam kalimat tersebut. Perubahan Verb dalam Bahasa Inggris, adalah sebagai berikut (in affirmative positive sentences):

: Type

Verb

V0 V1 V2 V3 V4

Base Verb Present Verb Present Participle Past Verb Past Participle aV0

(as printed in dictionary)

V1 P1 V2 P2

Usage 1. Impertive Sentences; 2. After modal

auxiliaries. Simple Present Tense 1. Present Progressive/ Continuous Tenses (PCT/PPT); 2. Gerunds: Verbs function as

nouns Simple Past Tense 1. Perfect Tenses; 2. Passive Voices

Example write write (s) writing wrote written Write the letter,

please!

You can write the letter

He writes

letters everyday

She was writing

letters now

Writing letters is

her job as a secretary

He wrote a

letter

yesterday

He has

written a

letter A letter has been

written

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Bahasa Ingris

74

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Bahasa Inggris 75

28. fly flew

29. forget forgotten

30. forgive forgiving forgave

31. froze frozen

32. get gotten

33. give gave

34. go went

35. growing grew grown

36. had had

37. hear heard

38. hide hid

39. hit hit

40. hold held

41. hurt hurt

42. keep kept

43. knew known

44. led led

No.

Verb

V0-V1 V2 V3 V4

Base/Present Verb

Present Participle

Past Verb

Past Participle

V0-V1 P1 V2 P2

45. leave left

46. lent lent

47. let let

48. lost lost

49. make making made

50. meant meant

51. meet met

52. pay paid

53. prove proven

54. put put

55. quit quit

56. read read

57. ride riding rode

58. ring rang

59. rose risen

60. run ran

61. say said

62. seeing saw seen

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76

2. Perubahan dalam kalimat ’penyangkalan’ dan ’pertanyaan’ bahasa Inggris (dalam present tenses):

Perubahan dalam kalimat ’penyangkalan’ dan ’pertanyaan’ bahasa Inggris, biasanya menggunakan ’operator’ yang bersatu dengan ’not’ pada kalimat penyangkalan dan berubah di depan kalimat pada kalimat pertanyaan. Operator dalam bahasa Inggris terdiri dari: (1) Primary Auxiliary dan (2) Modal Auxiliary.

The formation of primary auxiliary across present tenses

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Bahasa Inggris 77

2nd

S You do are have have been will will be will have will have been

P You do are have have been will will be will have will have been

3rd S

He does is has Has been will will be will have will have been

She does is has Has been will will be will have will have been

P They do are have Has been will will be will have will have been

Note: S= Singular; P=Plural

In negative and interrogative sentences: (a) Primary/Verb Auxiliaries ‘do, have, be’ as well as (2) Modal Auxiliaries ‘will/shall, can, may, must, be able to, have to’ are used as operators.

Sentences

Negative interrogative

‘Not’ is added to Operators ‘do, have, be’,

the operators ‘do, have, be’, are put in the beginning of a sentence

I’m not a teacher Am I a teacher?

She’s not listening to the lecture. Is she listening to the lecture?

He doesn’t go to campus everyday. Does He go to campus everyday?

They haven’t been living here very long. Have they been living here very long?

He hasn’t got enough money to rent the room. Has he got enough money to rent the room? The teacher can’t slow down her teaching. Can the teacher slow down her teaching?

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Bahasa Ingris

78

a. Fill in the boxes with the correct forms of the verb

Cocokkanlah hasil jawaban Anda dengan kunci jawaban Tes Formatif I yang ada pada bagian belakang BBM ini. Hitunglah jawaban Anda yang benar, kemudian gunakan rumus di bawah ini untuk mengetahui tingkat penguasaan Anda terhadap materi kegiatan belajar 1.

Rumus:

90 % - 100 % = Baik Sekali 80 % - 89 % = Baik

70 % - 79 % = Cukup < 69 % = Kurang

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Bahasa Inggris 79

UNDERSTANDING PRESENT TENSES

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P

erhatikan Tabel 3.2.1 ‘understanding the concept of time and tenses ‘ pada halaman selanjutnya (perhatikan dan pelajari perubahannya dengan seksama).

Table 3.2.1: Understanding the concept of time and tenses in English

CONCEPT OF TIME

Past  Present Future T E N S E S P r e s e n t P a s t S

He was writing a letter He wrote a letter He was diligent

Writing a letter was his hobby

He is writing a letter He writes a letter every day He is diligent (in writing a letter)

Writing a letter is his hobby gerunds

He will be writing a letter

He is going to write a letter He will write a letter

P

He had been writing a letter He had written a letter He had been diligent

He has been writing a letter for one hour He has written a letter since I’ve come He has been diligent (in writing a letter)

He will have been writing a letter

He will have written a letter

S

He had been writing a letter He had written a letter He had been diligent Writing a letter had been his hobby

He was writing a letter He wrote a letter every day He was diligent (in writing a letter)

