METAPHOR IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHES
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By :
NANCY KRISTIANI PANGGABEAN
Registration Number 209220034
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
ABSTRACT
Panggabean, Nancy Kristiani. 2016. Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama’s
Speeches. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study dealt with Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama’s Speeches. The study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. The objectives of the study were to find the metaphorical patterns in Barack Obama’s Speeches. The data were collected from the speech of Barack Obama. The study revealed that there are five
metaphorical patterns are used in Barack Obama’s speeches: general reifying,
animizing and personifying metaphors, materializing abstract process, process, object or substance. The speech was the representative of their sayings to White people. The responses of White people were analyzed by theory and the responses are: White people receive and felt happy because everything that he said about unity is good in the speech. .
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to express her praises to Almightily Jesus Christ who has blessed and given the ability to the writer to complete this thesis as a partial fulfillment for the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at the English Department of Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special
appreciation goes to:
• Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
• Dr. IsdaPramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean Faculty of Language and Arts,
State University of Medan.
• Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department Head of English Education Program Nora Ronita Dewi, S.S., M.Hum
.,the Head of English Non-Educational Program Syamsul Bahri, S.S.,
M.Hum., Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan. • Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd as her Thesis Advisor.
• Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed., Dra. Sortha Silitonga as her Thesis
Examiners.
• Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd as an Administration Staff of English
Department.
• All of Lecturer and staff of English Education Department who have
given the great knowledge, so that the writer can finish writing this research.
•
The deepest thanks are expressed to his beloved parents,Maruap Panggabean and Mery Aruan for the patience, affection,
also given to her sister: Sarah Panggabean who always share happiness and give the best support.
• Erikayani Sembiring, S.S, Dora Margaretha Barus, S.Pd, Arnita Alberta S.Pd, and Fytriani Siregar, S.Pd who have shared everything
before the writer started to learn English in State University of Medan
•
Brando Teo Hutagaol, S.E his Beloved Breath who always shareseverything.
•
Merry Ana Simanjuntak and the Family who have given the greathelps and supports through the days.
• Her Greatest Elite Team, Batara Silaban S.Kom and Faldo Hia for the great support and helps.
• The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this study, your kindness means a lot to her.
At long last, humbly thank to her better half for the marvelous word
so called love.
Medan, Maret 2016
The writer,
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A. The Background of the Study ...1
B. The Problem of the Study ...4
C. The Scope of the Study ...4
D. The Objective of the Study ...4
E. The Significance of the Study ...5
CHAPTER II:REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...6
A. Linguistics ...6
B. Metaphor in English ...7
C. Function of Metaphor ...8
1. Filling Lexical Gaps...9
2. Explanation and Modeling ...9
3. Reconceptualization...10
4. Argument by Analogy ...10
5. Ideology, the Latent Function ...11
6. Expressing Emotional Attitude ...12
7. Decoration, Disguise, and Hyperbole ...13
8. Cultivating Intimacy ...13
D. The types of Metaphor ...14
a. Active Metaphor...14
b. Inactive Metaphor...14
d. Mimetic Metaphor...15
e. Phenomenalistic Metaphor...15
f. Precision Metaphor...16
g. Symbolism Metaphor...16
h. Approximate Metaphor...16
E. Metaphorical Patterns in the English Lexicon ...16
1) General Reifying...17
2) Specific Reifying...17
3) Animizing and Personifying Metaphors...18
4) Materializing Abstract Process...19
5) Process...19
6) Object or Substance...19
7) Categories of Root Analogy and Preconceptual Experience..20
F. Parts of Metaphor...20
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ...29
A. Research Design ...29
B. Source of the Data ...29
C. Techniques of Collecting Data ...29
D. Techniques of Analyzing Data ...30
CHAPTER IV: DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS...31
A. The Data ...31
B. The Data Analysis ...31
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1. General Reifying...32
2. Animizing and Personifying Metaphors...32
3. Materializing Abstract Process...33
4. Process...34
5. Object or Substance...34
D. Why the Metaphorical Patterns use in Barack Obama Speeches...35
1. The ways How Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama are used...36
E. Findings...40
F. Discussion...40
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION...44
A. Conclusion...44
B. Suggestion...44
REFERENCES ...45
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1
Total Number Percentage of A More Perfect Union Speech ...37
Table 4.2
Total Number Percentage of NIH Address on Ebola Vaccine Research Potential ...38
Table 4.3
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LIST OF APPENDIXES
Pages
APPENDIX A ... 45
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
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to the Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. (2012: 180-187), figurative language acts as signifiers in texts and also helps the literary artist in achieving beauty in form. The ability requires possession of the words and how to recognize by others through the choice of a vocabulary where words are used in a non literal way. But, also compare the reality to another object or situation as a way of associating unlike things to generate new meanings. And of course, what we want to express and how to find out the meanings in what other people say, should have the powerful words to make ordinary strange and give us a joyful feeling about the object. So, there are two types of figurative language, they are: an effect such as rhyme which changes the structure of language without effecting its meaning and one which does effect the meaning and one which does the meaning such as metaphor.