Writing a letter was his hobby gerunds

He would be writing a letter

He was going to write a letter He would write a letter

P

He had been writing a letter for one hour He had written a letter since I’d come He had been diligent (in writing a letter) Writing a letter had been his hobby

He would have been writing a letter

(54)

Reviewing Simple Present T

enses In English (Active V

oice)

Bahasa Ingris

8

0

T

enses dalam bahasa Inggris dap

at dikenali dan dipelajari juga dengan

memperhatikan rumus ’formula’

penyusunannya. Perhatikan dan Pelajari

T

abel 3.2.2:

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berikut ini dengan seksama:

Table 3.2.2: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES

Simple Tenses

Simple Present Tense Present Continuous

Tense Present Future Tense Future Continuous Tense

Pattern 1 Pattern 2

Positive/ Affirmative/ Declarative Sentence

Pattern 1:

S – to be 1 – N/Adj/Adv

Pattern 2:

S – V1 - O S – to be 1 – P1- O

a. S – to be 1 – going to – V0 – O

b. S – will – V0 - O

S – will be going to – V0 -O

He is a teacher He is clever He is in Bandung

He writes a letter

He is writing a letter

a. I am going to write a letter

b. I will write a letter I will be going to

write a letter

Negative Sentence

S – to be 1+not - N/Adj/Adv

S – do/does + not – V0 – O

S – to be 1+not – P1- O

a. S – To be 1 – not - going to – V0 – O

b. S – will – not -V0 - O

S – will – not - be going to – V0

-O

He is not a teacher He is not clever He is not in Bandung

He does not write a

letter He is not writing a letter

a. I am going to write a letter

b. I will write a letter I will not be

going to write a letter

Interrogativ e Sentence

To be 1 – S– N/Adj.

/Adv.

Do/does – S – Vo – 0? To be 1 - S– P1- O?

a. To be 1 – S - going to – V0 – O?

b. Will - S – V0 – O?

Will – S- be going to – V0 –

O?

Is he a teacher? Is he clever? Is he in Bandung?

Does he write a letter? Is he writing a letter a. Am I going to write a

letter?

b. Will I write a letter?

Will I be going to

write a letter?

(55)

Bahasa Inggris 81

The following tables review verb tenses:

3.2.1 The Usage of Present Tenses

Simple Present Tense Pattern 1

Primary Auxiliary ‘be’

Usage _Example

Sentence Type linking verbs Positive/

Affirmative/ Declarative

Negative Interrogative

Formula

S – to be 1 – N/Adj/Adv S – to be 1+not - N/Adj/Adv

To be 1 – S– N/Adj.

/Adv.

before adjective She is beautiful She is not beautiful Is she beautiful? He is smart He is not smart Is he smart?

before noun: I’m a teacher I’m not a teacher Am I a teacher? They are soldiers.

We are in a reunion.

They are not a soldier

We are not in a reunion.

Are they soldiers? Are we in a reunion?

before adverb We are in Bandung We are not in Bandung

Are we in Bandung?

You are in Bali You are not in Bali Are you in Bali?

Task 3.2.1.1: Complete these sentences (Simple Present Tenses)

1. ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘No, but I’m_thirsty

2. ‘ How are _{your parents?’ ‘They’re very well.’}

3. ‘Is Linda at home?’ ‘No __________ at work.’ 4. ‘__________ my keys?’ ‘In the kitchen.’

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Bahasa Ingris

82

3.2.2 Present Continuous/Progressive Tenses

Task 3.2.2.1: Matching sentences and picture (Present

Continu-ous/ Progressive Tenses)

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Bahasa Inggris 83

G Two kites are flying in the sky.

H A man is packing his car.

I A lifeguard is watching the swimmers

J A ship is passing by.

K Several people are fishing from a boat.

L A sailboat with a flag is sailing in the distance.

M People are sunbathing to get a tan.

N A man with a beard is driving away with a child in the back

seat.

O The garbage cans are full.

P A man is cooking hot dogs and hamburgers on a barbecue

grill.

Q Someone is upside down in the water.

R A girl in a dotted swimsuit is holding a pail and a big shell.

S A beach umbrella is learning against the side of a car.

(58)

Eviewing Simple Past And Perfect Tenses In English (Activevoices)

Bahasa Inggris 107

REVIEWING SIMPLE PAST AND

PERFECT TENSES IN ENGLISH

(ACTIVE VOICES)

P

ada Bahan Belajar Mandiri 4 ini, mahasiswa mengenal konsep waktu ‘Time’ dan penekanan lampau ‘Past Tenses’ baik dalam bentuk kalimat sederhana ’simple’ maupun kalimat sempurna ‘perfect’, preset maupun past.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Umum

Memperkenalkan konsep waktu ‘time’ dan penekanan waktu lampau ’past tenses’, serta kalimat sempurna ’perfect’ dalam penekanan waktu’’present maupunpas