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metaphor is most for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish-a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought.
By investigating people using metaphors, we need to distinguish the objects or concepts from the language used to express them, in which the use of metaphor can give expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of another concept. These are some similarities of correlation to understand the conceptualizations as individual and as participants in social life. People can convey their ideas and feelings into literature and art works using metaphor either poetry, novel, drama, film, or speech. They will be influenced by social, political, and their own experiences. Thus, the interpretation and interplay of metaphors can be found out from the speech of Barack Obama. Metaphors are used to express the thoughts and feelings or each speech can describes experiences, ideas, ideology, emotion, feeling, etc. the author in the speech not only expresses the
thoughts and feelings. The author’s feelings can be indicated in the speech and has
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speech writer merely uses figurative language in order to create speech to be more interesting, memorable, and authentic.
B. The Problem of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of metaphorical patterns are found in Barack Obama speech? 2. Why the metaphorical patterns are used the way they are?
C. The Scope of the Study
This research is focused to analyze metaphor in Barack Obama speech. The speech entitled A More Perfect Union, Philadelphia, March 18, 20
08 and NIH Addressed on Ebola Vaccine Research Potential, Bethesda
Maryland, December 2, 2014. The speech told about the differences of white
and black people in the past and the health care about Ebola vaccine research. So Obama invited his people to work and live together.
D. The Objective of the Study
In relation of the problem, the objectives of this study are: 1. To findout the pattern of metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech.
2. To find out how are the metaphorical patterns used in Barack Obama’s
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E.The Significance of the Study
Finding of the study are expected to give some knowledge:
1. Useful forstudents who want to improve their knowledge about Metaphor especially the students in English department.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, some conclusions are drawn by as follows:
1. There are four of seven of metaphorical patterns found in the “A More Perfect
Union” speech uttered by Barack Obama namely general reifying, materializing
abstract process, process, and object or substance and five types of metaphorical patterns in NIH Address on Ebola Vaccine Research Potential namely general reifying, animizing and personifying metaphors, materializing abstract process, process, and object or substance.
2. The metaphorical patterns used to show or to express the feeling, idea, and situation in Barack Obama speech.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusions, the following suggestions are directed to:
1. Contribute to the English Department especially to the students who study Metaphorical patterns to help them understand and comprehend it and enrich their knowledge about metaphorical patterns.
REFERENCES
Elsevier. 2002. Journal of Pragmatics. Elsevier Science B.V. 345–348.
Geeraets, Dirk, 2010. Theories of Lexical Semantics. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Goatly, Andrew. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. New York: Routledge. Halliday. 1985. The Notion of Grammatical Metaphor. Romero andSoria:
Universidad de Grenada.
Knowles, M. and Moon, R. 2006.Introducing Metaphor. New York: Routledge. Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980. Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday
Language.The Journal of Philosophy, Inc. 453- 486
Nazir, Muhammad. 1998. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Galia Indonesia. Saeed, Jhon I. 1997.Semantic. English: Blackwell Publisher.
Yeibo, Ebi. 2012. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. Academy
Publisher. 180–187
http://en.wikipedia.org/Linguistics. Accessed on May 30, 2015.
http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/rule-of-three-speeches-public-speaking. Accessed on June 1, 2015.
http://www.onlineartrights.org/issue/political-speech/political-speech. Accessed on June 3, 2015.
